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Hardware Flow Visualization
Physiology of the human eye
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اندازه و مختلف هاي عدسي عملكردآنها انكساري قدرت گيري
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چشم در نور شكست سطوح
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چشم در در تطابق مكانيسم
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Emmetropia
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Hyperopia
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Astigmatism
• Unequal curvatures in cornea & lens
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Lens Accommodation
Slide 8.16Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Light must be focused to a point on the retina for optimal vision
· The eye is set for distance vision (over 20 ft away)
· The lens must change shape to focus for closer objects
Figure 8.9
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Internal Anatomy of the Eye--Tunics
• Fibrous tunic: sclera & cornea
• Vascular tunic: choroid layer
• Sensory tunic: retina
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Autonomic Regulation of the Iris
Pupil Constricts
Pupil Dilates
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depth of focus
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مايع ترشح و تشكيل چگونگي زالليه
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• Ciliary process at the base of the iris produces aqueous humor
• Scleral venous sinus returns aqueous humor to the blood stream
• Glaucoma – any disturbance that increases aqueous humor volume and pressure which causes pain – ultimately the vitreous humor crushes the retina causing blindness
Circulation of the Aqueous Humor
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The Two Layers of the Retina• Outer pigmented layer has a
single layer of pigmented cells, attached to the choroid tunic, which absorbs light to prevent light scattering inside
• Inner neural layer has the photosensory cells and various kinds of interneurons in three layers
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visual acuity
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همراه به مختلفشبكيه اليهآنها سلولهاي
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• Light must cross through the capillaries and the two layers of interneurons to reach the photoreceptors, the rods and cones
Micrograph of the Retina
Light
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Optic Nerve, Blind Spot, Fovea
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به فوتورسپتورها تحريك مكانيسمنور برخورد دنبال
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Neural Organization in the Retina
• Photoreceptors: rods (for dim light) and cones (3 colors: blue, green and red, for bright light)
• Bipolar cells are connecting interneurons
• Ganglion cells’ axons become the Optic Nerve
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Neural Organization in the Retina
• Horizontal Cells enhance contrast (light versus dark boundaries) and help differentiate colors
• Amacrine cells detect changes in the level of illumination
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The Optic Disc
• Axons of ganglion cells exit to form the optic nerve
• Blood vessels enter to serve the retina by running on top of the neural layer
• The location of the “blind spot” in our vision
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Opthalmoscope Image of the Retina
• The Macula Lutea (“yellow spot”) is the center of the visual image
• The Fovea Centralis is a central depression where light falls more directly on cones providing for the sharpest image discrimination
• Light bouncing off RBCs’ hemoglobin causes “red eye” in flash photos
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و تاريكي به تطابق مكانيسم روشنايي
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Micrograph of the Retina
Light
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شبکیه نورونی مداربندی
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• Cone > Bipolar cell > Ganglion cell • Rod > Bipolar cell > Amacrine cell > Ganglion
cell
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بینایی در ان اهمیت و مهارجانبی1. Amacrine Cells2. Excitation of Some Bipolar Cells
and Inhibition of Others—The Depolarizing and Hyperpolarizing Bipolar Cells
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Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 12 December 2009 05:27 PM)© 2005 Elsevier
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visual acuity
an average of 60 rods and 2 cones
each ganglion
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Three Types of Retinal Ganglion
• Transmission of Rod Vision by the W Cells• Transmission of the Visual Image and Color
by the X Cells• Transmit Instantaneous Changes in the Visual
Image by the y Cells
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کورتکس فیزیولوژیکی و آناتومیکی ساختار بینایی
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Organization and Functionof the Visual Cortex
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Layered Structure of the PrimaryVisual Cortex
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Eye Movements
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles
• Lateral, medial, superior, and inferior rectus muscles (recall, rectus = straight); superior and inferior oblique muscles
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Neural pathways for control ofconjugate movement of the eyes
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Fixation Movements of the Eyes
• voluntary fixation mechanism• involuntary fixation mechanism• (1) a continuous tremor• (2) a slow drift• (3) sudden flicking• Saccadic Movement
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و ارادي تثبيتي حركات كنترل چگونگيارادي غير
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فوقاني چهارقلوي هاي نقشتكمه دربينايي
• Superior Colliculi Are Mainly Responsible for Turning the Eyes and Head Toward a Visual Disturbance
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Horner’s Syndrome
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Control of Pupillary Diameter