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The Scientific RevolutionOr: How Europeans Learned to
Control the World
The Scientific Revolution
Adds to the sense that humans can know and learn
Suggests Humans are not perfect but can improve
Questions the traditional Religious Explanations for events
Emphasizes science and Logic over faith.
Ancient IdeasPtolemyAncient Greek guy
Geocentric conceptEarth is the centerEverything revolves around earth in perfect circles
The universe is constant - never changing
Copernicus’ Ideas
Heliocentric TheorySun center of Universe (or at least the solar system) He couldn’t PROVE itExplains calendar inconsistencies better
Planets orbit sun in perfect circles
Tycho Brahe (1546 - 1601)
A SERIOUS Loner!Observed & mapped over 700 stars in a 20 year periodObservations backed up heliocentric theory
1572 Discovered a Supernova
What is the significance?
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Laws of Planetary Motion
Using math and observations, was able to prove Copernicus was right
Also found that Planets move in ellipses (ovals)
Explains movements better
Galileo GalileiTests gravity on
Tower of PisaDrops weights of various mass
32 ft/sec/sec
TelescopeMoons of Saturn visibleMoon is not perfect
Brings up religious questions
Why would God NOT put us in the middle of everything?Are we not special?
Galileo and the Inquisition
Condemned by Church for questioning Creation story
Changed his story upon threat of death
Later recanted and republished his findings
Put under house arrest for life
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)
Explained Gravitation
Explains Kepler’s laws
Three laws of motionObjects in motion stay in motion
Equal and opposite reactions
Force on an object is equal to its mass x’s acceleration
René Descartes (1595-1650)
Deductive LogicCogito ergo sum
I think, therefore I am
I can use logic to prove things.
Sir Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626)
Preferred inductive approach
Critical of Descartes
Gave primacy to senses & direct experience
Scientific Method
The European Enlightenment
Applying Science to Society
Philosophes
Voltaire & Other writers
Popularized rationalismReason Can solve the problems of the worldHumans perfectiblePreferred “Enlightened Despot”
John Locke (1632-1704)
Applies rationalism to society
Argues for Tolerance
Society is an agreement in whichIndividuals give up freedom to protect freedom
Have right to overthrow government
The Right to Remove Tyrannical Government
Whensoever, therefore, the legislative shall transgress this fundamental rule of society. . . Endeavour to grasp themselves or put into the hands of any other an absolute power. . . They forfeit the power the people had put into their hands. . .the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty. . .”
John Locke, The Second Treatise of Civil Government
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
The Social ContractHumans agree to societyContract means must set up laws & abide by themRepublic - democracy does not workElected officials
The Social Contract
“Man was born free, but everywhere he is in chains. . . At a point in the state of nature when the obstacles to human preservation have become greater than each individual . . .can cope with. . ., and adequate combination of forces must be the result of men coming together. Still, each man’s power and freedom are his main means of self-preservation. How is he to put them under the control of others without damaging himself. . .?”
The state only gains powers by “the right of first holder which the individuals convey to the state.”
Each citizen MUST participate in the political process as an individual, not as a member of an interest group.