dr. homibhabha competition test series organ what is an...

Dr. Homi Bhabha Competition Test Series

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OrganWhatisanorganAnorganisa groupoftissuesinalivingorganismthathasaspecificformandfunction.

OrganSystem:

Organsaregroupedtogetherintoorgansystems.Organsystemsperformaspecifictask.Inmostanimalstherearetenmajororgansystems:

OrganSystemNervoussystemRespiratorysystemCardiovascularorcirculatorysystemDigestivesystemEndocrinesystemExcretorysystemSensoryOrganMuscularsystemReproductivesystemSkeletalsystem

NervousSystem

Thenervoussystemisresponsibleforcarryingmessagesfromthebraintovariouspartsofthebody.Itincludesthebrain,spinalcord,andnerves.



RespiratorySystem

Thecellsofthehumanbodyrequireaconstantstreamofoxygentostayalive.Therespiratorysystemprovidesoxygentothebody’scellswhileremovingcarbondioxide,awasteproductthatcanbelethalifallowedtoaccumulate.

Thejobofyourrespiratorysystemisverysimple:Tobringoxygenintoyourbody,andremovethecarbondioxidefromyourbody.Yourbodyneedsoxygentosurvive.

`Oxygenisusedbyyourcellsasitperformsthefunctionsoflife.Asyourbodyusesoxygen,yourcellsproduceanothergasknownascarbondioxide.Toomuchcarbondioxidecanbetoxic,evendeadly.Forthisreason,itisimportantthatyourbodyhaveawaytogetridofit.

Themainorgansinyourrespiratorysystemareyourlungs.Yourlungsare,intheirsimplestform,nothingmorethansacs.Asyoubreathein,youfillthesesacswithfreshoxygen-richair.

Yourheartpumpsbloodintothewallsofyourlungswhereitabsorbsoxygenandreleasescarbondioxide.Asyouexhale,orbreatheout, youreleasethecarbondioxide-richairintothespacearoundyou.Witheachbreathyoutake,youaretakingoxygenin,andputtingcarbondioxideout.

Fromyourlungs,bloodreturnsbackintoyourheartwhereitispumpedouttotherestofyourbody,carryingoxygenalongwithit.



Thereare3majorpartsoftherespiratorysystem:theairway,thelungs,andthemusclesofrespiration.

Theairway,whichincludesthenose,mouth,pharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchi,andbronchioles,carriesairbetweenthelungsandthebody’sexterior.

Thelungsactasthefunctionalunitsoftherespiratorysystembypassing oxygenintothebodyandcarbondioxideoutofthebody.

Finally,themusclesofrespiration,includingthediaphragmandintercostalmuscles,worktogethertoactasapump,pushingairintoandoutofthelungsduringbreathing.

Circulatorysystem

Justlikeacitywithhallwaysandroads,yourbodyhasbloodvessels,arteriesandveinsthathelpmovethingsaround.Mostofthecellsinsideofyourbodydonotmove.Ifacellishungryorneedstogetridofwaste,itcan’tsimplymoveitselftothepartofyourbodywhereitneedstogo. Instead,yourbodymustbringthefoodtoyourcellsandtakethewasteawayfromthem.Usingbillionsoftinytubes,yourbodyisconstantlypumpingbloodthroughoutyourbody.Onthewayout,yourbloodisloadedwiththethingsthatyourbodyneeds,likefood,oxygen,andotherchemicals.Onthewayback,yourbloodisfullofthingsthatthecellsofyourbodyneedtogetridof,likewaste.

Theheartandcirculatorysystem(alsocalledthe cardiovascular system)makeupthenetworkthatdeliversbloodtothebody'stissues.Witheachheartbeat,bloodissentthroughoutourbodies,carryingoxygenandnutrientstoallofourcells.

Everyday,theapproximately10pints(5liters)ofbloodinyourbodytravelmanytimesthroughabout60,000miles(96,560kilometers)ofbloodvesselsthatbranchandcross,linkingthecellsofourorgansandbodyparts.Fromthehard-workingheart,toourthickestarteries,to



capillariessothinthattheycanonlybeseenthroughamicroscope,thecardiovascularsystemisourbody'slifeline.

CirculatorySystem Heart,BloodVessels(Arteriesandvein),Capillaries

Function1.Supplyoxygentoallcells2.Supplyfoodmaterialproducedbydigestivesystemtoallcells3.Supplyhormonestoallcells4.Collectwasteproductfromallcellsandpassittotheexcretorysystem

Heart

StructureofHeart

Fourmainpartsofheart

RightAtrium

LeftAtrium

RightVentricle

LeftVentricle



Howdoesitwork

Step1.(Forpurification)

Bloodfromotherpartofthebody RightAtrium RightVentricle PulmonaryArteryLungs

Step2.(Purifiedbloodoroxygenatedblood)

LungsPulmonaryveinLeftatriumLeftventricleAortaAllpartofbody

BloodVessel consistsofArteriesandVein

TheRoleofBloodVessels Bloodvesselscarryingbloodawayfromtheheartarecalled arteries.Theyarethe

thickestbloodvessels,withmuscularwallsthatcontracttokeepthebloodmovingawayfromtheheartandthroughthebody.

Bloodvesselsthatcarry bloodbacktotheheartarecalled veins.Theyarenotasmuscularasarteries,buttheycontainvalvesthatpreventbloodfromflowingbackward.

1.Artery Carrybloodfromheart tootherpartofbody(i.e.pureblood)Exception Pulmonaryartery carryimpureblood

2.Veins Carrybloodfrombodypartto Heart(i.e.impureblood)Exception->Pulmonaryvein Pureblood



Capillaries

Anetworkoftiny capillaries connectsthearteriesandveins.Eventhoughthey'retiny,thecapillariesareoneofthemostimportantpartsofthecirculatorysystembecauseitisthroughthemthatnutrientsandoxygenaredeliveredtothecells.Inaddition,wasteproductssuchascarbondioxidearealsoremovedbythecapillaries.

HeartDivisionVarieswithdifferentspecies

1.Human 4division2.Birds 4chamber3.Reptile 3and½chambers4.Amphibians 3chambers5.Fish 2chambers

Blood:

Whatisblood:

Bloodisthefluidthatkeepsourbodiesgoing.

Itisatransportsystemthatcarriesoxygenandtheessentialchemicalstowherethey

areneededinthebody.Atthesametimeitpicksupthewastethatthedifferentpartsof

thebodynolongerneedanddeliversthatwastetowhicheverpartofthebodyis

responsibleforgettingridofit.

It helpsusfightinfectionsandkeepourbodyhealthy.



BloodDonation

1.Personcandonate4-5timesperyear2.Atatimepersoncandonate300mlofbloodDonorWhodonatebloodReceiverWhoreceiveblood

BloodGroup

Thereareonlyfourmaintypesofblood, A(withAantigenonthesurfaceoftheredbloodcells,butnotB) B(withBantigen,butnotA) AB(withbothAandB) (noAorB)

Universaldonor Ogroup

UniversalReceiver ABGroup



DigestiveSystem

Thedigestivesystemprocessesfoodintosubstancesthatdifferentpartsofthebodycanuseforenergyandnutrients.Itincludesorganssuchasthestomach,gallbladder,intestines,liver,andpancreas.

Thedigestivesystemactsinstagestodigestourfood.Eachstageisimportantandprepares thefoodforthenextstage.Theentirelengthofourdigestivesystemisaround20to30feet!



Herearethemajorstagesofthedigestivesystem:

1.Chewing - Chewingisthefirststageofthedigestivesystem.Whenyouchewyourfooditbreaksupbigpiecesintolittlepiecesthatareeasiertodigestandswallow.Also,yoursalivaismorethanjustwater.Ithasspecialenzymesinitthatstarttobreakdownstarchyfood(potatoes,bread)whileyouchew.

2.Swallowing - Swallowingmayseemlikeasimpleprocesstous.Itjustsortofhappens.Butfooddoesn'tjustfalldownourthroatsintoourstomach.First,ourtonguehelpstopushfoodintothebackofourthroat.Thentherearespecialthroatmusclesthatforcethefooddownintoalongtubethatleadstoourstomach,calledtheesophagus.Thefooddoesn'tjustfalldownthepipe,musclespushthefoodalonguntil itgetstoourstomach.Atthesametimeallthisisgoingon,aflapblocksoffourwindpipemakingsurefooddoesn'tgothewrongway.Wecallthis"goingdownthewrongpipe"anditcanmakeuschoke.Thisflapiscalledtheepiglottisand,fortunately forus,itworksautomatically.

3.Stomach - Thenextstageisthestomach.Foodhangsoutinthestomachforaroundfourhours.Whilethefoodsitsthere,moreenzymesgotoworkonit,breakingdownthingslikeproteinsthatourbodiescanuse.Thestomachkillsalotofbadbacteriaaswell,sowedon'tgetsick.

4.SmallIntestine - Thefirstpartofthesmallintestineworkswithjuicesfromtheliverandpancreastocontinuetobreakdownourfood.Thesecondpartiswherethefoodgetsabsorbedfromtheintestineandintoourbodythroughtheblood.

5.LargeIntestine - Thelaststageisthelargeintestine.Anyfoodthatthebodydoesn'tneedorcan'tuseissenttothelargeintestineandlaterleavesthebodyaswaste.

TheLiverandPancreasTheliverandpancreasdoalottohelpthedigestivesystemalong.Bothworkwiththesmallintestine.Theliverprovidesbile(storedinthegallbladder)thathelpsbreakupfatintosmallerbits.Thepancreasprovidesadditionalenzymestohelpdigestallsortsoffood.Theliveralsoprocessesthedigestedfoodfromyourbloodbeforeitgetssenttovariousplacesinyourbodytobeused.

Endocrinesystem

Theendocrinesystemuseshormonestoregulatemanyfunctionsthroughouttheentirebodysuchas growth,mood,metabolism,andreproduction.Majororgansintheendocrinesystemincludeglandssuchasthepituitary,thyroid,andadrenalglands



Twotypesofgland

(1)Exocrineglands SecretsEnzymes(1)Salivaryglands Threepairs(2)Liver LargestGland(3)Pancreas Pancreaticjuice

(2)Endocrineglands Secreteshormones(1)Pituitarygland(2)Thyroidgland(3)Parathyroidgland(4)Thymusgland(5)Pancreas(Insulinhormone)(6)Adrenalgland(7)Testes,Ovary

Note:Pancreasisbothendocrineandexocrinegland

ExcretorySystem:Asyourbodyperformsthemanyfunctionsthatitneedsinordertokeepitselfalive,itproduceswastes.Thesewastesarechemicalsthataretoxicandthatifleftalonewouldseriouslyhurtorevenkillyou.

MajorpartsofExcretorysystem(1)Kidney(2)Skin(3)Lungs(4)Bladder

Kidneys:

Youhavetwokidneys.They'reshapedlikelargebeansandsittowardyourback,nearthebottomofyourribcage.Allofthebloodinyourbodytravelsthroughyourkidneystogetcleaned.Yourkidneysdecidewhatshouldstayinyourblood,likenutrients,andwhatshouldleaveyourbody,likeextrawaterandurea(ureaisawasteproducedbyyourcells).Your kidneys arethebloodfilters.Theyareresponsibleforremovingwastesfromyourbloodandextrawaterthatyourbodydoesn'tneed.



UrinaryBladder:

Afterthekidneysfilterthefluid,theremainingwastesgotoyourbladder.Theorganstorestheurine,andkeepsstoringituntilyoucanfeelit.Whenyoucanfeelit,itmeansthatthebladderhasbecomefull,andyoumusturinatetoreleasethewastesfromyourbody.

Skin!Yourskinhasaveryimportantpartintheexcretorysystem.Itholdsmoistureintoevery partofyourbody.Intheexcretorysystem,theskinsjobistoregulateone'sbodytemperature.Thesaltintheskinhelpsinevaporationofthewateroffofthebody,tocooloffonewhoishot.Sweatisexcretedthroughsweatglands.Sweatinghelpsthe bodymaintainacool,consistenttemperature

Lungs:The lungs playamandatoryroleinthe excretorysystem.Your lungs removethecarbondioxidebuiltupinyourbloodusingspecializedcellsknownasalveoli.

UrinarySystem Pairofkidney, Pairofureter, Urinarybladder, Urethra.

(Note:Duringdigestionthrowingofundigestedwasteproductfromthebodyispartofdigestivesystem)



SensoryOrgan

MuscularSystemThemuscularsystemismadeupofallthemusclesinourbodies.Itiscontrolledbythenervoussystem.Thetaskofmovingourbodiesfromoneplacetoanotherbelongstoanotherpartofourbodiesknownasmuscles.Withoutmuscleswecouldnotmove.

Thereareover650musclesinthehumanbody.Theyareunderourskinandcoverourbones.Musclesoftenworktogethertohelpusmove.Wedon'treallyhavetothinkaboutmovingeachindividualmuscle.Forexample,wejustthinkofrunningandourbodydoestherest.

Tendons

Tendonsaretoughbandsofconnectivetissuefoundinthejoints.Theyconnectmusclesto

bones.Eachmusclehastendonsattachedateachend.Tendonsaredesignedtoonlystretcha

smallamount.

Ligaments

Ligamentsaremadeofthesamematerialastendons.Ligamentsconnectthebonestoeach

other,andaredesignedtohelpstabilizethejointsandprovideastructureforthebones.

SensoryOrgans Function

Ear Sound

Eye Sight

Tongue Taste

Skin Sensation

Nose Smell



TypesofMuscles Function Example

Voluntary Wecancontrolmuscleaction Raisehand,Kickaball

Involuntary WecannotcontrolmusclesactionsHeartpumping,Digestion

o Contractionandrelaxationofmusclescausebonetomove.o Musclescanonlypullthebonebutcannotpush.o Sotomovethebone inonedirectionatleast2musclesarerequired.o BicepsandTricepsmoveourlowerarm.

SkeletalSystem.

Allthebonesinthehumanbodytogetherarecalledtheskeletalsystem.Theskeletalsystemprovidesstrengthandrigiditytoourbodysowedon'tjustfloparoundlikejellyfish.

Wearebornwith300bones.Aswegrowmanybonesfusedtogether.Wehave206bonesinourbody.Eachbonehasafunction.Somebonesofferprotectiontosoftermorefragilepartsofbody.Forexample,theskullprotectsthebrainandtheribcageprotectsourheartandlungs.Otherbones,likebonesinourlegsandarms,helpustomovearoundbyprovidingsupportforourmuscles.

Theskeletalsystemincludesmorethanjustbones.Italsoincludestendons,ligaments,andcartilage.Tendonsattachourbonestomusclessowecanmovearound.Ligamentsattachbonestootherbones



Funfactsaboutbonesforkidso Thesmallestbonesareintheear.o Althoughyourbonesstopgrowingwhenyouarearound20,theydoconstantly

rebuildnewbonecells.o Thespineismadeupof33bones.o Redbonemarrowcanproducearound5billionredbloodcellseachday.o Veryfewmanmadesubstancescancomeclosetothelightnessandstrengthof

bones.o Ifyourbodydoesn'thaveenoughcalcium,itwilltakeitfromyourbonesmaking

yourbonesweaker.Agoodreasontodrinkyourmilk!

FunctionofBones:

1.Givestructure andshapetothebody2.Theysupportthebody3.Protectdelicateinternalorgan.4.Makebodymovementpossiblewiththehelpofmuscles5.Bloodcellsareproducedbythebonemarrowlocatedinlongbone6.Bones serveasastorageareaformineralssuchas calcium,phosphorus

Skull Total22bones1.Upperpartoftheskullismadeupof8flatbones2.Faceismadeupof14bones3.Lowerjawisonlymovingbones

Function Toprotectbrain

Backbone SpineVertebralcolumn1.33smallbonescalledvertebra Jointtogether to formspine



Function Toprotectspinalcord.Wecanmoveourbodyinanydirection.Shapeoftheback bonehelptobalanceon2legs

Ribcage1.Madeupof12pairsoflongthinbonescalledribs2.All12pairsaretothebackofspine3.TrueRib First7pair attach tothebackboneandtothebreast4.FalseRib Next3pairs Attach tothebackboneandtotheTrue

ribs5.FloatingRibs Last2pairs attach onlytothebackbone

Function Protectlungsandheart

Tiniest Bone Inear 3mmlongcalledstirrupLongestBone FemurFunnyBone Ulnar Insideelbow

Noseandearcanbent Nobonesinside.Supportiswithcartilagewhichis moreflexiblethanbones.

StudyOfbones OsteologyDoctorwhotreat thebonesrelatedproblem OrthopedicsRickets AbnormalboneformationinchildrenOsteoporosis Bonesbecomepores andtendtofracture



Joints

1.Movable Hinge,Ball andSocket,Pivot,Gliding2.NonMovable Jointsinskull.

MovableJoints

Freelymovablejoints arethejointswhichsolelyhelpinthemovementofthestructureororganinwhichtheyarepresent.FourimmovablejointspresentinourbodyareBallandsocketjoint,Pivotjoint,hingejointandtheglidingjoint.

Ballandsocketjoint: Thisjointisformedbytwobonesinwhichoneendofaboneisroundedandball-like.Itfitsintoacup-likedepressionoftheotherbone.Thisjointprovidesmovementinanydirection.Examplesofaballandsocketjointareshoulderjointsandhipjoints.

Pivotjoint: Thisisthejointinwhichonebonefitsintoaringformedbytheotherbone.

Itrotatesoverthepivot-likeendoftheotherbone.Exampleisthejointwhichjoinsthe

necktothehead.Headrotatesovertheneck.

Hingejoint: Thisisajointwhichmoveslikeahingeinasingleplanenotmorethan180

degrees.Itprovidesbackandforthmovementofthestructure.Thisisajointwhichcan

becomparedtothatofahingeinthedoor.Examplesofahingejointaretheelbowjoint

andthekneejoint.

Glidingjoints: Thisisajointwhichallowsbonestoglideovereachother.Thesetypes

ofjointsprovidelittlemovementinalldirections.Thesearethejointspresentatthe

ankles,wristandbetweenvertebrae.



ReproductivesystemThereproductivesystemincludesalltheorgansneededforreproduction.Unliketherestoftheorgansystems,thereproductivesystemisdifferentinmalesversusfemales.

dr. homibhabha competition test series organ what is an...

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