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History of Planning
1898-1930s
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1898
About: Landmark Publication Planned Communities
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, by Ebenezer Howard, a source
Garden City Movement. Reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of Tomor
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1898
Conservation & Environment
Gifford Pinchot becomes Chief Forester of the United States in
Department of Agriculture. From this position he publicizes the cau
forest conservation.
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1901
Housing Landmark Laws
New York State Tenement House Law. The legislative basis for the rev
city codes that outlawed tenements such as the "Dumbbell TenemLawrence Veillerwas the leading reformer.
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1902
Conservation & Environment Landmark Laws Economic Devel
U.S. Reclamation Act. Created fund from sale of public land in the ari
to supply water there through the construction of water storage and irworks.
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1903
Planned Communities
Letchworth constructed. First English Garden City and a stimulus to
Town movement in America (Greenbelt Towns, Columbia, etc.)
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LETCHWORTH (1stGarden City
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LETCHWORTH (1stGarden City
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1903
Conservation & Environment Landmark Laws
President Theodore Roosevelt appoints a Public Lands Commission to
rules for orderly land development and management.
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1906
Conservation & Environment Landmark Laws
Antiquities Act of 1906: First law to institute federal protection for pr
archaeological sites. Provided for designation as National Monumentalready in the public domain that contained "historic landmarks, histo
prehistoric structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest.
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1907
Housing
Founding of New York Committee on the Congestion of Population.
movement, led by its secretary, Benjamin Marsh, to decentralize Newdense population.
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1907
Conservation & Environment Landmark Laws
President Roosevelt establishes an Inland Waterway Commission to en
multipurpose planning in waterway development: navigation, power, irflood control, water supply.
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1909
Planning Profession
First National Conference on City Planning in Washington, D.C
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1909
Regional Planning
Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago published. First metropolitan plan
United States. (Key figures: Frederick A. Delano, Charles Wacke
Charles Dyer Norton.)
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1909
History of Planning Profession
Possibly the first course in city planning in this country is inaugurat
Harvard College's Landscape Architecture Department. Taught
James Sturgis Pray.
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1911
Landmark Publication
Frederick Winslow Taylor publishes The Principles of Scientific Manage
fountainhead of the efficiency movements in this country, including e
in city government.
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1912
Landmark Publication History of Planning Profession
Walter D. Moody's "Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago" is adopt
eight-grade textbook on City Planning by the Chicago Board of Edu
Possibly the first formal instruction in city planning below the college
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1913
History of Planning Profession
A chair in Civic Design, first of its kind in the U.S., is created in the U
of Illinois's Department of Horticulture for Charles Mulford Robinson
the principal promoters of the World's Columbian Exposition.
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1914
Landmark Publication History of Planning Profession
Flavel Shurtleff writes Carrying Out the City Plan, the first major textboo
planning.
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1914
Economic Development
Panama Canal completed and opened to world commerce.
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1914
Planning Profession
Harland Bartholomew, eventually the country's best known plann
consultant, becomes the first full-time employee in Newark, New Jers
city planning commission.
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1915
Landmark Publication Regional Planning
Patrick Geddes, "Father of Regional Planning"and
mentor of Lewis Mumford, publishes Cities in Evolution.
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1916
Landmark Publication History of Planning Profession
Nelson P. Lewis published Planning of the Modern City.
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1916
Housing Landmark Laws
Nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution adopted by
New York City Board of Estimatesunder the leadership of
George McAneny and Edward Bassett,known as the "Father of Zoning."
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1916
Conservation & Environment Landmark Laws
National Park Service established with sole responsibility for conserv
preserving resources of special value.
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1917
History of Planning Profession
Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. becomes first president of newly foun
American City Planning Institute, forerunner ofAmerican InstitPlanners and American Institute of Certified Planners.
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1918
Housing Landmark Laws
U.S. Housing Corporation and Emergency Fleet Corporation estInfluenced later endeavors in public housing.
Operated at major shipping centers to provide
housing for World War I workers.
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1919
Three early unifunctional regional authorities
the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission,
the Metropolitan Water Board and
the Metropolitan Park Commission--combined toform the Boston Metropolitan District Commission.
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1921
Conservation & Environment
New Orleans designates theVieux Carre Commission,
the first historic preservation commission in
the U.S.
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1922
History of Planning Profession Regional Planning
Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commissionwascrea
First of its kind in the United States.
(Hugh Pomeroy, head of staff.)
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1922
Regional Planning
Inauguration of Regional Plan of New York underThomas Ad
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1922
Landmark Laws
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon. The first decision to hold that a lrestriction constituted a taking.
The U.S. Supreme Court (Justice Brandeis dissenting) noted
"property may be regulated to a certain extent, [but] if regulation goes too far
be recognized as a taking," thus acknowledging the principle of a "regulatory
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1923
Planned Communities
Ground broken for construction of Mariemont, Ohio, in suburban Ci
Mary Emerywas its founder and benefactor;John Nolen, the plSome of its features (short blocks, mixture of rental and owner-occ
housing) foreshadow the contemporary New Urbanism movem
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1924
Landmark Laws
U.S. Department of Commerce under
Secretary Herbert Hoover
issues a Standard State Zoning Enabling Act.
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1924-28
Planned Communities
Sunnyside Gardens, a planned neighborhood designed by
Clarence Stein and Henry Wright,
is built by City Housing Corporation under
Alexander Bingin Queens, New York.
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1925
Landmark Publication Regional Planning
Publication of "Regional Plan" issue of Survey Graphic,
influential essays on regional planning by Lewis Mumford and omembers of the Regional Planning Association of America
(e.g., Catherine Bauer).
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1925
History of Planning Profession
Cincinnati, Ohio, becomes first major American city officially to en
comprehensive plan. (Alfred Bettman, Ladislas Segoe).
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1925
Landmark Publication
Ernest Burgess's "Concentric Zone" model of urban structure ause is published.
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1925
Landmark Publication History of Planning Profession
In April,The American City Planning Institute andThe Natio
Conference on City Planningpublish Vol. 1, No. 1 of City Plann
ancestor of present day Journal of the American Planning Associ
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1926
Landmark Laws
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty.
Constitutionality of zoning upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court
(Case argued by Alfred Bettman.)
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1928
Landmark Laws History of Planning Profession
U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert HooverStandard City Planning Enabling Act.
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1928
Landmark Publication Regional Planning
Robert Murray Haig's monograph "Major Economic Factors in MetroGrowth and Arrangement"is published in Volume I of The Regional Su
New York and Its Environs.
Viewed land use as a function of accessibility.
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1928
Planned Communities
Construction of Radburn, New Jersey, begun.
Planned community inspired by
Howard's Garden City concept and designed by SteinandWrighforerunner of the New Deal's Greenbelt towns.
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1929
Landmark Publication Planned Communities
Clarence Perry's monograph on the Neighborhood Unit is publiVolume VII of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Envi
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1929
Landmark Laws
Wisconsin law, first instance of rural zoning, authorized county b
"to regulate, restrict and determine the areas within which agriculture, forestry and
maybe conducted."
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1929
Economic Development
Stock market crash in October ushers in Great Depression and fosterspublic planning on a national scale.
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1931
Conservation & Environment
National Land Utilization Conference convened in Chicago
Three hundred (300) agricultural experts deliberate on rural recovery pand natural resource conservation.
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1932
Economic Development
Federal Home Loan Bank System established to shore up shaky home institutions. Housing
Reconstruction Finance Corporation established at the outset of theDepression to revive economic activity by extending financial aid to failingindustrial, and agricultural institutions.
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1933
Housing
FDRinaugurated. New Deal begins with a spate of counter-deprmeasures.
Home Owners Loan Corporation established to save homeowne
loss through foreclosure.
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1933
Conservation & Environment History of Planning Profession
The National Planning Board established in the Interior Departmassist in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for public works un
direction of Frederick Delano, Charles Merriam, Wesley Mit
Its last successor agency, the National Resources Planning Board,abolished in 1943.
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1933
Landmark Laws
Civilian Conservation Corps established to provide work for uneyouth and to conserve nation's natural resources. Conservation
Environment
Federal Emergency Relief Administration set up under Harry Hoporganize relief work in urban and rural areas.
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1933
Conservation & Environment Regional Planning Landmark Law
Economic Development
Tennessee Valley Authority created to provide for unified and multirehabilitation and redevelopment of the Tennessee Valley, America's
famous experiment in river-basin planning. Senator George NorNebraska fathered idea, and David Lilienthalwas its most effecimplementer.
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1933
Policies
The Agricultural Adjustment Act is passed to regulate agricultura
practices, production, prices, supply areas (and therefore land us
as a recovery measure.
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1934
Housing Landmark Laws
American Society of Planning Officials founded, an organizatioplanners, planning commissioners and planning-related public off
History of Planning Profession
National Housing Act. Established FSLICfor insuring savings dand the FHAfor insuring individual home mortgages.
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1934
Landmark Publication
Taylor Grazing Act is passed, its purpose to regulate the use of the rangWest for conservation purposes. Conservation & Environment Regional
Landmark Laws
"Final Report" by the National Planning Board on its first year of existencea section entitled "A Plan for Planning" and an account of the "Historical Dof Planning in the United States."The latter views American planning histor
context of U.S. political and economic history.
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1935
Planned Communities Landmark Laws
Resettlement Administration established under Rexford Tugwell, Ro"braintruster," to carry out experiments in land reform and populat
resettlement.
This agency built the three Greenbelt towns (Greenbelt, MarylaGreendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio)
forerunners of present day New Towns: Columbia, Maryland; ReVirginia; etc.)
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1935
Conservation & Environment Landmark Laws
Publication date of Regional Factors in National Planning by the NResources Committee, a landmark in regional planning literatu
Landmark Publication Conservation & Environment Regional Plan
Soil Conservation Act.Congress moves to make prevention of soia national responsibility.
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1935
Conservation & Environment Landmark Laws
The Historic Sites, Buildings and Antiquities Act,
a predecessor of the National Historic Preservation Act, pass
Requires the Secretary of the Interior to identify, acquire, and restore q
historic sites and properties and calls upon federal agencies to conpreservation needs in their programs and plans.
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1935
Economic Development Regional Planning
Social Security Act passed to create a safety net for elderly. Frances PeSecretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member, was a principal pro
Landmark Laws
Congress authorizes construction of the GrandeCoulee Dam in CeWashington State. Finished in 1941, it is the largest concrete structure in ththe heart of the Columbia Basin Project, a regional plan comparable in itsTVA. The project's purposes are irrigation, electric power generation an
control in the Pacific Northwest.
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1936
Economic Development Regional Planning
Hoover Dam on the Colorado River completed. Creates and sustpopulation growth and industrial development in Nevada, Californi
Arizona.
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1937
Housing Landmark Laws
Our Cities: Their Role in the National Economy.A landmark report
Urbanism Committee of the National Resources Committee. (Ladislas
headed research staff.) Landmark Publication History of Planning Prof
U.S. Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall). Set the stage for future governmeappropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing. Tied slum clea
public housing.
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1937
Landmark Laws
Farm Security Administration established, successor to the ResettAdministration and administrator of many programs to aid the rural
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1938
History of Planning Profession
TheAmerican Institute of Planners, the planning field's professorganization, states as its purpose:
"... the planning of the unified developoment of urban communities and their envi
of states, regions and the nation, as expressed through determination of the comparrangement of land uses and land occupancy and the regulation thereof.
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1939
Landmark Publication Housing
HomerHoyt's influential "sector theory" of urban growth appears imonograph,The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborh
American Cities.
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PLANNERS OF
INFLUENCE
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This diagram was published in Howtreatise Garden Cities of To-Morrow
wanted to design an alternativeovercrowded and polluted industrial citurn of the century, and his solution ccreating smaller garden cities (wipeople each) in the country linked by transit and set in a permanent greescheme included vast open space, with giving urban slum-dwellers the best ofand country living. He captioned tdiagram AGroup of smokeless, Sluml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrow -
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Le Corbusier was trying to find asame problems of rban pol
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same problems of urban polovercrowding, but unlike Hoenvisioned building up, not out. Hknown as Towers in the Park,
exactly that: numerous high-rise busurrounded by green space. Each bset on what planners today woulrefer to as superblocks,and spacedelineated between different uses (idiagram, this includes housing,thcenter, factories and warehoCorbusiers ideas later reappeared in
of massive public housing projectsin the era of urbanrenewal.Thisof the famous Pruitt-Igoe housingSt. Louis that was demolished juafter it was built.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoe -
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CONCLUSION
Planning mainly focused on cities and regions.
Greatly influenced by the City Beautiful Movement that gave inspi
for the creation of the Garden Cities.
Several planning and/or architectural Institutions emerged.
The start of Modern Architecture.
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THE END
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PRESENTED BY:
CASTILLO, Nico
ORENSE, HannahBS ARCHITECTURE 4B