Download - Highway Engg Unit 1
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
1/97
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
2/97
Syllabus
CE2255HIGHWAY
ENGINEERING L
TPC
Syllabus
3003OBJECTIVE
The objective of the course is to educate the students on the various components of Highway.
alignment, Design of Geometric Elements of Highways and Urban roads, Rigid and Flexible
pavements design. The students further learn the desirable properties of highway materialsand various practices adopted for construction. This course enables the students to developskill on evaluation of the pavements and to decide appropriate types of maintenance.
UNITIHIGHWAYPLANNINGANDALIGNMENT 9
History of Road Construction, Highway Development in India
Jayakar CommitteeRecommendations and Realisations, Twentyyear Road Development Plans, Concepts ofngo ng g way eve opmen rogrammes a a ona eve , ns u ons or g way
Development at National level Indian Roads Congress, Highway Research Board, NationalHighway Authority of India, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) and CentralRoad Research Institute. Requirements of Ideal Alignment, Factors Controlling HighwayAlignment Engineering Surveys for AlignmentConventional Methods and Modern Methods
emo e ens ng, an ec n ques ass ca on an ross ec on o r an anRural Roads (IRC), Highway Cross Sectional Elements Right of Way, Carriage Way, Camber,Kerbs, Shoulders and Footpaths [IRC Standards], Cross sections of different Class of Roads Principles of Highway Financing.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
3/97
Syllabus
Design of Horizontal Alignment Horizontal Curves Super elevation, Widening of Pavementson Horizontal Curves and Transition Curves Design of Vertical Alignments Rolling, Limiting,Exceptional and Minimum Gradients, Summit and Valley CurvesSight Distances Factorsa ec ng g s ances, eory, opp ng g s ance , ver a ng g
Distance (OSD), Sight Distance at Intersections, Intermediate Sight Distance and IlluminationSight Distance [Derivations and Problems in SSD and OSD]
Geometric Design of Hill Roads[IRC Standards Only]
UNIT IIIFLEXIBLE AND RIGID PAVEMENTS 9
Rigid and Flexible PavementsComponents and their FunctionsDesign Principles of Flexible
and Rigid Pavements, Factors affecting the Design of Pavements
ESWL, Climate, Subgrade
Soil and TrafficDesi n Practice for Flexible Pavements IRC Method and RecommendationsProblems]Design Practice for Rigid Pavements IRC Recommendationsconcepts only.
UNIT IVHIGHWAY MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE 9
,Field Density Test
Aggregate
Crushing, Abrasion, Impact Tests, Water absorption, Flakinessand Elongation indices and Stone polishing value test Bitumen Penetration, Ductility,Viscosity, Binder content and Softening point Tests. Construction Practice Water BoundMacadam Road, Bituminous Road and Cement Concrete Road [as per IRC and MORTH
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
4/97
UNIT V
HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE 9
Syllabus
Types of defects in Flexible pavements Surface defects, Cracks, Deformation, Disintegration Symptoms, Causes and Treatments. Types of Pavement, Failures in Rigid Pavements Scaling, Shrinkage, Warping, Structural Cracks Spalling of Joints and Mud Pumping and
.Evaluation, Evaluation of pavement Failure and strengtheningOverlay design by Benkelman
Beam Method [Procedure only],
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1.Khanna K
and
Justo
CEG,Highway
Engineering,
Khanna Publishers,
Roorkee,
2001.2.Kadiyali LR,PrinciplesandPracticeofHighwayEngineering,Khanna Technical
Publications,Delhi,2000.
REFERENCES
. , . . , . . ,Hall
ofIndia
Pvt ltd,
2006.
2.IRCStandards(IRC372001&IRC581998)3.BureauofIndianStandards(BIS)PublicationsonHighwayMaterials4.SpecificationsforRoadandBridges,MORTH(India)
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
5/97
inthe
country
before
Independence.
committeeunderthechairmanshipofDr.M.R.
Jayakar toreport
on
the
condition
ofthe
existingroadsandtosuggestwaysandmeansfortheirfuturedevelopment.
Onlyduring
the
five
year
plans
since
1951,
roaddevelopmentworkswerespeededup.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
6/97
Ja akar ComitteeJayakar committeerecommendations Theroaddevelopmentinthecountryshouldbetakenupbycentralgovernmentasanational
interest,asthishasbecomebeyondthecapacityoftheprovincialgovernmentsandthelocal
bodies. Anextrataxshouldbeleviedonpetrolfromtheroaduserstodeveloparoaddevelopment
fundcalledCentralroadfund.
Asemiofficialtechnicalbodyshouldbeformedtopooltechnicalknowhowfromvarious
partsofthecountryandtoactasanadvisorybodyonvariousaspectsofroads.
Aresearch
organization
should
be
instituted
tocarry
out
research
and
development
and
to
.
Theygavemorestressonlongtermplanningprogramme,foraperiodof20years(hence
calledtwentyyearplan)thatistoformulateplansandimplementthoseplanswithinthe
next20years.
Inresponsetotherecommendationsofthecommittee
Centralroadfundwasformedintheyear1929.
.
CentralRoadResearchInstitutewasstartedin1950 underCouncilofScientificandIndustrial
Research(CSIR)
atNew
Delhi.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
7/97
Nagpurroadcongress1943The second World War saw a rapid growth in road traffic and this led to the deterioration in the
condition of roads. To discuss about improving the condition of roads, the government convened aconference of chief engineers of provinces at Nagpur in 1943. The result of the conference is famous asthe Nagpur plan.
Atwentyyeardevelopmentprogrammefortheperiod(19431963)wasfinalized.Itwasthefirstattempttoprepareacoordinated roaddevelopmentprogrammeinaplannedmanner.
Theroadsweredividedintofourclasses:
I. Nationalhighwayswhichwouldpassthroughstates,andplaceshavingnational
importancefor
strategic,
administrative
and
other
purposes.
. .
III. Districtroadswhichwouldtaketrackfromthemainroadstotheinteriorofthe district.Accordingtotheimportance,someareconsideredasmajordistrict roadsandtheremainingasotherdistrictroads.
IV.Villageroadswhichwouldlinkthevillagestotheroadsystem.
e
comm ee
p anne
o
cons ruc
a ms o
roa
across
e
coun ry
w n
years. Theyrecommendedtheconstructionofstarandgridpatternofroadsthroughoutthecountry.
Oneoftheobjectivewasthattheroadlengthshouldbeincreasedsoastogivearoaddensityof16kmsper100sq.km
Na ur lantar etwasachievedabouttwo earsaheadin1961.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
8/97
Bomba roadcon ress1961
Though the target length of roads envisaged under the Nagpur plan wasachieved two years ahead, the changed economic, industrial and agriculturalconditions in the country warranted a review of the Nagpur plan. Accordingly
,which is popularly known as the Bombay plan. The highlights of the planwere:
Thetotal
road
length
targeted
toconstruct
was
about
10
lakhs.
Ruralroadsweregivenspecificattention.Scientificmethodsofconstructionwasproposedfortheruralroads.ThenecessarytechnicaladvicetothePanchayaths shouldbegivenbyStatePWD's.
The su ested that the len th of the road should be increased so as to
givearoad
density
of32kms/100sq.km
Theconstructionof1600kmofexpresswayswasalsothenincludedintheplan.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
9/97
Lucknow roadcon ress1984
This is the third 20 year plan (Lucknow road plan
1981
2001) prepared bykeeping in view the growth pattern envisaged in various fields by the turn ofthe century. Some of the salient features of this plan are as given below:
a me a cons ruc ngaroa eng o a ome res y eyear1981resultinginaroaddensityof82kms/100sq.km
The
plan
has
set
the
target
length
of
NH
to
be
completed
by
the
end
of
seventh,eighth
and
ninth
five
year
plan
periods.
Itaimsatimprovingthetransportationfacilitiesinvillages,townsetc.suchthatnopartofcountryisfartherthan50kmfromNH.
Oneofthegoalscontainedintheplanwasthatexpresswaysshouldbe.
Energyconservation,environmentalqualityofroadsandroadsafetymeasureswerealsogivendueimportanceinthisplan.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
10/97
Indianroadandoverview
Road Transport is vital to India's economy. It enables the country's
transportation sector contribute 4.7 percent of Indias gross domestic
product, in comparison to railways that contributed 1 percent, in 2009
2010.
The government of India considers road network as critical to the
country's development, social integration and security needs of the
country.
India's road network carries over 65 percent of its freight and about 85
percent of passenger traffic
According to 2009 estimates by Goldman Sachs, India will need to invest
US$1.7 trillion on infrastructure projects before 2020 to meet its economic
needs, a part of which would be in upgrading India's road network
India plans to spend approximately US$70 Billion by 2013 to modernize itshighway network.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
11/97
Indianroadandoverview
Courtesy:http://infrastructure.gov.in/pdf/NHDP.pdf
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
12/97
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
13/97
Indianroadandoverview
monitoring of National Highways Development Projects (NHDP). Contracts are executed by the
Project Implementation Units(PIUs) of National Highways Authority of India.
National Highway account for only about 2% of the total length of roads, but carry about 40% of
.
National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.
The Indian Government has set ambitious plans for upgrading of the National Highways in a
phased manner in the years to come. The details are as follows:
Phase I: The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ; 5,846 km) connecting the four major cities of Delhi,
Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. Total cost of the project is Rs.300 billion, funded largely by the
governments special petroleum product tax revenues and government borrowing. In January
2012, India announced the four lane GQ highway network as complete.
Phase II: NorthSouth and EastWest corridors comprising national highways connecting four
extreme points of the country. The North South and EastWest corridor (NSEW; 7,300 km)
connecting Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south and Silchar in the east to
Porbandar in the west. Total length of the network is 7,300 km (4,500 mi). As of April 2012,
84.26% of the project had been completed and 15.7% of the project work is currently atprogress. It also includes Port connectivity and other projects 1,157 km (719 mi). The final
completion date to February 28, 2009 at a cost of Rs.350 billion, with funding similar to
Phase I.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
14/97
Phase III: The government recently approved NHDPIII to upgrade 12,109 km (7,524 mi)of
Indianroadandoverviewnational highways on a Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis, which takes into accounthighdensity traffic, connectivity of state capitals via NHDP Phase I and II, and connectivity tocentres of economic importance. contracts have been awarded for a 2,075 km (1,289 mi).
Phase IV: The government is considering widening 20,000 km (12,000 mi) of highway that.
lanes with paved shoulders. The plan will soon be presented to the government for approval.
Phase V: As road traffic increases over time, a number of four lane highways will need to beupgraded/expanded to six lanes. The current plan calls for upgrade of about 5,000 km(3,100 mi) of fourlane roads, although the government has not yet identified the stretches.
ase : e government s wor ng on construct ng expressways t at wou connect ma orcommercial and industrial townships. It has already identified 400 km (250 mi) of Vadodara(earlier Baroda)Mumbai section that would connect to the existing Vadodara (earlierBaroda)Ahmedabad section. The World Bank is studying this project. The project will befunded on BOT basis. The 334 km (208 mi) Expressway between Chennai
Bangalore and
m m xpressway e ween o a a an a as een en e an eas ystudy and DPR contract has been awarded by NHAI.
Phase VII: This phase calls for improvements to city road networks by adding ring roads toenable easier connectivity with national highways to important cities. In addition,improvements will be made to stretches of national highways that require additional flyovers
and bypasses given population and housing growth along the highways and increasing traffic.The government has not yet identified a firm investment plan for this phase. The 19 km(12 mi) long Chennai PortMaduravoyal Elevated Expressway is being executed under thisphase.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
15/97
Indianroadandoverview
Courtesy:http://infrastructure.gov.in/pdf/NHDP.pdf
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
16/97
Indianroadandoverview
Comparisonofmajorroaddensitywithfewotherdevelopedeconomiesintheworld
Country NHlength inkms Kmper1000people
India 70,548 0.069Germany 53,010 0.64
Japan 61,730 0.49
Courtesy:http://infrastructure.gov.in/pdf/NHDP.pdf
Canada 103,000 3.1
USA 351,428 1.4
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
17/97
ecture
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
18/97
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
19/97
HistoryofHighwayConstruction
1. RomanRoads
Builtstraightregardlessofgradients
Builton
hard
strata
after
removing
softsoils
. .
Largesizefoundationstoneswith
limemortarIslaidforabout10to20cm
thickforming
bottom
course.
Verticalkerb stoneswereplacedalongtheedgesofthepavement.
Asecondlayeroflimemortarwithlargesizebrokenstonesmixedwithlimemortarwaslaidoverbottomcourseforabout25to40cm.
Anotherlayeroflimemortarwithsmallersizebrokenstoneswerelaidoverthe
secondlayer
for
athickness
of25
to40
cm.
Wearingcoursewithlargesizedressedstoneswerepavedwithlimemortarastoplayerfor10to15cmthickness.
Thisroadisuneconomicalconsiderin thema nitudeofwheelloadsofanimaldrawncartsinthosedays.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
20/97
2. FrenchRoads
resaguet
onstruct on Thenextmajordevelopmentinthe
roadconstructionoccurredduring
theregimeofNapoleon.
ThesignificantcontributionsweregivenbyTresaguetin1764.
Hedevelopedacheapermethodofconstructioncomparedtotheuneconomical
Romanpractice.
Thesubgrade waspreparedandalayeroflargefoundationstoneswerelaidonitby
hand.Large
stoned
were
laid
on
the
either
edges
ofthe
pavement
toserve
assu merge er s ones.
Smallerpiecesofbrokenstones(8cmsize)werethencompactedintothespaces
betweenlargerstonestoprovidealevelsurface.
.
givingthe
road
surface
across
slope
of1in45
for
providing
surface
drainage.
Shoulderswerealsoprovidedforsufficientslopetodrainthesurfacewaterto the
sidedrain.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
21/97
3. BritishRoads
TheBritishengineerJohnMacadam
introducedwhatcanbeconsideredas
methodin1827.
Stonesizewasanimportantelementof
Macadamconstruction.
Byempiricalobservationofmanyroads,
hecametorealizethat25cmlayersofwell
compactedbroken
angular
stone
would
provide
thesamestrengthandstiffnessandabetterrunning
surfacethananexpensivepavementfoundedonlargestoneblocks.Thusheintroducedaneconomicalmethodofroadconstruction.
stiffnesstothe
course.
Buttheinterparticlefrictionabradedthesharpinterlockingfacesandpartlydestroytheeffectivenessofthecourse.Thiseffectwasovercomebyintroducinggood
u y o o u w x. u x o ov permeableandeasiertocompact.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
22/97
ConstructionmethodofMacadamroad
Sub
grade
is
compacted
and
prepared
with
a
cross
slope
of
1
in
36
up
to
a
desiredwidth(about9m)
uniformthicknessof10cm.
Thesecondlayerofstrongbrokenstonesofsize3.75cmwascompactedto
.
Thetoplayerconsistedofstonesofsizelessthan2cmcompactedtoa
thicknessofabout5cmandfinishedsothatthecrossslopeofpavement
.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
23/97
OrganizationsandInstitutionresponsibleforHighwayPlanning,
CentralRoadFund(1929)
IndianRoadsCongress(IRC),1934
CentralRoadResearchInstitute(CRRI),1950
,
HighwayResearchboard(1973)
NationalTransport
Policy
committee
(1978
)
Nationalhighwayact(1956)
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
24/97
Central
Road
Fund
,
1929CRFAct,2000
Distributionof100%cess on etrolasfollows:
57.5%forNH
MORTH
12.5%forsafetyworksonrailRoadcrossing.
50%cess ondieselforRuralRoaddevelopment
.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
25/97
ObjectiveofIRCis Toprovidenationalforumforregularpoolingofexperienceandideason
mattersrelated
toconstruction
and
maintenance
ofhighways.
Toformulatestandardspecificationsandcodesforroadconstruction.
Toprovideaplatformforexpressionofprofessionalopiniononmattersrelatingtoroadsandroadtransport.
IRCplayed
important
role
in
Formulationof20yearroaddevelopmentplans.
Controllingspecifications,standardizationandrecommendationsonmaterials,designandconstructionofroads.Andbridges.
ThetechnicalactivityofIRCaremainlycarriedoutbytheHighwayResearchBoard.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
26/97
ListofIRCCodesforHighwayPlanningand
IRC: 51998 (Seventh Revision) Standard specifications and Code of practice for Road
Bridges,
Section1 GeneralfeaturesofDesign.
IRC: 101961 Recommended Practice for Borrow pits for Road Embankments
Constructed
by
ManualOperation.
.
IRC: 361970 Recommended Practice for the Construction of Earth Embankments for
Road
Works.
IRC:451972 RecommendationsforEstimatingtheResistanceofSoilBelowtheMaximum
Scour
LevelintheDesignofWellFoundationsofBridges.
Geometric
DesignofHillRoads.
IRC:561974 RecommendedPracticeforTreatmentofEmbankmentSlopesforErosion
on ro .
IRC:751979 GuidelinesfortheDesignofHighEmbankments.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
27/97
ListofIRCCodesforHighwayPlanningand
IRC: 782000 (SecondRevision) Standard specifications and Code of practice forroad, bridges,
SectionVII Foundationsandsubstructure.
IRC:891997(FirstRevision) GuidelinesforDesignandConstructionofRiverTrainingand
Control
WorksforRoadBridges.
IRC: 104 1988 Guidelines for Environmental Im act Assessment of Hi hwa Pro ects.
IRC:SP:132004(FirstRevision) GuidelinesfortheDesignofSmallBridgesandCulverts.
IRC:SP:421994 GuidelinesonRoadDrainage.
IRC: SP: 50 1999 Guidelines of Urban Draina e.
IRC:6 2000 Standardspecificationsandcodeofpracticeforroadbridges section:IILoads&
stresses.
IRC:SP:
57
2001
Guidelines
for
quality
systems
for
road
construction.
IRC:281967 Recommendationofroadconstructioninwaterloggedareas.
IRC:871984 Guidelinesfordesignanderection.
IRC:212000 Standardspecificationandcodesforroadsandbridges.
IRC:SP:202002 Ruralroads.
MORT&HPocket
Book
for
Highway
Engineers,2002
(Second
Revision)
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
28/97
CentralRoadResearchInstitute(CRRI)CRRIaconstituentbodyofCSIRisformedinNewDelhiin1950tocarryoutresearchanddevelopmentactivitiesrelatedtoHighwaydevelopmentinIndia.
CRRIplaysvitalrolein
design,constructionandmaintenanceofroadsandrunways,trafficand
transportationplanningofmegaandmediumcities,managementofroadsin
differentterrains,
,
Utilizationofindustrialwasteinroadconstruction,
Landslidecontrol
Groundimprovementsenvironmentalpollution,
Roadtrafficsafety,
Servicelifeassessmentandrehabilitationofhighway&railwaybridges.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
29/97
MinistryofRoadTransport&Highways(MORTH)
MORTHisinvolvedin
Highwaysinthecountry.
ExtendingtechnicalandfinancialsupporttoState
roadsofinterstateconnectivityandeconomicimportance.
thecountry.
Servingasarepositoryoftechnicalknowledgeonroads
an
r ges.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
30/97
Depending onweather
Fairweather
roads
Nationalhighwayact(1956)
Dependingthetypeof Carriageway
Pavedroads
Un avedroads
Dependinguponthepavementsurface
Unsurfacedroads
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
31/97
BasedontheTrafficVolume
MediumLight
Base onLoa orTonnageClass1orClass2etc orClassA,Betc Tonnes perday
NHSH
MDR
ODRVR
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
32/97
BasedonmodifiedsystemofHighways
c assi ication
Forthe ur oseoftrans ort lannin functionalidentification
andforearmarkingadministrativejurisdiction
Primar s stem Expressways NationalHighways(NH)
econ arysys em StateHighway(SH) MajorDistrictRoads(MDR)
Tertiarysystem
OtherDistrictRoads(ODR) Villa eRoads VR
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
33/97
SUBARTERIAL
LOCALSTREET
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
34/97
LandWidth
(90m)
Fu accesscontro
Connectsmajor
points
oftraffic
generation
Noslowmovingtrafficallowed
, , .
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
35/97
NationalHighways Indiahasahugenetworkofnationalhighways.
, .highwayscover2%ofthetotalroadnetworkofIndiaandcarry40%ofthe
total
traffic.
T eentire ig waynetwor o In iaismanage yt eNationaHighwayAuthorityofIndiawhichisresponsiblefordevelopmentandmaintenanceofhighways.
ThelongesthighwayinIndiaisNH7whichstretchesfromVaransi inUttarPradeshtoKanyakumari inthesouthernmostpointofIndianmainland.
Theshortest
highway
isNH47A
which
stretches
from
Ernakulam to
Kochiandcoverstotallengthof4Kms.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
36/97
,
connectingup
with
the
national
highways
of
,
importantcitieswithinthestate.
TotallengthofallSHinthecountryis1,37,119
ms.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
37/97
ofproduction
and
markets
,connecting
those
.
In a asatota o 4,70,000 ms o MDR.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
38/97
Roadsserving
rural
areas
ofproduction
and
orotherimportantroadslikeMDRorSH.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
39/97
villageswith
each
other
ortothe
nearest
road
.
In a as26,50,000 ms o ODR+VRouto t e
total33,15,231kms ofalltypeofroads.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
40/97
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
41/97
Positioningthecenterlineoftheroadforcomfortablevehiclemovementiscalledalignment.
Thealignment
ofcenterline
on
the
horizontal
plane
for
the
vehicletonegotiatesalientpointsonthegroundiscalledhorizontalalignment(Horizontaldeviationsandcurve).
Thealignmentofcenterlinebytraversingtheundulations
ofthe
ground
for
acomfortable
vehicle
movement
iscalled
verticalalignment(Changesingradientandverticalcurves).
Donebymeansofseriesofstraights(tangents),circularcurvesandtransitioncurves
Aimistoprovide
safe
travel
atauniform
design
speed
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
42/97
moreofthe
following
consequences
b) Increaseinmaintenancecost
c) Increaseinvehicleoperation
d Increaseinaccidentrate
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
43/97
RequirementsofHighwayAlignment
BasicRequirements:
Short
Itisalwaysdesirabletohaveshortestalignmentbetweentwoterminals.
A
straight
alignment
is
most
preferred
as
it
is
the
shortest.
Duetosomepracticalconsiderations alignmentmaydeviatefromtheshortest
ath.
Easy
Alignmentshouldbemadesuchawaythatitiseasytoconstructandmaintaintheroad.
.
Safe
Alignmentshouldbecomfortablefortrafficoperationwithsafegeometricfeatures.
s ou esa eenoug w goo s a yo na ura s opes,cu s opes,
foundationof
embankments
etc.
Economical
Analignmentisconsideredtobeeconomicalifthetotalcost(Constructioncost+ma n enancecos +opera oncos sasm n mumasposs e.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
44/97
FactorsControllin Ali nment
1) Obligatory points Pointsthroughwhichalignmenthastopass(bridgesite, intermediate
town,mountainpass,quarryetc.
Points
through
whichalignment
should
not
pass
(Religious
spots,
historicalstructures,cemeteries,burialgrounds,unsuitableland).
2) Traffic Thealignmentshouldsuitthetrafficrequirementsofthefuture
Facilitateeasygradientandcurvature
Enablerulinggradientinmostsections
,
Avoidsharp
horizontal
curves
Avoidroadintersectionsnearbendoratthetoporbottomofahill
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
45/97
FactorsControllin Ali nment
4) Economics
etota cost onstruct oncost+ma ntenancecost+operat oncostshouldbekeptminimum.
Initialcost
by
avoiding
high
embankments
and
deep
cutting
Maintenancecostbyavoidingunsuitableland
5)Otherconsiderations
Environmentalconsiderations Engineeringfeasibility Socialconsiderations DrainageandHydrologicalfactors Politicalconsiderationsavoidingintoforeignterritory Monotony
long
stretch
of
straight
road
leads
to
driving
discomfort.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
46/97
AlignmentofHillRoadsAdditionalcareinhillroads
Stability
Avoidprobablelandslidelocations
Cutting
and
filling
should
not
affect
the
stability
of
the
road
Stretchwithadequatenaturaldrainagefacility Avoidstretchwhichrequirestoomanycrossdrainagestructures
Caremustbetakenwithreferencetogradient,curvesandspeedwhichinfluencethesightdistance,raduis ofcurveandotherfeatures.
Minimise steepgradients,hairpinbendsandunnecessaryriseandfall.
Resistinglength
Resistinglengthofthealignmentshouldbekeptaslowaspossible. Itiscalculatedastotalworktobedonetomovetheloadsalongaroadtakingthe
horizontallength,theactualdifferenceinlevelsbetweentwostationsandsumoftheineffective rise and fall.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
47/97
EngineeringSurvey
for
Highway
Alignment
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
48/97
EngineeringSurveysforHighwaylocations
1) Map study(ProvisionalalignmentIdentification)
2) Reconnaissancesurvey
3) Preliminary survey
4) Finallocationtodeterminecenterlineanddetailedsurvey
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
49/97
TopographicmapsareavailablefromSurveyofIndiaw or mcon our n erva s
Itisavailable
for
the
scale
of1:2,50,000,
1:50,000
and1:25 000
Featureslikerivers,hills,valleys,ponds,etc.areshowninthemap.
Helpstohaveapreliminaryideaonseveralpossibleroutesforinitialplanning.
surveyedinthe
field.
R i S
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
50/97
ReconnaissanceSurvey
Mapupdating toconfirmfeaturesindicatedonmap.
Numberofcrossdrainagestructures.
HighFloodLevel(HFL)
.
SoilCharacteristics.
Geologicalfeatures.
Proximit
tosource
ofconstruction
materials
uarries,
water
sources.
Additionaldatageologicalformation,typeofrock,seepageflowetc.incaseofhillroadalignment
Fewalternate
alignment
can
be
made
based
on
the
actual
site
conditionsasaresultofreconnaissancesurvey.
Prepareareportonmeritsanddemeritsandprofilemapofscale1:50,000.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
51/97
The preliminary survey is carried out to collect all the physical information
Objectiveofthe
preliminary
survey
To collect all necessary physical information and details of topography,drainage and soil.
alignment.
To estimate quantity of earth work materials and other constructionas ects and to workout the cost of alternate ro osals.
To finalize the best alignment from all considerations.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
52/97
a Conventional a roachIt is a usual survey with the conventional survey techniques like chaining,tachometry, leveling etc.
b) ModernapproachIt is an aerial survey approach by taking aerial photograph of the area and
C ti l A h
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
53/97
ConventionalApproach
I. Primarytraverse
II. Topographicalfeatures
III. Levelling work
. ra nages u esan y ro og ca a a
V. Soilsurvey
VI. Materialsurve
VII. Trafficsurvey
VIII.Determinationoffinalcentreline
Modern Approach
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
54/97
ModernApproach
Generaly applied when the distance and area to be covered are vast.Following is the brief procedure followed.
. a ng aer a p otograp o t e str ps o an to e surveye w t t erequired longitudinal and lateral overlaps.
II. The photographs are examined under stereoscopes and control points.
The control points are located on the maps.
III. Contour lines and topographical details are marked on the maps.
.features, soil conditions, drainage requirements etc.
Comparison of Conventional and Modern
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
55/97
ComparisonofConventionalandModern
Met o so
SurveyingElements of Conventional Modern
Maps- Basematerial Topo sheets RS data, Aerial Photos,Satellite Imageries
ns rumen s a ns, apes, eo o e,
Dumpy levels
, o a a on, ,
Auto and Digital Level,
Photogrammetry.
30,000
Tacheometer 1 in 1000 to 1 in
10,000
1,00,000
Photogrammetry. 1 in 10000
to 1 in 1,00,000
Plotting CAD Systems SoftwareErrors Human errors Closing Errors hence re
measurin is re uired.
Final Location and Detailed Survey
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
56/97
FinalLocationandDetailedSurvey
FinalLocationsurve The alignment finalized after preliminary survey is to be
transferred to the field by establishing the centre line. The centre line should follow as closely as the alignment
na ze a er pre m nary survey. Major and minor control points are established on the ground
for the geometric design requirements.
the field study if found essential.
The center line stakes are driven at suitable intervals, say at50m intervals in plains and rolling terrains, 20m intervals in hilly
.
Final Location and Detailed Survey
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
57/97
FinalLocationandDetailedSurveyDetailed
Survey
Detailedsurveyshouldbecarriedoutforcollectingtheinformationnecessaryforpreparationofplansandconstructiondetailsforthehighwayproject.
importantfordesignofverticalalignment,earthworkcalculationsanddrainagedetails.
Thecross
section
levels
are
take
up
atthe
intervals
asgiven
below
Plain 50 100m Rolling 50 75m Builtuparea 50m Hillyterrain 20m
Closerintervals
athorizontal
curves
where
there
isabrupt
change
incrosss opes.
Alltopographicaldataarecollectedandplottedwiththerespectiveconventionalsigns.
Rivercrossing,valleysetc.shouldbesurveyedindetailuptoconsiderable.
A
detailed
soil
survey
is
to
be
carried
out
to
obtain
a
soil
profile.
Soil
sampling
shouldbe
collected
up
to1.5
to3m
below
the
ground
line.
CBRvaluesofthesoilalongthealignmentmaybedeterminedfordesigningthepavement.
Thedataduringthedetailedsurveyshouldbeelaborateandcompleteforpreparingdetailedplans,designandestimateoftheproject.
Drawin and Re ort
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
58/97
Drawin andRe ort
1) Keymap
3) Preliminary
survey
plans4) Detailedplanandlongitudinalsection
5) Detailedcrosssection
6) Landacquisitionplans
8) Drawingsofroadintersections
9) Landplansshowingquarriesetc
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
59/97
HighwayCross
Sectional
Elements
Hi hwa Cross Sectional Elements
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
60/97
Hi hwa CrossSectionalElements
AsperIRC861983thehighwaycrosssectionalelementsare
,
1. Carriage
way
(Pavement
width)2. Camber
3. Kerb
4. TrafficSeparators
5. Widthofroadwayorformationwidth
6. Rightofway(LandWidth)
. oa marg ns
8. PavementSurface
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
61/97
WidthofCarriagewaydependsonwidthoftrafficlaneandnumberof.
Lanewidthisdeterminedonthebasisofwidthofvehicle+minimumsideclearance.
Maximumlanewidthis3.8m.
Maximumwidthofvehicleis2.44m.
Sideclearanceis0.68meachside.
Pavements
with
two
or
more
lanes
carriageway
1 Singlelane 3.8m
3.5mperlane.
Widthofsinglelaneorvillageroads
maybedecreasedto3.0m.
2 Twolane
withoutkerbs
7.0m
3 Twolane with 7.5m
Minimumwi t recommen e or
kerbedurban
road
is5.5
mto
makeallowanceforstalledvehicle.
4 Intermediate
carriage
5.5m
u ane . mper ane
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
62/97
Factorswhichinfluencethewidthofacarriagewayare:
Designvolume
Vehicledimensions
Designspeed
Roadclassification
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
63/97
Camber or cant is the cross slope provided to raise middle of theroad surface in the transverse direction to drain rain water fromroa sur ace.
Provided on the straight roads by raising the center of carriage waywith respect to the edges.
It is normally expressed in 1 in n or in n%.
Theobjectivesofprovidingcamberare:
Subgrade
protection
by
proper
drainage
Quickdryingofpavementwhichinturnincreasessafety.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
64/97
Therequiredcamberforapavementdependson
I. ThetypeofPavementsurface
Thevalues
suggested
by
IRC
for
various
categories
ofpavement
is
Effectsofsteepcamber:
Transversetiltofvehiclescauseunnecessarythrustonwheelsleadingtowearing.
Discomfort
when
crossing
crown
during
overtaking
operations. Problemsoftopplingofhighlyladenvehicles.
Formationofcrossrutsduetorapidflowofwater.
Tendencyofmostvehiclestotravelalongthecenterline.
Camber
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
65/97
CamberThecommontypesofcamberareparabolic,straight,orcombinationofthem
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
66/97
Kerbs indicate the boundary between the carriageway and the shoulder or islands or footpaths.
eren ypeso er s are:
Low or mountable kerbs : This type of kerbs are
provided such that they encourage the track toremain in the through track lanes and also allow the
r ver o en er e s ou er area w e cu y.The height of this kerb is about 10 cm above thepavement edge with a slope which allows thevehicle to climb easily. This is usually provided at
in longitudinal drainage.
Semibarrier type kerbs : When the pedestriantrack is high, these kerbs are provided. Their height
.
kerb prevents encroachment of parking vehicles,but at acute emergency it is possible to drive overthis kerb with some dificulty.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
67/97
Barrier type kerbs : They are designed to
discourage vehicles from leaving the pavement.
They are provided when there is considerable
amount of pedestrian track. They are placed at aheight of 20 cm above the pavement edge with a
steep batter.
Submerged kerbs : They are used in rural roads.
The kerbs are provided at pavement edgesbetween the pavement edge and shoulders. They
provide lateral confinement and stability to the
pavement.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
68/97
Trafficse aratorsare rovided
To separate the lanes meant for opposite trafficmovement preventing head
on collusion of vehicles.
To canalize traffic into streams at intersections
To shadow the crossing and turning traffic
o segrega e s ow ra c an o pro ec pe es r ans.
IRC recommendations
(may be reduced to 3 m where land is restricted). Absolute minimum of 1.2 m for urban roads
WidthofRoadway
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
69/97
yItisasumofcarriagewaywidth,mediansandshoulders.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
70/97
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
71/97
ThenormalROWrequirementsforbuiltupandopenareasasspecifiedbyIRCisas
follows
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
72/97
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
73/97
Variouselementsincludedintheroadmarginsare
Shoulders
Parkinglanes
ay yes
Busbays
Cycletracks
FootpathorSidewalks
Guardrails
Embankmentslopes
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
74/97
Shoulders
ou ers are prov e a ong e roa e ge an
is intended for accommodation of stopped vehicles,serve as an emer enc lane for vehicles and rovidelateral support for base and surface courses.
The shoulder should be strong enough to bear the weight
of a full loaded truck even in wet conditions.The shoulder width should be adequate for givingworking space around a stopped vehicle.
. .
A minimum width of 2.5 m is recommended for 2lanerural highways in India.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
75/97
ImportanceofShouldersSpaceforvehicleswithproblemstopark
pace or r verstostopan c ec maps,etc
Spaceforevasivemaneuverstoavoidcollisions
Thesense
ofopenness
Hel rovidin re uiredsi htdistance
Increasedaesthetics
Improvedcapacity
Spaceformaintenanceoperations(snow&storage)
o
uDischargestormwaterawayfromtheedgeofpavement(reducepavementbreakup)
Structuralsupportforthepavement
Spaceforpedestriansandbicycles
RoadMargins
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
76/97
ParkingLanes
Parking lanes are provided in urban lanes for side parking.
Parallel parking is preferred because it is safe for the vehicles moving in the
road. Parkin lane should have a minimum of 3.0 m width in the case of arallel
parking.
RoadMargins
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
77/97
Laybyesandbusbays
Laybyes are provided near publicconveniences with guide maps toenable drivers to stop clear off thecarriage way.
It is normally of 3 m width for atleast
both ends.
Bus baysmay be provided by recessingthe kerb to avoid conflict with moving
.atleast 75 m away from theintersections.
RoadMargins
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
78/97
Frontage
(or)Service
roads
Provided to give access to the properties along the highways with
con ro e access o express way
Run parallel to the highway separated by a separators
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
79/97
Cycletrack
Cycletracksareprovidedinurbanareaswhenthevolumeofcycle
trackishighMinimumwidthof2meterisrequired,whichmaybe
increasedby
1meter
for
every
additional
track.
RoadMargins
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
80/97
Guardrails
They are provided at the edge of the shoulder usually when the road is on an
. ,
especially when the height of the fill exceeds 3 m.
They also give better visibility of curves at night under headlights of vehicles.
Embankmentslopes Provided for safe traffic movement.
Improves landscaping and
aesthetic features of road.
Should be as flat as possible.
PavementSurface
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
81/97
For a safe and comfortable driving following four aspects are important for apavement surface.
a) Friction between the wheels and the pavement surface
b Smoothness of the road surface or Pavement unevenness.
c) Light reflection characteristics of the top of pavement surface, and
d) Drainage to water.
a r c on
Lack of adequate friction can cause skidding or slipping of vehicles. Further, it alsoaffect the acceleration and deceleration ability of vehicles.
Skidding happens when the path traveled along the road surface is more than thec rcum erent a movement o t e w ee s ue to r ct on.
Slip occurs when the wheel revolves more than the corresponding longitudinalmovement along the road.
The frictional force that develops between the wheel and the pavement is the loadacting mu tip ie y a actor ca e t e coe icient o riction an enote as .
IRC suggests the coefficient of longitudinal friction as 0.350.4 depending on thespeed and coefficient of lateral friction as 0.15. The former is useful in sight
distance calculation and the latter in horizontal curve design.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
82/97
Variousfactorsthataffectfrictionare:
Typeofthepavement(likebituminous,concrete,orgravel),
Paymentroughness , , ,
Conditionofthetyre (neworold),and
Speedofthevehicle.
Loadofthevehicle.
Tyre pressure(airpressure)
PavementSurface
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
83/97
b) PavementUnevenness
A good pavement surface with minimum possible unevenness is desired to maintainhigher operating speed. But it is seldom possible to achieve pavement surfaces with
.
Vehicle operating cost
Vehicle riding and comfort Speed and safety
Higher fuel consumption
Wear and tear of tyres and other moving parts.
bump integrator. It is the cumulative measure of vertical undulation of the pavementsurface recorded per unit horizontal length of the road. Unevenness index values areexpressed in cm/km and classified as follows.
.
1 < 150cm/km Good
2 150250cm/km Satisfactoryupto100kmph
3 >320cm/km Uncomfortableevenfor55kmph
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
84/97
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
85/97
c) Lightreflection
Nightvisibilityofroadsdependonlightreflectingcharacteristicsofthe
pavement
surface.
Whiteroadshavegoodvisibilityatnight,butcausedglareduringdaytime.
Blackroadshasnoglareduringday,buthaspoorvisibilityatnightespecially
duringwetcondition.
Concreteroadshasbettervisibilityandlessglare
d) Drainage
Pavementsurfaceshouldbeabsolutelyimpermeabletopreventseepageof
waterintothepavementlayers.
Boththegeometryandtextureofpavementsurfaceshouldhelpindraining
outthewaterfromthesurfaceinlesstime.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
86/97
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
87/97
R r i n
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
88/97
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
89/97
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
90/97
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
91/97
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
92/97
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
93/97
Basic principle of highway financing is that the funds spent on highways are. .
Twogeneralmethodsofhighwayfinancingare
I. Payasyou
go
method
.
Payasyougomethod
Involves a in ofallhi hwa im rovementsandcostsofmaintainin and
operatingthe
highway
system
from
current
revenues.
Thismethodiscurrentlyinusebymanygovernmentagencies.
Creditfinancingmethod
Payment or ig wayimprovementisma e rom arrowe moneyan t is
amount
and
the
interests
are
re
paid
from
the
future
income.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
94/97
PayasyougomethodversusCreditfinancingmethod
S.No Payasyougo Credit financing
1 The
revenue
from
the
facility
can
beutilizedforfuturemaintenance Required
to
prepare
accurate
estimatesforfinancing(includingmaintenance,
anddevelopment operation,depreciation)otherwise
leadtopayingforcapitalfacilityeven
afteritoutliveditsutility.
equ resasoun
nanc a
position.van ageous
or
ecap a
ac es
withlonglife
3 Adoptedduringgoodeconomic Adoptedduringrecessionandunder
an u emp oymen s ua on n
the
country.
Under
this
situation
creditfinancingwillmostlikely
promoteinflation.
emp oymen preva s n ecoun ry.
This
will
likely
improve
the
economic
stability byacceleratingmoney
circulation.
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
95/97
UNITII:GEOMETRIC
DESIGN
OF
HIGHWAYS
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
96/97
operations.
.
Safetyforusers
Loworoptimum
cost
SustainableTrans ortationPlannin .
-
8/11/2019 Highway Engg Unit 1
97/97
Fundamentalsofhi hwa Geometricdesi ndealswith
Crosssectionelements
Sightdistance
considerations
Verticalalignmentdetails
Intersectionelements