FOOD SECURITY IN URBAN SLUMS
HULT PRIZE 2013 (SAN FRANCISCO)
BY TEAM SAASTEV IIT Kharagpur
| ABHISHEK JHA |ANURAAG GUTGUTIA | GAURAV DAHAKE | ROHIT SHAH | SIDDHARTH VERMA |
1
AGENDA
• Scenario
• Saastev: The Organizational Structure
• Scalability: Franchise Model
• Project Plan
• Sustainability
• Summary, References & Acknowledgements
2
URBAN SLUMS : A SCENARIO CASE 2013
3
Works 12 hours Earns
$ 2.6/day
Spends>30% of income
Resorts to Dark Means for sustenance
200,000,000such people
Vicious cycle of misery
3 YEARS LATER…
URBAN SLUMS : A SCENARIO CASE 2016
4
Earns $ 5/day
3 times meal
Access to clean water
Lower Healthcare spending
Cycle of prosperity
WHAT BROUGHT ABOUT THIS CHANGE ?
SAASTEV: ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
SAASTEV (SETUP IN URBAN SLUMS)
SUPPORT TEAMS(IT & ANALYST)
FOOD MANAGEMENT
PROGRAMS
MICRO-CREDIT & SMS PROGRAM
HEALTHCARE AND OTHER ALLIED
ACTIVITIES
EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM
AWARENESS DRIVE
5
FOOD MANAGER : CUSTOMER’S POINT OF VIEW
AWARENESS
ACCESSIBILITY
ACCEPTIBILITY
APPROPRIATE
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FOOD MANAGER : 3-STAGE APPROACH
Need-gap analysis
Processing
Distribution
Analyze current Diet pattern and nutrition requirementsMAP THE NEED GAP (Analysis of customer requirements)
MANAGE THE BACKPACK (Processing & Storage) Excess food would be collected and appropriately processed A storage facility would be designed for the same
REACH THE CUSTOMERS (Distribution)Via local retail stores and mobile distribution system
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EXCESS FOOD MANAGEMENT
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Food Collection• Collection of excess food from Parties,
Airlines, Cafeterias, grocery stores, warehouses
• Slum dwellers are engaged in collection
Food Segregation• Smart Plastic changes color based upon O2
content• Container with such material would indicate
freshness of food based upon O2/CO2 content
Food Usage
• Usable food• Partially usable food• Non-usable food
Stuffed food between wheat bread
PROCESSING
One Machine (Grinding – Stuffing – Heating)
Shelf Life : 4 Months
Similar to Potato Chips
Shelf Life : 1 day
Dehydrated Tortilla
Stuffed Tortilla
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Micronutrients in the form of different flours
Excess Segregated Food
FOOD STORAGE
Food products (fruits/ vegetables) stored in a specially designed structure (named GEMINUS –(double) OLLA (pot) ,which acts like a cold storage
Serves as an alternative to store perishable food (Fruits/Vegetables) for longer periods
Can be implemented in every farmer’s house in the form of a pot in between another pot
Provides a source of employment
GEMINUS OLLA
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CLEAN KITCHEN FACILITY
Procurement • Near FOOD MANAGER a kitchen facility would be there
Cooking
• The GoI has a program that distributes foodgrains at 4-8 cents a kg upto 35 kg a month
• Slum dwellers can come in and cook their food here.
Distribution • Slum dweller can take this clean and safe food back to their home
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2.5 Billion people lack access to proper sanitation
1 Billion people lack access to nutritious food
Yet 5.1 Billion people have a mobile phone!
SMS & MICRO-CREDIT CARD PROGRAM
- Name of all family members- Their ages - Medical history- Mobile number(s)
STEP 1: Registration of Slum Dwellers (per household)
STEP 2: ID Connection to the Micro-credit account
- An ID to all family members would be given - A micro-credit card would be given to one women per household- The micro-credit card is tied up with the mobile account
STEP 3: Registration complete
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SMS PROGRAM
SMS sent by subscriber
Filtered data fed to the nutrient
calculator
Nutrients required by subscriber calculated
Fed to the local server
Optimization on server
SMS sent to subscriber
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MICRO-CREDIT CARD PROGRAM
Micro-credit card issued to the slum dweller
Meena takes the card and goes for shopping
Maximum of 4 micro nutrient packets per day at very low cost
Vendor updates Meena’s account
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MICRO-CREDIT PROGRAM
Microfinance Institution(MFI) Partnership and benefits to card holder
Saastev+
MFI
Micro credit card holder gets loanfor accessories and business
Partnership
Micro - Lending
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HEALTHCARE: COLLOBORATION WITH PARTNERS
We would provide distribution channels to our health partners such as GOONJ
- Sanitary Napkins
- Cheap Contraceptives - Mosquito Repellents
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HEALTHCARE AND SANITATION PROGRAM
80% of diseases in developing nations are water and sanitation related
People from urban slums pay on average 4-100x more per liter of water
Women and girls spend 1-3 hours each day collecting water
Governments spend $ 16 billion in alleviating water related health ailments
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CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION
Central Water System
Distribution channels
Safe and healthy slum
dwellersPortion
allocated to Saastev
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AWARENESS PROGRAM
+
SENSITIZATION CAMPAIGNS
SOCIAL MARKETING
“It is not about provisionof facilities, Its abouteducating about these”
“1/3rd of all child deaths are linked to under nutrition. Intervening in first 1,000 days will stop its irreversible effects”
OTHER SPECIAL PROGRAMS
MOBILE EDUCATION
MATERNAL PROGRAM
SUPPORT PROGRAMMES
Nutrition Related Message on Food packets in Local Language
T-shirts with Slogans at low cost
Door to Door Info by NGO and volunteers
Pre-Recoded Voice System in Rickshaws
Eduation through gamification of information
Special Training for:
- Child Nutrition in first 1000 days
- Newborn health and care
- Preventing disease transfer
- Child Delivery
Drug Addiction Removal
Clean Water Provision Local Industry training:
- Tourism in Brazil- Garment Industry(Dhaka)
Cooking Demonstrations
EXAMPLE OF MESSAGES ATTACHED WITH SPRINKLES PACKAGING IN DHAKA:
A checklist to remind moms when to feed the child meals fortified with Sprinkles. ‘
The images describe :
- Good child care/nutrition practices
- Cleaning hands before feeding
- Feeding a child food rich in various veggies and fish;
- Using an entire pack of Sprinkles to feed a child per day;
- Breastfeeding
- Not feeding too liquid a porridge to a child;
- Not storing food mixed with Sprinkles (the iron in the mix can oxidize and turn the food dark)
Source: Integrating Early Childhood Development (I-ECD) Project, Maternal & Child Health/Nutrition, PATH
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AWARENESS VIA GAMIFICATION OF INFORMATION:
- Whenever a person is being registered through our NGO partners an extension (.jar/.apk) file would be installed through which we would have questions at various milestones in a game.
Q: What food gives you proteins ?
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EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM
• Aim: - To create social capital in terms of providing jobs to
the urban slum dwellers- Remove ‘Disguised unemployment’- Teach them how to fish in the long run
Day Labourer
Nanny Rickshaw puller
Sweeper Car driver Domestic Work
Small Business
Garments Others
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3
13
19
5 46
12
23Employment distribution in Dhaka Slums (in %)
Program
Direct Employment Allied Activities Job Search
Waste Food Collection
Awareness Campaigns
Construction of ‘Geminus Olla’
Mobile sellers
Mobile Water product
Pisciculture etc
Truck drivers
Local Industry
SAASTEV
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MODEL FOR JOB SEARCH THROUGH BABAJOBS
Available Data
We have the database of Urban Slum Dwellers in the region of our operation consisting of: Name, Mobile No, Present Occupation, Skill sets, Expected Income range
Local Data with Saastev
Data provided
Babajobs Team feeds data into their ‘Job Search
Server’
Analyst Team:Categorisation
(Based on Skills , Location and
expected salary) Job Results
Returned for each applicant
SMS Sent to the Shortlisted
regarding the job by Saastev
(A mail also sent to Saastev Job Server
for Reminder) (Select Candidates
for each job)(Interview, Verification
and Hire)
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SCALABILITY: MICRO-FRANCHISE MODEL
Innovative community generated food bank –”FOOD MANAGER ” : Eg- Lijjat Papad
A loop of self-sustainability through revamped ICT infrastructure ( m-FOOD MANAGER )
Innovative employment channel by use of job-listing networks Eg: Babajobs
Global Partnerships with FMCG & Telecom Co.
Backend for m-FOOD MANAGER (IT & Analyst support)
Customer Acquisition Support
Partnership with job-listing networks globally
NOVELTY:
BENEFICIARY AGREEMENT:
Easily Replicable
Faster business scalability
Long run profitability
Massive social impact
BUSINESS IMPACT:
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FRANCHISE BUILDING
Proportion of country’s population living in slums (UN-Habitat Def):
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Donor funding
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Idea Validation At Hult SF
Background study and development of innovative solutions
Pilot on a slum of 5K
Business model fine tuning
Launch in 5 slums
Franchise launch
Feedback
Launch of water purification
Program for
maternal health and childcare
2013
Idea gestation, Business model fine tuning
Pilot, Market testing, collaboration
Member reg
SMS setup
FOOD MANAGER launch
Beta launch
Additional programs
Scalability
Dec
PROJECT PLAN FOR 2013
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US $ 1m
SUSTAINABILITY
HOW TO MEASURE?
TARGET MARKET-Size- Gap- Characteristics- Geography
OPERATIONAL & FINANCIAL STABILITY-Covering Costs- Breaking Even- Generating Surplus
RIGHT TEAM MIX-Good Business Sense-Experienced advisors- Visionary- Local Knowhow
VALUE AND IMPACT- Social Capital- Reach- Promote Talent pipeline-
Business Enterprise
Social EnterpriseGoal
Profit Making
Creating Social Capital
More than gaining profit out of the business, social entrepreneurs aim to provide people a source of income and teaching them how to fish for themselves in the long run.- The Skoll Foundation
- ~ 200 million people living without near world’s cities- Lack of access to nutritious , safe and affordable food- Model can be easily replicated across geographies (Franchise Model)
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IMPACT AND VALUE
• Information dissemination regarding healthy diet pattern
• Optimization of Savings
Food Fortification
SMS Based Program
• Improve the Cost Benefits Ratio• Improve productivity and lower health
care system costs
• Linking the Slum Dwellers to the available job opportunities
• Ecosystem to enable them fish in the long run
Employment Program
• Effective utilization of the excess food• Making nutritious food accessible and
affordable to allFood Manager
• Concept of food credits to engage them in community welfare
• Creating a right value chain
Micro-credit Program
• Information dissemination regarding the healthy diet pattern
• Provision of clean drinking water
Health Care & Sanitation
Cost per person per year in IRON fortification through cereals $.12Productive work associate with anemia (with light work/heavy/others) 5% / 17% / 4%
Per Capita GDP $ 430
Population in anemia 37%
Per capita productivity loss US $ 4.04
Cost benefits ratio 1:8
Cost Benefits Ratio: Perceived benefits for Iron- Illustration by World Bank
Productivity loss = 4% * Wage share in GDP* Per capita GDP * Pr(anemiaNL) + 17% * Wage share in GDP* Per capita GDP * Pr(anemiaHL) + 1% * Wage share in GDP* Per capita GDP * Pr(anemiaLL) Source: ‘Guidelines on Food fortification with Micronutrients’- World Bank and FAO
“”Nutrition-specific interventions will only reduce global stunting by one third, the remaining will need to be tackled through nutrition sensitive development”
– DFID
In Ethiopia, 4,300 sets of counselling cards in three local languages were distributed to the health facility by IYCN
195 million children under five years of age are chronically malnourished because of long-term exposure to a poor diet and repeated infection.
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COST OF ENSURING FOOD SECURITY
• Family of 5- Needs 300 meals a month• Cost of 1 nutritious meal currently =$0.4 • For a family that is about = $ 120/month ( > income)• Total meals for Saastev to prepare/day = 10*1000• Cost of ensuring nutritious meals in a slum= $3600
– Labor cost (transportation, packaging and distribution) = $ 1500/month– Nutrition expert cost - >$ 800/month– Packaging cost = $ 300/month– Micronutrient cost = $ 1000/month
Cost of ensuring nutritious meals for 1 family at Sastev = $ 3.6/month/family
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LOOP OF SUSTAINABILITY
Slum dweller
Mobile top-ups/
FMCG products
Income = $ 100/month
Spending = $ 30/month1 food
points = 1 meal
42% expenditure recovered
FMCG/ telecom
companies share5%
profit
$30*0.05 = $1.5
We retain their
consumers
Spending on FMCG/
Food increases
Income
Sastev gets sustainable
Gets 30 loyalty food points
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TEAM
AnuraagGutgutia
UniversityMajorMobile
• IIT KGP• Electrical Engineering• +91-9547144177•
- Cofounder, Univect - Author of Change, NSEF
Lead, Analyst & IT Responsibility
Abhishek Jha
• IIT KGP• Electrical Engineering• +91-9547890926
•
- Project lead, BloodAce - Cofounder, EFTY
Lead, Waste Management
RohitShah
• IIT KGP• Electrical Engineering• +91-9046669110
•
- Product developer with Schneider Electric- 2 patents in Energy
Lead, FOOD MANAGER and m-FOOD MANAGER
GauravDahake
• IIT KGP• Industrial Engineering• +91-9775550519
•
- World’s top 100Innovator , Moscow
Lead , Employment Prog
SiddharthVerma
• IIT KGP• Electronics Engineering• +91-9547825319•
Lead, Microcredit
- Cofounder, Univect - Fellow, Waste to Watts
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ACCOLADES & PAST AFFILIATIONS FOR TEAM
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ADVISORY BOARD
1) Mr Debjeet Sen, MPA, MS Program Associate, Integrating Early Childhood Development (I-ECD) Project Maternal & Child Health/Nutrition PATH, Kenya
2) Mr. Ram KrishnaswamyManaging Director of Novo Design Concepts Pty Ltd, Retd. Managing Director, Noise Control Australia Pvt. Ltd
3) Prof Dhrubes BiswasProfessor of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, &Head, School of Engineering Entrepreneurship, IIT KharagpurProf-in-Charge of Incubation and Entrepreneurship, & MD, STEP
4) Mr. Suvrat Bafna Food Technologist,
United Nations World Food Program, Ethiopia 5) Yashveer Singh Co-Founder and Director, NSEF Starting-Bloc fellow ; Agent of Change by Deccan Chronicle
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS- ALUMNI NETWORK:
- ORGANISATIONS:
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SUMMARY
METRIC GUIDING QUESTIONS SOLUTION
FOOD MANAGER +
MICROCREDIT
FOOD WHEEL+ SANITATION
SMS + AWARENESS PROGRAM
FOOD MANAGER
FOOD MANAGEMENT
EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM
SOLUTION
FOOD MANAGER +
MICROCREDIT
FOOD WHEEL+ SANITATION
SMS + AWARENESS PROGRAM
FOOD MANAGER
FOODMANAGEMENT
EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM
SAASTEV
JOIN HANDS WITH US
35
THANK YOU
Q&A?
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BACKUP SLIDES
• IT TEAM
• ANALYST TEAM
• FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY & IMPACT
• TIMELINE FOR OPERATION IN A SLUM
• FOOD COLLECTION
• SMS & MICRO-CREDIT
IT TEAM: ROLES AND FUNCTIONS
IT Analyst Team(A group of around 30-40 people per
slum)
Maintenance of SMS based system and apps.•Maintain and add new apps for slum dwellers
Database Management•Maintain and update database of slum dwellers to be used by Food Credit Card system
Online management•Keep the organisation active online •Keep track of all kinds of donations etc. from NGOs, govts. etc.
Service Provider•Cater to all kinds of calls and doubts from slum dwellers
ANALYST TEAM
A dedicated team of 200 Analysts working globally for analysis and geographical mapping of food insecurity in Urban Slums
Analysts(collect, manage and analyse data)
Work closely with national government, UN partners and NGOs
Type of Data to be Collected
1.Demography Mapping2. Assess Food Needs during Emergency
Conditions +Nutritional Analysis3. Employment related Data
ANALYST TEAM
Technologies used by Analyst Team
Geographic Information System
Mobile data collection platforms
such as phones, tablets and personal
digital assistants
Forecast and response analysis
FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
- On an average 70% of slum dwellers from one slum user use one kind of a connection
- Fortune at the BOP is a reality when tied with appropriate financial innovation
FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY: BUSINESS MODEL
Customer
FMCG companies
Telephone companies
Shop
5% loyalty reward
5% loyalty reward
Saastev
Shares 5% profit
Shares 5% profit
Helps retain consumer
FINANCING: FUNDS INFLOW
Funds Inflow
Revenue
SMS based system –
Mobile
Providers
Credit Card System –
FMCG Co.
Food/ Health
care Products – Retail Stores
Mobile
Selling of
Water Packet
s
Charity/Donations
NGOs Govt. Agencies
Farm Houses
40%60%
REVENUE CALCULATIONS
• Average family earning monthly = $100/month• Average urban family spends $15/month on ICT• And it spends about $ 15/month on personal care, food, personal care
items from FMCG etc. • They get 30 credits for dollar 30 worth of buying. • And Saastev gets $ 30*0.05 = $1.5 /month from every household. • So we are able to generate half of the revenue from food. • Other would be generated from donations and • In future there would be an increase in spending in ICT and personal care
which would make the system more sustainable.
COST CALCULATIONS
• Cost / nutritious meal = $ 0.4• Saastev gets processed food for free - Transportation cost = $ 800 /month/Slum(of 5000) (20 kg/person/hour)• Need 8 such people for transporting 1200 kg of food for thousand households for 2 times a day to food repository and back.)Cost of them = 8*($ 100) - Food distribution according to nutrition = $1.6K - Packaging = $ 0.01 packet = $ 300 / month - Packaging laborers = $ 500/month
Total cost = $ 3200/month = $ 3.2/ month/family for no profit no loss
TIMELINE FOR OPERATION IN A SLUM
Analyst Team
IT Team
Employment Program
Awareness Program
Food Bank
SMS Program
Waste Management
MC Card System
Water Purification System
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Month
OPERATION STRUCTURE IN A SLUM
BUSINESS IMPACT ON THE FRANCHISE
Sole organization start-up phase
With Franchisee
Easily Replicable
Faster business scalability
Long run profitability
Massive social impact
Time
Org
aniza
tion
Grow
th C
urve
FOOD WHEEL: THE DECISION MAKER
Food compositions Decision maker
Excess Segregated food
Nutritious food
Local Food Item
Mass in Kg
Food Ingredients Calculator
Segmented with constraints of need, technology and cost of preservation, life time of preservation
From map the need gap : Demand of food composition for various target segments like General male-female , patients and special cases like pregnancy
WASTE FOOD COLLECTION
Develop a Council for weekly/ daily food waste collection service.
Truck service could be used for waste collection and people can be employed from the same slum.
Recycling credits could be given as a direct financial incentive to encourage more recycling and reduce the amount of rubbish to be sent to landfill.
WASTE FOOD SEGREGATION
Use of ‘Smart plastics’ Technique : Detect change in colour
Developed by Professor Andrew Millsat Strathclyde University.
Utilizes a color-based oxygen indicator to show when oxygen has got into the pack
Also possible to control its recovery once the package is opened to create a 'consume-within' indicator
For the smart oxygen-sensitive plastics a semiconducting material, titanium dioxide is used
COLLECTED FOOD USAGE
Food would be segregated into 3 waste categories:1. Usable Food2. Partially Usable Food3, Unusable Food
Reusable food can be used under the recycling and reusable credit system.
Unusable part can be used to produce biogas (heat and energy) in incineration plants or manure in fertilizer factories.
Meena takes fresh bags
Meena now is rest assured of a healthy next month of her family
Mobile H2O vendor begins deliveries
Meena gives him used bags subscription card
Her subscription allots her 5 bags/day for 6 monthsVendor updates Meena’s account
The circle of clean water
MICRO-CREDIT PROGRAM
Micro Credit Card Details
Micro Credit Card Benefits
Partnered with Microfinance Institution (Kiva)
Loan for accessories such as "solar cooker”Loan benefits only through credit rating screening
process for guaranteed returns
Discounted Food Purchase from partner "Retail Stores”Act as a virtual bank for currency storage
Issued preferably to women of the householdDetails of card holder(name, phone number) stored in database
Maximum of say X number of people can be supported on one card issued
MICRO-CREDIT PROGRAM
Creation of “Credits”
for Card Holder
Local Currency Deposition by the
Card Holder
Organizational Job Credits
Local Currency Deposition through
any kind of external donations
Regular Food Discount Cupons
Food Credits (Partnership with Telecom provider) Recycling
Credits(Promote reuse and recyclye)
m-FOOD MANAGER WORKING
SMS/ Call by Natha
Past data checked
Filtered Data fed
to the Nutrient Calculato
r
Output 1:
Nutrients of Each
type Required for Natha
Output 1 is fed to the local
server
Optimization on server
SMS Sent to Natha
- ID and budget sent- Specific disease if any mentioned
- Last 7 days food and nutrients
- Occupation- Cultural identity- Location- Budget
- What to buy- Where to buy
- Maintained by IT team- Contains info: * Food * Calorie content * Price in local market
- Adopted from the Australian Ministry of Health website
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE
Objective Function:• Minimize: - Cost of (Required nutrients made available through different food/diet options)
• Subject to the following constraints:- Cost for purchasing <= The budget by the inquirer- Food suggested non-allergic to specific disease- Suggested food quantities are in integer/respective weight values- Occupation - Cultural identity and food preference- Location
Reference 1) Starting-Bloc fellow ; Agent of Change by Deccan Chronicle2) Journal of Nutrition,2001, 131(2S-2) , processing methodology : 604S – 614S3) National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 25 , National Agriculture Library4) Alzamora SM, Tapia MS and López-Malo A (2000)Minimally processed fruits and
vegetables: fundamental aspects and applications Springer, Page 266. ISBN 978-0rld -8342-1672-3.
5) Food waste collection service leaflet, Government of Norwich 6) Mobile Innovations that are Changing India and the World, Brindaa Lakshmi K | October
28, 20127) Not Just a Piece of Cloth Sept 2011, Goonj 8) How about a job portal for maids, drivers or aayahs, Priyanka Golikeri 9) Evans, Lisa. "The Advent of Mechanical Refrigeration Alters Daily Life and National
Economies Throughout the World".10) Source:State of Food Insecurity in the World,FAO, 201211) Focus on woman , World Food program
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Why fortify?
•Preventing up to four out of ten childhood deaths*•Lowering maternal deaths by more than one third**•Increasing work capacity up to 20%**•Improving population IQ by 10-15 points***
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The Micronutrient Initiative, 2004.*Derives mainly from Vitamin A**Derives mainly from iron nutrition***Derives mainly from iodine sufficiency
Fortification of Cereal Flours
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How much do fortificants cost?
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Nutrient Cost/RDAVit. A (250 CWS) 3000 IU 0.00079$ Vit. D (100 CWS) 200 IU 0.00011$ Vit. E (50% CWS) 22.35 IU 0.00250$ Thiamin 1.2 mg 0.00004$ Riboflavin 1.3 mg 0.00005$ Pyridoxine 1.3 mg 0.00005$ Niacin 16 mg 0.00026$ Folic Acid 400 µg 0.00008$ Vitamin B12 2.4 µg 0.00010$ Vitamin C 90 mg 0.00257$ Fe (FeSO4 x 1H2O) 8 mg 0.00008$ Total 0.00662$
Male RDA
Estimated Fortificant Costs to Reach Nutritional Goals Through Food Fortification
641: Includes processing and storage overages. Source: Modified from Omar Dary A2Z- 18 Sept. 2007
Women Nutritional CostEAR Goal per person1
(mg/day) (% EAR) (US$/year)Calcium Solid-Food 833.333 60 0.584
Iron-NaFeEDTA Flour 13.243 80 0.193Vitamin E Dry Food 6.250 60 0.162
Vit. C Beverage 34.615 40 0.142Vit. A Flour or sugar 0.357 80 0.087
Iron-electrolytic Flour 40.524 80 0.045Vit. A Oil 0.357 80 0.031
Vitamin D Dry Food 0.005 80 0.028Vit. B-3 (Niacin) Flour 10.769 40 0.021
Zinc Flour 8.167 80 0.020Vit. B-12 Flour 0.001 80 0.014
Vit. B-9 (Folate) Flour 0.188 80 0.015Vit. B-2 Flour 0.917 60 0.009Vit. B-6 Flour 1.083 40 0.008Vit. B-1 Flour 0.917 40 0.005Iodine Salt 0.107 100 0.002
Micronutrients Vehicle
Benefit: Or the costs of malnutrition
20982
1441
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Estimated economic lossto VMD (US$ mio)
Fortification cost (US$mio)
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Based on the UNICEF/MI publication: “Vitamin & Mineral Deficiencies: A global damage assessment report, 2004Fortification Cost: 100% coverage at 50% daily requirement of A, B1, B2, PP, B12,I + 100% of FA and Fe
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Effective fortification is affordable,ineffective fortification is expensive.