Download - Human Geography By James Rubenstein
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 1
Human Geography
By James Rubenstein
Chapter 4Key Issue 2
Why is Folk Culture Clustered?
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Isolation Promotes Cultural
DiversityFolk customs observed at a
point in time vary widely from one place to another, even among nearby places.
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Examples of Distinctive Folk Art in
the Himalaya Tibetan Buddhists Hindus in the south Muslims in the west Southeast Asian animists in the east
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Cultural Regions in the Himalaya
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Tibetan Buddhists in northern region
Idealized divine figures, such as monks and saints.
Some of the figures are depicted as bizarre or
terrifying, perhaps reflecting in the inhospitable
environment.
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Hindus in the southern region
Scenes from everyday life and familiar local scenes.
Paintings sometimes portray a deity in a domestic scene
and frequently represent the region’s violent and extreme
climatic conditions.
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Snakes have long
been popular subjects of Hindu
art.
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Alam Shah
closing the dam
at Shishan
Pass
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Muslims in the WestShow the region’s beautiful plants and flowers, because
Muslim faith prohibits displaying animate objects in
art.In contrast to the Buddhist and
Hindu, Muslims do not depict harsh climatic conditions.
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Abstract, geometric forms that translated
into the architectur
e of mosques.
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Geometric forms in the ceiling of a
Mosque
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Sistine Chapelin the
Vatican City
(Christian Art)
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Animist from Myanmar and
Southeast Asia.Create symbols and
designs that derive from their religion rather than from local environment.
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The distribution of artistic subjects in the Himalayas shows how
folk customs are influenced by cultural
institutions like religion and by environmental
processes such as climate, landforms, and
vegetation.
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Influence of the Physical Environment Examples exist of peoples
who live in similar environments but adopt different social customs.
Examples exist of peoples who live under different environmental conditions but adopt similar social customs.
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Examples of Environment Influence
on Clothing Residents of arctic climates wear fur lined boots to protect from the cold.
People in the tropics may wear no shoes, because heavy rainfall discourages their use.
Dutch farmers wear wooden shoes because they are waterproof.
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Two necessities of daily life
food and shelterdemonstrate the influence of
cultural values and the environment
on development of unique folk culture.
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Distinctive Food Preferences
Geographer Vidal de la Blache regards clothing
and weapons more subject to modification
than the dietary regime.
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Soybeans as Examples of Food Preference
Adaptation Excellent source of protein. Widely grown in Asia. Toxic and indigestible in the
raw state. Edible if cooked thoroughly. Fuel for cooking is scarce.
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Bean Sprouts (germinated seeds).
Soy Sauce (fermented soybeans)
Bean Curd (steamed soybeans).
Soybeans as a Food Source
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Preference for quick-frying foods in Italy resulted in part from fuel shortages.
Abundant wood supply in Northern Europe encouraged the slow stewing and roasting of foods over fires, which also provided heat for homes.
In Europe
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Food Diversity
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Although food customs are
inevitably affected by the availability of
products, food consumed in
neighboring cultural groups often reflect
distinctive traditions.
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Ethnicity of Transylvania Before
WWII 4 million Hungarians 4 million Romanians 500,000-600,000 Saxons 50,000-75,000 Jews 20,000-25,000 Armenians Thousands of Szeklers
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Soups Consumed by the Poor In Transylvania
Romanians ate sour bran soups from cracked wheat, corn, brown bread, and cherry tree twigs.
Saxons simmered fatty pork in water, added sauerkraut or vinegar, and used fruits.
Jews preferred soups of beets and sorrel.
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Soups Consumed by the Poor In Transylvania
continuedArmenians made soup out of
curdled milk and ground vegetables. Hungarians added smoked bacon
and thickened the soup with flour and onion fried in lard.
Szeklers substituted smoked goose, or other poultry for the bacon of the Hungarian recipes.
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Food Attractions and Taboos
People may desire or avoid certain foods in response to perceived beneficial or
harmful natural traits.
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Taboo
A restriction on behavior imposed by
social custom.
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Examples of Food Taboos Abipone Indians of Paraguay eat
jaguars and bulls to make themselves strong.
The mandrake was thought to enhance lovemaking in Mediterranean climates.
The Ainus in Japan thought that otters would make one forgetful.
Europeans first thought potatoes caused typhoid and tuberculosis.
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Environmental factors to the Prohibition against
HogsTo the Hebrew, pigs were unsuited to pastoral
nomadism, and the meat spoiled quickly in hot climates.To Muslims in Arabia, pigs competed with humans for
food and water, without offering compensating
benefits like wool, or milk.
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Annual Hog Production
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Environmental Reasons for the Hindu’s
prohibition against BeefA large supply of oxen are
needed to pull plows.Religious sanctions have
insured an increasing population of cattle.
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Insects as Food Americans avoid eating insects, despite their nutritional value.
In Thailand, giant water bugs are deep fried as snack foods.
Americans consume insects in canned mushrooms and tomato paste.
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Trays of tasty insects at the night
market, Hat Yai, Thailand
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Folk HousingThe house is a product of both cultural tradition and
natural conditions.A reflection of cultural
heritage, current fashion, functional needs, and the
impact of the environment.
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Distinctive Building Materials
Wood when forest are available.
Bricks of dried wet mud, when trees are in limited supply.
Also used are resources such as stone, grass, sod, and skins.
Drywall for interior wall is used to save money.
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Distinctive House FormForm often reflect religious
values.- East wall is sacred in Fiji- Northwest wall in China is
sacred - Walls and corners are also
noted in parts of the Middle East, India,
and Africa
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Houses in Madagascar The main door is in the west (the
most important direction). Northeast corner is most sacred. North wall for honoring ancestors. Important guest enter room from
the north and sit against the north wall.
The bed is placed against the east wall, with the head facing north.
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In the south-central part of Java, the front
door always faces south, in the
direction of the South Sea Goddess, who holds the key to
Earth.
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Houses in Laos Beds are arranged perpendicular to the center ridgepole of the house.
People sleep with their heads opposite their neighbors.
A child, living next door, sleeps with his or her head toward the parent’s feet.
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Housing in Laos
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Houses of the Yuan and Shan of Thailand All sleep with their heads toward the east.
Staircases must not face west (the direction of death and evil sprits).
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Housing in
Thailand
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Housing and Environment
Pitched roofs in wet and snowy climates to facilitate runoff.
Windows face south in temperate climates to take advantage of the Sun’s heat and light.
In hot climates, window opening may be small to protect the interior from the heat of the sun.
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Housing In China Kashgar have second floor open-air patios.
Small open courts in Turpan.
Large private courtyards in Yinchuan.
Sloped roofs in Dunhuang.
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House types of Western China
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U.S. Folk House Forms
Pioneer homes reflected the style in the place from which they migrated.
Homes built in the past half century display popular culture influences.
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Major hearths of folk house forms in U.S.
New England Middle Atlantic Lower Chesapeake
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Source areas of U.S. house types
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Major house types in New England
Saltbox Two-Chimney Cape Cod Front Gable & Wing
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Diffusion of New England house types
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Major house types in Middle Atlantic
The “I” house resembled the letter
“I”, because it was one room deep, two rooms wide, two stories high.
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Lower Chesapeake or Tidewater
One story, with steep roof, chimneys at either end, and
typically one room deep.In wet areas house was raised on piers or brick
foundations.
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Distinctions are relatively difficult to observe.
Most houses are mass produced by
construction company.
Today’s Houses in U.S.