1
HANDS ON TRAINING IN FISHERIES
(EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING PROGRAMME)
Module - Seed Production in Fisheries
GROUP III:
Krishna Jaiswal
Kuldeep Jaiswal
Manoj Kumar
Nilesh Kumar Chandravanshi
Shitlesh Kosriya
Tameshwari Patil
Veena Barle
Academic session- 2015-16
Submitted to:
COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
(CHHATTISGARH KAMDHENU VISHWAVIDYALAYA)
KAWARDHA– 491995
2
HANDS ON TRAINING IN FISHERIES
(EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING PROGRAMME)
Module - Seed Production in Fisheries
Submitted by:
KRISHNA JAISWAL ID N0.-K3201120012
KULDEEP JAISWAL ID No.-K3201120013
MANOJ KUMAR ID No.-K3201120015
NILESH KUMAR ID No.- K3201120016
SHITLESH KOSRIYA ID No.-K3201120022
TAMESHWARI PATIL ID No.-K3201120026
VEENA BARLE ID No.-K3201120027
Academic session-2015-16
Submitted to:
COLLEGE OF FISHERIES (CHHATTISGARH KAMDHENU VISHWAVIDYALAYA)
KAWARDHA - 491995
3
1. OVERVIEW ON AQUACULTURE
Global fish production has grown steadily in the last five decades, with food
fish supply increasing at an average annual growth rate of 3.2 percent, outpacing
world population growth at 1.6 percent. World per capita apparent fish consumption
increased from an average of 9.9 kg in the 1960s to 19.2 kg in 2012.
Table 1. World aquaculture production (2014)
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Production (million tonnes)
Aquaculture
Inland 29.9 32.4 34.3 36.8 38.7 41.9
Marine 20.0 20.5 21.4 22.3 23.3 24.7
Total aquaculture 49.9 52.9 55.7 59.0 62.0 66.6
TOTAL WORLD FISHERIES
140.7 143.1 145.8 148.1 155.7 158.0
(Source:- FAO, 2014)
1.1. AQUACULTURE IN INDIA
In India Fisheries sector not only contribute to nutritional security but also
provide employment and livelihood to 14 million people in primary level and is
earning over Rs 10,000 crore annually through export. The vibrancy of the sector can
be visualized by the 11–fold increase achieved in fish production in just six decades
i.e. from 0.75 million tonnes in 1950-51 to 9.6 million tonnes during 2013-14. This
resulted in an unparalleled average annual growth rate of over 4.5 percent over the
year which has placed the country on the forefront of global fish production, only
after China. (Source: MPEDA, 2014)
Freshwater aquaculture contributes to over 95 percent of the total
aquaculture production. The national mean production level from ponds has gone up
from about 600 kg/hectare/year in 1974 to over 2900 kg/hectare/year at present
and several farmers are even demonstrating higher production levels of 8–12
tonnes/hectare/year. Induced breeding of carps and catfishes, hatcheries for mass-
scale spawning, seed rearing and carp poly-culture are some of the epoch-making
technologies actually accelerated the freshwater aquaculture development.
1.2. AQUACULTURE IN CHHATTISGARH
In Chhattisgarh the fisheries sector has been recognized as a powerful
income & employment generating source and plays an important role in developing
rural economy and is a source of cheap and nutritious food. More than 2.50 lakh
fishermen in the Chhattisgarh depend on fisheries and aquaculture for their
4
livelihood and also it occupies an important place in the socio-economic
development of the state. (Source: Department of fisheries, Chhattisgarh)
1.2.1. FISHERIES RESOURCES
The state possesses vast and varied natural water area available for fish
culture in the form of river, reservoir, pond & tanks. About 1.483 lakh hactare
average water area is available for fish culture.
Table 2. Fisheries resources of Chhattisgarh
FISHERY RESOURCES
Resource No. Area Area used for fisheries
Rivers & canals (Km) 31 3573 3573
Reservoirs (Lakh ha) 1770 0.826 0.800
Tanks & ponds (Lakh Ha) 59384 0.751 0.683
Total inland water bodies
(Lakh Ha) 61,185 1.577 1.483
(Source:- Department of fisheries, Chhattisgarh)
1.2.2. FISH SEED PRODUCTION
Existing 62 no. of circular hatcheries, 57 no. of fish farms and 721 no. of
individual rearing space with the available water area of 207.58 ha. are involved in
fish seed production in Govt. and private sector. Present demand of fish seed is
placed at 92.02 crores st. fry against of which 104.37 crore have been produced in
2012-13. Chhattisgarh stands at 6th position in the total inland fish production with
annual fish production of 2.86 lakh ton (2013-14). (Source:- Department of fisheries,
Chhattisgarh)
1.3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNDER HANDS ON TRAINING
S.No. OBJECTIVE SITE OF WORK
1. Carp breeding and Seed Production.
Fish seed production and rearing center, Bodla, Kawardha and Fish seed rearing center, Khairbana kala, Kawardha.
2. Nursery Rearing of carp seeds Fish seed rearing center, Khairbana kala, Kawardha.
3. Magur breeding and Seed Production
Demonstration Cum Training Center, Raipur.
4. Ornamental Fish Breeding and Culture
Live fish laboratory, College of Fisheries, Kawardha (C.G.)
6
2.1. INTRODUCTION
Carps contribute the largest share in the total global aquaculture production.
These fishes are cultivated extensively in Asian countries because of their consumer
preference & suitable climate prevalent in these areas for its growth. Major carps
that are native to Indo-gangetic riverine system of India are Catla (Catla catla) Rohu
(Labeo rohita) & Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala). Carp are the main stay of aquaculture in
India & as a matter of fact, India is called as the “CARP COUNTRY” with reference to
aquaculture because carp flesh is highly relished by the majority of its population &
these fishes are cultivated in this country from ancient days. Last three decades have
witnessed a phenomenal growth in the farming of these carps in India as a result the
market demand for fry stocking also has increased. All major carps mentioned above
are seasonal, riverine spawner.
Breeding of carp was very old practice. Previously it was breed naturally then
by pituitary extract used for breeding. Now several synthetic hormones such as
ovaprim, ovatide (Haemopharma), ovapel and WOVA-FH are developed which are
used for breeding purpose.
2.2. SITE OF WORK
2.2.1. FISH SEED PRODUCTION AND REARING CENTER, BODLA,
KAWARDHA
It is a Govt. hatchery established on date 16 JULY 2010 in 2 ha. in area in
Khostabandha, Bodla. Bodla is one of the four blocks in Kabirdham District and is
located 22km away from Kawardha. Having 09 numbers of ponds with total water
area of 12541.4m2 and remaining land area is about 7458.6 m2. The water for the
hatchery drawn from the Chhirpani reservoir which is 2km away from the hatchery
site. The hatchery also got borewell to support continuous water supply. The soil and
water quality of hatchery is good enough for carp seed production. Artificial feed
was used for feeding brooder and mixture of mustard oil cake & rice bran for fry,
fingerling in the hatchery.
2.2.2. FISH SEED REARING CENTER, KHAIRBANA KALA, KAWARDHA.
It is a Govt. farm established in the year 1995-96 at Khairbana Kala having 19
numbers of ponds with total water area of 20221.95m2. Presently the source of
water is from canal of “Sarodha dam” and ground water through borewell. The total
area for hatchery is 1640 m2. out of which 450 m2 is being used for primary hatchery
components such as Over head tank, Spawning tank, Incubation tank, Egg collection
tank and Spawn collection tank. The remaining area i.e. 1190 m2 is being utilized as
secondary area for hatchery such as gardening, office room and store room.
7
2.3. LAY OUT OF FISH SEED PRODUCTION CENTER, BODLA
POND 6
POND 7
POND 9
POND1
POND2
POND3
POND4
POND 5
POND 8
HATCHERY
ROAD
COMPLEX
NURSERY POND REARING POND BROODER POND
Total water area - 12541.4 square meterTotal land area - 7458.6 square meter
2.4. MEASUREMENT OF HATCHERY COMPONENTS AND
PONDS
The different components of hatchery were measured and are presented in
the table no. 3, 4 & 5 (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Measurement of hatchery component
8
Table 3. Circular hatchery unit
S.no
.
Component Outer
diameter
(m)
Inner
diameter
(m)
Height
(m)
Wall
thickness
(m)
Slope
(m)
No.
of
inlet
Distance
between
inlets
(m)
Height
of
outlet
(m)
1. Spawning
pool 6.72 5.95 1.2 0.39 0.23 18 1 0.86
2. Incubation
pool 4.2
3.6
2.27
1.78
1 .04
0.95 0.3
0.06
0.04 14 0.77 0.15
Table 4. Rectangular tank
S.no. Component Length
(m)
Width
(m)
Height
(m)
Area (m2) Volume
(m3)
1. Egg collection
tank 2.5 1.4 0.9 3.50 3.15
2. Spawn collection
tank 2.0 1.19 0.86 2.38 2.04
3. Over head tank 8.43 5.10 1.45 42.99 62.33
Table 5. Morphometery of pond
CCOMPON
ENT
POND
1
POND
2
POND
3
POND
4
POND
5
POND
6
POND
7
POND
8
POND
9
LENGTH(m) 38 54.7 55 109 43 40 29 26.5 120
WIDTH (m) 25 50 50 50 15.5 13 21.5 15 120
SLOPE (m) 1.3 3.5 1.5 4.6 1.9 2.7 3.6 1.7 2
FREE
BOARD (m) 0.8 2.5 0.8 1.4 0.6 1.5 1.4 0.5 3
WATER
LEVEL (m) 0.6 1.5 1 1.5 0.8 0.6 1 0.6 5
AREA (m2) 950 2735 2750 5450 666.5 520 623.5 397.5 14400
VOLUME
(m3)
570 4102.
5
2750 8175 533 312 623.5 238.5 28800
9
2.5. COMPONENTS OF ECO-HATCHERY:
Circular Eco-hatchery is the most common hatchery system adopted all over
the country. The configuration of the hatchery components vary according to need
and local conditions. The hatchery at Bodla was also circular Eco-hatchery and it was
having following components –
1. Over head tank
2. Breeding/Spawning tank
3. Egg collection chamber
4. Incubation/Hatching tank
5. Spawn collection tank
2.6. COLLECTION OF BROODERS
For breeding purpose healthy & mature brooders were collected from
brooder pond by 100×20 m. size drag net of mesh size of 80-100 mm. Collected 1-2
year old brooders with the help of drag net manually. After collection of brooder
male & female were selected for hormonal administration. (Fig. 2)
Fig. 2. Collection of brooder
2.6.1. SELECTION OF MALE & FEMALE BROODSTOCK
Male & female brooders were selected by visual examine. Selection of fish is
difficult when that fish is selected second time for breeding, sometime belly may be
bulgy due to fat deposition. Main criteria for selection of male & female were given
below in Table No. 6 and Fig. No. 3.
Table 6. Differentiation character of male and female brooder
S.no. Character Male Female
1. Pectoral fin Dorsal surface is rough Dorsal surface is smooth
2. Genital aperture It is not prominent. Further, on pressing milt oozes out
It is reddish & swollen. Further ,on pressing egg ooze out
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3. Shape of belly Not bulgy & soft to touch Belly is soft & bulgy
Fig. 3. Selection of healthy brooder
After collection of brooders they were transferred to ante tank in a jute bag
carefully.
2.7. HORMONE ADMINISTRATION
Brooders were stimulated by injecting OVATIDE for induced breeding. Ovatide
contain following composition
1. Gonadorelin A (s Gn RH A) – 20mcg.
2. Domperidone BP – 10mg.
3. Benzyl Alcohol IP – 1.5% v/v.
Hormone was administrated by intra-peritoneal way in which hormone was
injected below the base of pectoral fin. (Fig. 4 & 5)
Fig. 4. Filling GnRHa in syringe from vial Fig. 5. Hormone administration
Table 7. Dose of hormone
S.no. Species Male Female
1. Catla (Catla catla) 0.2mg/kg 0.3mg/kg
2. Rohu (Labeo rohita) 0.2mg/kg 0.3mg/kg
11
3. Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) 0.2mg/kg 0.3mg/kg
After injection of hormone, fishes were kept in hapa. Fishes kept in
breeding/spawning pool for 6-7hrs after injection.
2.8. INDUCED BREEDING
Natural induced spawning was practiced at Fish seed rearing center, Khairbana
kala, where the fishes after administration of hormone are released in spawning
pool. The fishes select their pair, chase and spawn on their own after 5-6 hrs of
inducing. Here after 3-4 hrs of injection we applied murum soil, tannin nearly 125-
150gm and kattha 30-40gm in spawning tank for hardening of water which will help
in making shell of egg thick which will prevent early egg rupture
Fig. 6. Crushed Tanin Fig. 7. kattha
2.8.1. STRIPPING
Stripping can be done by two methods i.e. Dry method and Wet method. Fish
seed production and rearing center, Bodla, stripping was done by wet method which
is mainly used for IMC breeding. Stripping was done after 6-8 hrs. after hormone
administration. In this method, egg & milt was stripped by pressing belly of fish &
then it was mixed thoroughly by feather & by rotating tray for proper fertilization.
After thorough mixing for few minutes water was poured into the tray which makes
the eggs swollen & water harden. Then fertilized eggs were transferred to incubation
tank. Next morning, spent brooders were removed from breeding tank. After
removing brooders from breeding tank, the tank was treated with lime & potassium
permanganate and washed properly with water. (Fig. 8 to 9)
12
Fig. 8. Stripping Fig. 9. Mixing of ova & milt
2.9. COLLECTION OF EGGS
Eggs were collected during morning hours in egg collection tank by using
hapa which is placed properly in inlet pipe which is connected with spawning tank.
Before opening valve egg collection tank was already filled with some water. Valve
was allowed to open gently with slow speed. Eggs parameters such as fertilization
rate and number of eggs were checked by volumetric analysis. Eggs collected in egg
collection tank were transferred to outer chamber of incubation pool with the help
of bucket in the direction of water flow gently. (Fig. 10)
Fig. 10 Collection of egg and Transfer in incubation pool
2.10. INCUBATION OF EGGS
After fertilization eggs were transferred immediately to incubation unit for
further development. Before stocking of fertilized eggs the unit was prepared i.e.
cleaning, checking of garfill net / nylon net of size 1/80 inch for proper condition and
also to prevent escaping of incubating egg with flowing water. The flow rate of water
is managed through a valve carefully. The aerator is used to increase the “Dissolved
13
Oxygen” content in incubation tank. A wooden stick / bamboo is used as surface
cleaner kept on the water surface across the outer chamber in between two wall. In
the optimum water condition i.e. temperature 28-30 degree Celsius, DO >5 ppm etc.
the larvae hatches out in 16-20 hr and it takes 72 hrs. more to absorb it’s yolk. (Fig.
11)
Fig. 11. Inoculating fertilized egg to incubation pool
Table 8. Calculation of spawning of eggs
Table 9. Calculation of spawning of eggs
INDIAN MAJOR CARP SEED PRODUCTION, FISH SEED PRODUCTION & REARING CENTER, Bodla, Kawardha
Sl.No. Date Weight of
Brooder(kg) Total no. of
Eggs
No. of Fertilized
eggs
No. of opaque Eggs
Fertilization rate
Male Female
1 10/7/2015 24.5 22.4 30,00,000 24,56,000 5,44,000 81.86%
2 24/7/2015 27.25 24.5 41,38,800 36,54,000 4,84,000 88%
3 25/7/2015 23.5 38.25 45,99,000 39,70,000 6,29,000 86.32%
4 3/8/2015 46.75 40.6 55,80,000 48,60,000 3,30,000 87%
INDIAN MAJOR CARP SEED PRODUCTION, FISH SEED REARING CENTER, Khairbanakala, Kawardha
Sl.No. Date Weight of
Brooder(kg) Total no. of
Eggs
No. of Fertilized
Eggs
No. of Opaque
Eggs
Fertilization rate
Male Female
1. 18/7/2015 45 48 74,45,000 61,88,000 12,57,000 83%
2. 19/7/2015 30 40 80,57,000 76,89,000 3,68,000 95%
3. 23/7/2015 50 60 90,42,000 80,63,000 9,79,000 89%
4. 27/7/15 45 52.8 81,20,000 75,47,000 5,73,000 93%
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2.10.1. CALCULATION OF FERTILIZATION RATE
Fertilization rate was calculated by taking the egg sample randomly from
incubation tank. Random samples were taken from upper surface, column and
bottom surface. Sample was taken in triplicate from the upper, column and bottom
surface. The number of fertilized and unfertilized egg was counted in a sample and
then percentage calculation of fertilization rate was done with reference to total
number of sample. (Fig. 12)
Fig. 12. Calculation of fertilization rate
FERTILIZATION RATE
Table 10. Calculation of fertilization rate
S.No. Particular Total no. of eggs No. of fertilized egg
No. of un-fertilized egg
Fertilization percentage
1.
Surface
38 32 6 84.21
37 29 8 78.37
40 35 5 87.50
Column
40 35 5 87.50
44 37 7 84.00
42 37 5 88.00
Bottom
46 40 6 86.95
42 38 4 90.47
47 41 6 87.23
2.
Surface
33 28 5 84.84
36 32 4 88.88
38 31 7 81.57
Column
42 37 5 88.09
49 39 10 97.59
42 37 6 88.09
Bottom
46 40 6 86.95
47 43 4 91.48
48 41 7 85.41
3. Surface
37 33 4 89.18
41 34 7 82.92
37 31 6 83.78
Column 40 37 3 92.50
15
47 39 8 82.97
44 37 7 84.09
Bottom
45 41 4 91.11
53 44 9 83.01
50 44 6 88.00
4.
Surface
34 29 5 85.29
40 32 8 80.00
39 33 6 84.61
Column
42 38 4 90.47
47 40 7 85.10
41 36 5 87.80
Bottom
50 43 7 86.00
46 40 6 86.95
54 47 7 87.03
5. Avg. fertilization rate 86.60
2.10.2. OBSERVATION OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
Following fertilization the embryonic development process has started by
using compound microscope the various embryonic development stage such as
cleavage, marula, blastula gastrula were observed. (Table no. 11)
Table 11. Stages of embryonic development
S.no. Picture Time Character
1.1:00 hr after fertilization
Swollen fertilized egg
2.1:30 hr after fertilization
Cleavage (meroblasticstage)
3.2:40 hr after fertilization
Early morulastage
4.3:54 hr after fertilization
Late morula stage
5.4:38 hr after fertilization
Early blastula stage
6.5:52 hr after fertilization
Gastrula stage
STAGES OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
S.no. Picture Time Character
7.7:51 hr after fertilization
Closing of blastopore
8.9:25 hr after fertilization
Development of head bud
9.11:30 hr after fertilization
Development of tail
10.14:30 hr after fertilization
Prominent vertebral column
11.17 :00 hr after fertilization
Egg ready for hatching (Twitching movement)
12.20:00 hr after fertilization
Hatchling
16
2.10.3. MOTILITY TEST OF SPAWN
Motility test of spawn was done for observing the activeness of spawn. For
motility testing half water filled tub was taken and spawns were released in tub.
After releasing spawns in tub, circular movement of water is maintained by swirling
the water with hand. The active spawns move against the water current by jerking
movement and lethargic spawn moves with the mercy of water current and settle at
the center. (Fig. 13)
Fig. 13. Motility test of spawn
2.11. COLLECTION OF SPAWN
Three days old hatchlings having average size of 6mm are known as spawn.
Spawn were collected from spawn collection tank by suitably placing hapa in tank.
Spawns collected are either stocked in nursery ponds or directly selled to the fish
farmers. (Fig. 14)
Fig. 14. Collection of spawn
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2.12. PACKING AND TRANSPORTATION OF SPAWN
Spawn collected were packed in polythene bag. The seed needs to be
transported as economically as possible and in a healthy condition without mortality.
The seed was packed in polythene bags filled with 1/3 water and 2/3 oxygen. The
polythene bags were kept in light plastic bags (0.8 meter length and 0.5 meter width)
and transported. (Fig. 15)
Fig. 15. Packaging and transportation of spawn
2.13. CLEANING AND DISINFECTION
Cleaning and disinfection of all the hatchery component was done after every
breeding operation. All the hatchery components such as Overhead tank, Spawning
pool, Incubation tank, Egg collection tank, Spawn collection tank was washed
properly and disinfected using KMnO4 and Lime. (Fig. 16)
Fig. 16. Cleaning and disinfection of hatchery component
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2.14. ECONOMICS OF CARP SEED PRODUCTION
Table 12. Economics of carp seed production, Bodla, Kawardha
Sl. No. Particulars Amount Cost (Rs.)
1. Cost of brood fish Female - 201 kg
Male - 170 kg
56392.00
(@ Rs.152/kg)
2 Brooder transportation
cost
1 time 1000.00
3. Preparation of brood fish pond
Lime 70k.g. 350.00
Cow dung 40k.g. 80.00
Inorganic fertilizer 45k.g. 450.00
Feed 70k.g. 1800.00
4. Breeding maintenance
Synthetic hormone Female(Dose 0.3) - 60.3 ml
Male(Dose- 0.2) - 34 ml
2050.00
1156.00
Syringe 14 syringe 70.00
labour cost 6 labour 18000.00
Other monthly
maintenance
---------- 1000.00
5. Seed packaging cost
Oxygen cylinder 1 Cylinder 520.00
Polythene 4 kg 230.00
Jute rope 1.5 kg 45.00
Plastic bag 300 no. 900.00
6. Total cost 84043.00
7. Total production
Avg. total egg produce 32664000 no.
Un-fertilize 14% 4572960 no.
Avg. spawn produce 27229000 no.
Mortality 5% 1361450 no.spawn
Total no. of spawn
produce
25867550 no. spawn
Price of spawn 1 spawn Rs. 0.006
8. Total spawn 155205
9. Sailing of brooder after
breeding
343 kg brooder 41160.00
(@Rs 120/ kg fish)
10. Gross profit 155205 + 41160 196365.00
11. Net profit 196365 - 84043 112322.00
19
Table 13. Economics of carp seed production, Khairbana kala, Kawardha
Sl. No. Particulars Amount Cost (Rs.)
1. Cost of brood fish Female – 125.75k.g.
Male – 122 k.g.
37658.00
(@ Rs.152/kg)
2. Brooder transportation
cost
2 times 1500.00
3. Preparation of brood fish pond
Lime 50k.g. 250.00
Cow dung 50k.g. 100.00
Inorganic fertilizer 25k.g. 250.00
Feed 35k.g. 900.00
4. Breeding maintenance
Synthetic hormone Female(dose- 0.3) 37 ml
Male(dose- 0.2) - 24 ml
1220.00
780.00
Syringe 10 syringe 50.00
Tanin 2k.g. 160.00
Kattha 0.5k.g. 100.00
Disinfectant
(KmnO4&Lime)
250gm KmnO4 + 15kg
lime
300.00
labour cost 4 labour 12000.00
Other monthly
maintenance
---------- 500.00
5. Seed packaging cost
Oxygen cylinder 1 Cylinder 520.00
Polythene 3 kg 175.00
Jute rope 1 kg 30.00
Plastic bag 280 no. 800.00
6. Total cost 57,293.00
7. Total production
Avg. total egg produce 17317800 no.
Un-fertilize 14% 2424492 no.
Avg. spawn produce 1,24,45000 no.
Mortality 5% 622250 no. spawn
Total no. of spawn
produce
11822750 no.spawn
Price of spawn 1 spawn Rs. 0.006
8 Total spawn 70936
9 Sailing of brooder after
breeding
215 kg brooder Rs. 25800.00
(@Rs 120/ kg fish)
10 Gross profit 70936 + 25800 Rs. 96736.00
11 Net profit Rs. 39443.00
21
3.1. INTRODUCTION
Early larvae stages are the most crucial and vulnerable stage in the life cycle
of a fish. During this period, the young ones are defenseless against predators,
susceptible to microbial attacks prone to disease and sensitive to fluctuation in the
environmental factors such as dissolved oxygen, temperature alkalinity etc. and to
handling stress. Hence the rate of survival of this stage depends on the maintenance
of optimum water quality parameter, availability of adequate choice food and a
predator free aquatic environment. By fourth day after hatching the spawn is to be
released in to a well prepared nursery tank for growing the post larvae to fry stage.
3.2. SITE OF WORK
Fish seed rearing center, Khairbana kala, Kawardha located 8 km away from
district head Kawardha. Here we learned carp nursery management. We also
measured pond morphometery and analysed water quality parameter.
3.3. LAYOUT OF FISH SEED REARING CENTER, KHAIRBNA
KALA
SA
RO
DH
A R
ES
OR
VIO
R R
OA
D
PN5
PN6
PN14
PN13 PN8
PN07
PN17
PN18 PN9PN10PN11PN12
PN1 PN2
PN3
PN 4
HATCHERY COMPLEX
Store Room
PN15
PN 19
LAYOUT OF FISH SEED REARING CENTER, KHAIRBANA KALA
PN16
Brooder pond Rearing pond Nursery pond
22
3.4. MEASUREMENT OF HATCHERY COMPONENTS AND
PONDS
Fish seed rearing center, Khairbana kala we measured different components
of hatchery with different dimensions by metallic cloth tap. The total length of tap
was 30 meter. (Fig. 17)
Table 14. Circular hatchery unit
S.No Component Outer
diameter
(m)
Inner
diameter
(m)
Height
(m)
Wall
thickness
(m)
Slope
(m)
No.
of
inlet
Distance
between
inlets(m)
Height of
outlet (m)
1. Spawning pool 8.80 7.87 1.09 0.46 0.23 13 1.7 0.86
2. Incubation
pool
Outer4.3
Inner 2.1
3.55 1.07 0.8 0.06
0.04
16 0.6 0.15
Table 15. Rectangular unit
S.No. Component Length(m) Width(m) Height (m) Area (m2) Volume
(m3)
1. Egg collection
tank
2.6 1.82 1.0 4.73 4.73
2. Spawn
collection tank
3.93 2. 41 1.25 9.47 11.83
3. Over head
tank
5.55 2.78 1.45 15.42 22.37
Table 16. Morphometry of pond
PONDS
S.No
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. Length(m) 57 83 32 36 47.5 34 41 52 29 27
2. Width(m) 27 60 27 31 33 15 40 18 26 24
3. Slope(m) 1.9 3.5 3 1.7 3.4 2.5 3.1 2.5 2.9 3
4. Free
board(m)
0.9 1.3 1.2 0.8 2 1.2 1.2 1.5 2.4 2.5
5. Water
level(m)
1 1.5 1 1 1.2 1.5 1.2 0.5 0.6 0.5
6. Area(m2) 1539
m2
4980
m²
864
m2
1116
m²
1567.
5m²
510
m²
1640
m²
936
m²
754
m²
648
m²
7. Volume
(m3)
1529
m3
7470
m3
864
m3
1116
m3
1881
m3
765
m3
1968
m3
468
m3
452.4
m3
324
m3
23
S.No. Pond
11
Pond
12
Pond
13
Pond
14
Pond
15
Pond
16
Pond
17
Pond
18
Pond
19
1. Length (m) 29 37 78 60 35 59.5 22.5 47 35
2. Width (m) 28 35 34 31 28.5 29 21.5 35.5 24
3. Slope (m) 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 2.7 1 3.5 2.5 2.5
4. Free board
(m)
1.3 1.5 2.5 2 0.9 3.5 1.5 1.1 1.3
5. Water level
(m)
0.8 1 1 1 1.6 1.5 1 1 1
6. Area (m2) 812
m²
1295
m²
2652
m²
1860
m²
997.5
m²
1725.
5m²
483.7
5m²
1668.
5m²
840
m²
7. Volume (m3) 649.6
m3
1295
m3
2652
m3
1860
m3
1596
m3
2588.
25m3
483.7
5m3
1668.
5m3
840
m3
At first, we had allotted with two pond for each group randomly on the
month of july and the, stocking was done on the date of 28/07/14 & 11/08/14 in that
pond & Stocking density was about 1495.72 spawn / m2and 602.63 spawn / m2. The
total seed stocked in pond was about 14 lakhs & 4 lakhs spawn respectively.
3.4.1. POND MEASUREMENT OF ALLOTTED POND
Table 17. Measurement of allotted pond
S.No. Length
(m)
Width
(m)
Depth
(m)
Water
level(m)
Slope
(m)
Free
board (m)
Area
(m2)
Volume
(m3)
1. 52.0 18.0 0.5 0.5 2.5 1.5 936.00 468.00
2. 29.5 22.5 0.9 1 2.5 1.0 663.75 597.37
Fig. 17. Measurement of allotted nursery pond
24
3.5. NURSERY MANAGEMENT CAN BE BROADLY
CLASSIFIED INTO
1. PRESTOCKING MANAGEMENT
2. STOCKING MANAGEMENT
3. POST STOCKING MANAGEMENT
3.6 . PRE-STOCKING MANAGEMENT
Seed of carps are delicate in nature and their growth and survival largely
depend on the environment in which they live. The biological characteristic like the
food preference and feeding habit of these carps almost similar during their initial
life stage, thus requiring almost similar management at any particular stage.
Aquatic weeds and insects were removed which harm the spawns of carps.
Manuring and fertilization was done to make the availability of natural feed for
feeding of spawns of carps
3.6.1. ERADICATION OF AQUATIC WEEDS
Aquatic weeds become menacing to fish cultivation when their growth is
excessive. In fish farm, Khairbana kala the aquatic weeds present were Hydrilla
(Hydrilla verticillata), Ipomea (Ipomoea aquatica), Ceratophyllum (Ceratophyllum
demersum), Duck Weed (Azoll apinnata), Eel grass (Vallisneria spiralis)Water
Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Nymphea, Typha, Lemna etc. there were some
marginal weeds like Gajar grass (Partheniumsps.), Paddy grass etc.Aquatic weeds
were removed by hand picking, up-rooting, by using spade, by netting and
disturbance of pond bottom with the help of buffalos. (Fig. 18 & 19)
Fig. 18. Eradication by hand picking Fig. 19.Eradication by triangle net
25
3.6.2. ERADICATION OF AQUATIC INSECTS
A large number of aquatic insects inhabit the nursery ponds especially during
and after the rains and prey on carp spawn and fry. In Khairbana aquatic insects
found were: Dragonfly nymph (Diplacodes haeatodes), Ranatra (Water stick),
Gerris(Water spider) Corixa, Cybister(Diving beetle), Notonecta (Back swimmer),
Belostoma (Giant bug), Nepa (Water scorpion)etc. Aquatic insects were removed by
netting (1/8th to 1/16th inch mesh) and application of Kerosene and Diesel. (Fig. 20 to
21)
Fig. 20. Eradication of aquatic insect
Fig. 21. Insect infestation
26
3.6.3. LIMING
Liming is done in the pond for three main purposes-
1. To increase the availability of nutrients.
2. To increase pH and to buffer against daily pH fluctuations and
3. To sterilize ponds prior to stocking.
In carp seed rearing pond we have been used calcium oxide (CaO) as a liming
agent, we are spread it manually over the nursery pond water. Its dose usually
depends on soil pH. We applied abut 150-200 kg lime/hectare. (Fig. 22)
Fig. 22. Liming in pond
3.6.4. MANURING
It was an application of organic and inorganic manures or chemical fertilizer
in pond which improve the plankton productivity. Rotifer is considered best for
growth of spawn due to its small size.
Manuring was done for the growth of natural food. For phase manuring we
used 7 kg of cow dung, 1.5 kg urea and 1 kg single super phosphate which we have
diluted in a tank with the help of water and made it into slurry form before the day
of stocking. At the day of manuring we mixed the slurry properly and then done
manuring by spreading it properly in ponds during morning hours. We did it one day
earlier before stocking. ( Fig 23 to 25)
Indian major carps and exotics carps in their early stages of development are
planktivorous, with zooplankton as the preferred natural food. Sustained
zooplankton population in a pond depends on a good phytoplankton population
base, which is further ensured through adequate availability of major nutrients like
nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon, besides certain micronutrient in water. The in-situ
availability of these nutrients in pond sediment and water is often at lower levels
and need to be added from external sources for sustaining good plankton growth.
27
Fig. 23. Making slurry Fig. 24. Filling in bucket Fig. 25 Application in pond
3.7. STOCKING MANAGEMENT
We have allotted pond no. 8 & 17 having area 936m2 &663m2. The seed
stocked in pond was about 14 lakhs & 4 lakhs spawn. Stocking density was about
1495.72 spawn / m2 and 602.63 spawn / m2. (Fig. 26)
Fig. 26. Stocking of spawn in nursery pond
3.8 POST STOCKING MANAGEMENT
It is done after the stocking of the spawn to the nursery pond.
1. Supplementary feeding
2. Manuring
3. Qualitative & quantitative analysis of plankton
4. Water and soil quality parameter analysis.
3.8.1. SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING
Feed was prepared by soaking mustard oil cake overnight then before
feeding instantly mixed with rice bran and these mixtures may be further processed
into a wet dough or pellet to minimize dispersion losses. Feeding will be done in the
pond by the Broadcasting or Hand feeding essentially involves dispersing of a known
quantity of food into the system. The ratio of rice bran & mustard oil cake were 1:1.
28
Fig. 27. Taking RB & MOC Fig. 28. Proper mixing Fig.29.Broadcasting in pond
3.8.2. PLANKTON ANALYSIS
Plankton analysis has been done for both quantitative & qualitative
estimation. The physical and chemical characteristics of water affect the
abundance, species composition, stability and productivity of the indigenous
populations of aquatic organisms.
Sampling Procedure: Plankton net number 25 of mesh size 60 µm was used
for collecting samples. 50 liters of water was measured in a graduated bucket and
filtered through the net and concentrated in a 25 ml test tube. Samples were
collected as close to the water surface as possible in the morning hours and
preserved for further analysis. The collected plankton sample is observed under light
microscope and the observed plankton is diaptomus, Cyclops, brancionus, moina,
volvox, spirogyra etc. (Fig. 30)
Fig. 30. Sampling and Microscopic observation of plankton
29
Table 18. Microscopic observation of plankton
S.No. NAME OF SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS FIGURE
common
name
Scientific
name
1 Volvox Volvox spp. The colony of volvox is
comprised of many single, bi-
Flagellated cell connected
together by protoplasmic
strands .It form a hollow, green
sphere. 2 Brachionu
s
Brachionus
plicatilis
Body of brachionus is
differentiated into three parts:
head, trunk and foot. Males
have reduced size and less
developed than female 3 Keratella Keratella
tropica
Body is dorsoventrally
compressed. There are six
spine at the anterior dorsal
margin in which the medians
are the longest.
4 Monia Monia
micrura
Head large, thick, rounded in
front, no rostrum. Antennules
long, spindle shaped freely
movable.
5 Infusoria Paramaccium Infusoria are photostatic. Cilia
are present on the body of
infusoria.
6 Cyclops Cyclops
bicuspidatus
The head bears two pair of
antennules a pair of mandible
,two pair of maxillae and a pair
of maxillipeds. The body is
made up of head, thorax and
abdomen. 7 Spirogyra Spirogyra
porticalis
Ii is filamentous green algae. It
has the appearance of very fine
bright dark green filamentous
moving gently with the current
in the water and is slimy to the
touch when attempts are made
to collect it.
(Source: Reddy, A.K, et al. (1997). Culture of live food organisms for ornamental
fishes. Training manual, CIFE, Mumbai.)
30
3.8.3. PREPARATION OF PERMANENT PLANKTON SLIDE
Plankton sample were collected and plankton slides were made. Salt was
added to the collected sample to fix the plankton. Sample was taken by using a
dropper in a slide and observed under the microscope. After observation the slide is
dried by using tissue paper. A layer of DPX mounting agent is made over the cover
slip. Cover slip is fixed over the observed surface carefully. The prepared plankton
slide is kept for drying. (Fig. 31)
Fig. 31. Preparation of permanent plankton slide
3.8.4. WATER AND SOIL QUALITY PARAMETERS ESTIMATION
Water and soil quality parameter have been analyzed by both titration
method & by using multiparameter analyser kit (Fig. 32 to 35) for estimation of
water and soil quality parameters sample was taken weekly from our allotted ponds.
The collected sample was analyzed in Aquaculture Laboratory, College of Fisheries,
Kawardha. The different water quality parameters analyzed are Temperature,
Transparency, Dissolved Oxygen, Free CO2, Alkalinity, Hardness, pH, Conductivity.
The soil quality parameters analyzed are Organic Carbon, pH, Soil texture. (Fig. 32 to
35)
COLLECTION OF WATER AND SOIL SAMPLE
Water sample was taken using BOD bottle. For collection of water sample
BOD bottle was taken inside water surface and mouth of water was closed slowly.
Care was taken during sampling to avoid the air bubbles and water surface is not
disturbed during sampling. For Dissolved oxygen estimation collected sample was
kept in dark by covering the BOD bottle with cloth. Water quality parameter was
analyzed using Multi-parameter analyzer kit and Titration method. Soil sample was
taken from allotted pond by using a pipe. The samples were taken from five different
places. Collected soil sample is dried and crushed well before estimating the soil
quality parameters.
31
Fig. 32. By multiparameter analyser Fig. 33. By pH strips
Fig. 34. By titration method in laboratory
Fig. 35. Analysis of soil quality parameter
For analysis of biological parameters; both qualitative and quantitative
estimation of plankton was done. For collection of sample for biological parameter
nearly 50liter of water is filtered with the help of plankton net from different places
of allotted pond.
Table 19. Water quality parameter
WATER QUALITY PARAMETER OF Indian Major Carp (IMC) REARING POND
WEEKS
Parameter/week 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean SD CV
Temperature (oC) 30.6 30.8 31 31.9 30.1 31.5 30.98 0.58 1.87
32
Ph 7.8 7.17 8.2 7.2 7.1 5.7 7.2 0.78 10.83
D.O (ppm) 4.4 4.5 6.6 7.5 5 6 5.66 1.13 19.96
Alkalinity (ppm) 44 34 40 46 43 26 38.83 6.89 17.74
Free C02 (ppm) 15.6 11.0
6
18.
3
10 9.3 7.3 11.92 3.80 31.87
Hardness (ppm) 83 82 90 80 46 52 72.16 16.7
5
23.21
Conductivity
(mho)
0.12 0.21 0.2
3
0.16 0.12 0.11 0.16 0.03 23.49
Quantitative
plankton
estimation (ml/50
L water)
0.65 0.6 0.5
8
0.55 0.56 0.55 0.57 0.01 2.45
SD = Standerd deviation & CV = Co-efficient of variance.
29
30
31
32
33
WEEK1
WEEK2
WEEK3
WEEK4
WEEK5
WEEK6
MeanTem
pe
ratu
re r
ange
Week
Temperature(oC)
0
2
4
6
8
10
WEE
K 1
WEE
K 2
WEE
K 3
WEE
K 4
WEE
K 5
WEE
K 6
Me
an
pH
re
nge
Week
pH
0
2
4
6
8
WEE
K 1
WEE
K 2
WEE
K 3
WEE
K 4
WEE
K 5
WEE
K 6
Me
an
DO
ran
ge
Week
D.O (ppm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
WEE
K 1
WEE
K 2
WEE
K 3
WEE
K 4
WEE
K 5
WEE
K 6
Me
an
Alk
alin
ity
ran
ge
Week
Alkalinity(ppm)
0
5
10
15
20
WEE
K 1
WEE
K 2
WEE
K 3
WEE
K 4
WEE
K 5
WEE
K 6
Me
an
Fre
e C
O2
ran
ge
Week
FreeC02(ppm)
33
Graph:- Water quality parameter of IMC rearing pond
Table 20. Soil quality parameter
SOIL QUALITY PARAMETER OF IMC REARING POND
Parameter /Date 23/08/15 03/09/2015 19/09/2015 24/09/2015 MEAN
SOIL TEXTURE
Sand (%) 52.23 53.99 58.43 56.8 55.3625
Silt(%) 23.49 26.34 22.54 23.2 23.8925
Clay(%) 20.34 21.34 20.28 19 20.65333
ORGANIC CARBON(%) 1.23 0.81 0.92 0.89 0.9625
pH 7.4 7.8 7.8 8 7.75
Graph:- Soil quality parameter of IMC rearing pond
0
20
40
60
80
100
Har
dn
ess
ran
ge
Week
Hardness(ppm)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
mh
o r
ange
Week
Conductivity(mho)
55%24%
21%
1
2
3
SAND
SILT
CLAY
0
0.5
1
1.5
Org
anic
car
bo
n
DATE
77.27.47.67.8
88.2
pH
Ran
ge
DATE
34
3.9 . GROWTH ANALYSIS
Reared seed for about one month seven days. To analyze seed growth during
this period we had recorded initial and final length and weight of seed. (Fig. 36)
Fig. 36. Growth analysis of fish seed
3.9.1. LENGTH & WEIGHT MEASUREMENT
Table 21. Length and weight relationship
S.No. Week Avg. length (cm) Avg. weight (gm)
1. Week 1 3.84 0.6
2. Week 2 6.08 4.16
3. Week 3 6.52 7.12
4. Week 4 10.28 14.38
5. Week 5 11.5 17.74
Graph:- Show length weight relationship of IMC seed
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5
1 2 3 4 5
Average length (cm)
Average weight (gm)
35
3.10. HARVESTING AND SEED PACKAGING
Before seed packaging it involves various processes. At first, hapa prepared
and then netting for collection of seed (fry, fingerling) which were transferred into
hapa for conditioning (splashing of water with hand or keeping the fry/fingerlings in
running water condition which helps in conditioning).Conditioning leads to the fish
for removing the excess excretory waste (empty stomach) and then seeds were
packed in polythene bag according to distance of journey as well as size of fry &
fingerling. Seed packing is inversely proportional to distance of transportation as well
as size of fry. The conditioned fry were introduced in bag. 1/3 of the bag is filled with
water and 2/3 of bag is filled with oxygen from a cylinder. The mouth of bag was
tightly tied with a twine. After filling seed and water in polythene packet, now it was
protected with a nylon bag to prevent the packet from puncture. Then seeds were
transported. To decrease the fry mortality and stress seed preferably transported in
morning or evening time because in sunny time elevated temperature increases
metabolic activity which increases fry motility. (Fig. 37 to 40)
Fig. 37. Harvesting of seed Fig. 38. Conditioning of seed
Fig. 39. Packaging of seed Fig. 40. Arranged inside
36
3.11. TRANSPORTATION OF SEED
3.11.1. OPEN SYSTEM FOR TRANSPORTATION OF FINGERLING
We have done transportation of fingerling using open system by small
tempos by spreading polythene sheet over the trolly of tempo and then filling it with
nearly 1/3 water after then we have placed fingerling in it. This method is suitable
for long distance transportation of fish seed. (Fig. 41)
Fig. 41. Open system transportation of seed
3.11.2. CLOSED SYSTEM
For transportation by using closed system we have used polythene bags filled
with 1/3 water and 2/3 oxygen. The polyethylene bags were kept in light plastic bags
(0.8 meter length and .0.5 meter width) and transported long distances by road.
Spawn from incubation tank did not require conditioning they are directly packed in
polythene bag. Approximately each bag contains about 50,000-55,000 spawns, 5000
fry, 150 fingerlings. (Fig. 42)
Fig. 42. Closed system of transportation of seed
38
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Breeding of common carp was carried out in standing water body. Were
allowed common carps brooders to breed in a rectangular hapa under the influence
of synthetic hormone Ovatide. In common carp breeding, one female and two male
brooders are required to form a set. The weight of the two male brooders and one
female brooder should be equal for ensuring total breeding and fertilization. Since
common carp eggs are adhesive, the breeding hapa/tank should be provided with
sufficient water plants, preferably water hyacinth.
4.2 SITE OF WORK
Fish seed rearing center, Khairbana kala, located 8 km away from district
head Kawardha, it is established in the year 1995-96.
4.3 MAINTENANCE OF BROODER
Maintained the brood stock of common carp up to one week before
breeding. They were fed two times daily with rice bran and mustered oil cake in 1:1.
4.4 COLLECTION OF BROODER
For the breeding operation well maintained and matured brooders were
collected from brood stock pond. They were about 1 to 3 year old. The male and
female brooders were segregated and released in separate pond. (Fig. 43)
Fig. 43. Collection of brooder
4.4.1 IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION OF BROODERS
Table 22. Identification and selection of brooder
S.No. Character Male Female
1. Abdomen The abdomen is not bulging.
When the abdomen near the
The abdomen is soft and
bulging. Belly on both the sides
39
vent region is pressed
slightly, milt oozes out
easily.
are swollen due to ripe ovary.
Eggs ooze out when slightly
pressed.
2. Pectoral fin They are also characterized
by the inside of pectoral fin
are rough to touch it.
The insides of pectoral fins are
smooth to touch.
3. Vent The vent is not pinkish and
with pointed papillae.
The vent is pinkish and with
almost rounded papillae.
Fig. 44. Selection of healthy brooder Fig. 45. Selected brooder for breeding
4.5. COLLECTION OF Eichhornia
Collected fresh Eichhornia plant from the Lalpur village pond nearby
Kawardha. They were put into breeding hapa for attachment of adhesive eggs.
Complete hapa was filled with Eichhornia to prevent sticking of eggs to the wall of
hapa. (Fig. 46 & 47)
Fig. 46. Collection of Eichhornia Fig. 47. Segregate newly rooted Ehhicornia
40
4.6 PREPARATION OF HAPA FOR COMMON CARP BREEDING
A rectangular hapa were erected in a pond with the help of 4 iron rods. The size
of the hapa is 2×1.25×1m. (Fig. 48)
Fig. 48. Preparation of breeding hapa
4.7 HORMONAL ADMINISTRATION
Brooders were stimulated by injecting synthetic hormone i.e. Ovatide.
Hormone was injected intramuscularly of fish. (Fig. 49 & 50)
Fig. 49. Filling GnRHa in syringe from vial Fig. 50. Hormone administration
4.7.1 DOSE OF HORMONE
For female:- 0.2 ml/ kg of body weight and male 0.1ml/kg body weight. After
hormonal administration brooder are transferred into hapa for breeding and then
hapa was covered with mosquito net.
4.8 BREEDING IN HAPA
The common carp breeding was done and Eichhornia was used as eggs
collectors. Injected fish were kept in breeding hapa for spawning in the ratio of 2:1
(female:male) during evening hour. Aquatic plant such as Eichhornia was thoroughly
41
washed and then released into the breeding hapa. Within 6-10 hours after being
released into the hapa, common carp spawned in installments and the fertilized eggs
got attached to Eichhornia. On the next morning, the Eichhornia was removed from
breeding hapa and release into hatching hapa. (Fig. 51 & 52)
Fig. 51. Inoculation of fish in hapa Fig. 52. Hapa after inoculation of fish
4.9 EGGS COLLECTION
The egg of common carp is sticky in nature and they were attached to roots
of Eichhornia plants and they are transferred to another hapa where incubation
takes place. (Fig. 53 & 54)
Fig. 53. Sticky eggs Fig. 54. Transfer of fertilized eggs
Table 23. Calculation of spawning of eggs
COMMON CARP SEED PRODUCTION, FISH SEED PRODUCTION & REARING CENTER, Kostabandha, Kawardha
Sl.No. Date Weight of
brooder(kg) Total no. of
Eggs
No. of Fertilized
Eggs
No. of Opaque
Eggs
Fertilization rate
Male Female
1. 6/8/2015 13 8 7,40,000 6,57,000 83,000 88%
2. 10/8/2015 5 4.5 3,43,000 2,58,000 85,000 75%
42
4.10 INCUBATION OF EGGS
The rate of development and duration of incubation depends on the
temperature of water. Lower temperature increases the incubation periods, whereas
increase in temperature, to a certain extent, reduces the incubation period. After
spawning all brooders were taken out from breeding hapa and released again into
culture pond and after some time released eggs attached with Eichhornia root,
which were transferred into incubation hapa in another pond. The incubation period
for common carp is about 2 days. The newly hatched larvae remain attached to
Eichhornia for 3-4 days till the yolk sac is fully absorbed. In these days the hatchlings
were provided vigorous aeration. After 3-4 days they were stocked in nursery pond.
(Fig. 55)
Fig. 55. Incubation of fertilized eggs
4.11 NURSERY REARING OF COMMON CARP SEED
Pre-stocking management and post stocking management was same as
nursery rearing of carp seed except water & soil quality parameter.
4.12 STOCKING OF SPAWN IN NURSERY POND
After incubation of eggs, approximately 4 lakhs of spawn were transferred
into nursery pond for further growth or rearing. After stocking of spawn we did
feeding on every day with overnight soaked mustard oil cake and rice bran in 1:1.
(Fig. 56 & 57)
Fig. 56. Observation of spawn Fig. 57. Stocking of spawn in nursery pond
43
4.13. WATER QUALITY PARAMETER OF COMMON CARP
POND
Table 24. Water quality parameter
WEEK
Parameters/WEEK 1 2 3 4 Mean SD CV
Temperature (oC) 29.1 31 31.9 30.1 30.52 1.040132 3.4
Ph 7.3 8.23 6.7 6.9 7.28 0.588149 7.96
D.O (ppm) 6.5 6.6 7.4 5.2 6.42 0.788591 12.14
Alkalinity (ppm) 70 40 58 60.6 57.15 10.86128 19
Free C02 (ppm) 17.6 18.3 8.6 2.3 11.7 6.639654 56.66
Hardness (ppm) 65 90 82 94 82.75 11.12149 13.43
Conductivity (mho) 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.09 0.19 0.061033 31.28
Quantitative
plankton
estimation (ml/50
L water)
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.65 0.15 23.07
27.528
28.529
29.530
30.531
31.532
32.5
Tem
pe
ratu
re r
ange
Week
Temperature(oC)
0
2
4
6
8
10W
EEK
1
WEE
K 2
WEE
K 3
WEE
K 4
Me
an
pH
ran
ge
Week
PH
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DO
ran
ge
Week
D.O (ppm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
WEE
K 1
WEE
K 2
WEE
K 3
WEE
K 4
Me
an
Alk
alin
ity
Week
Alkalinity(ppm)
44
Graph:- Water quality parameter of nursery pond
4.14 SOIL QUALITY PARAMETER OF COMMON CARP POND
Table 25. Soil quality parameter
PARAMETER /DATE 24/08/2015 04/09/2015 19/09/2015 24/09/15 MEAN
SOIL
TEXTURE
Sand
(%) 55.23 53.9 56.4 58.8
56.082
5
Silt (%) 24.77 26 23.3 21.2
23.817
5
Clay
(%) 20
20.1 20.3 20
20.133
33
ORGANIC CARBON(%) 0.9 0.85 0.93 0.89 0.8925
pH 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.8 7.65
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 Mean
mh
o
parameter
Conductivity (mho)
0
5
10
15
20
Fre
e C
O2
Week
Free C02(ppm) 0
20
40
60
80
100
WEE
K 1
WEE
K 2
WEE
K 3
WEE
K 4
Me
an
Har
dn
ess
Week
Hardness(ppm)
56%24%
20% 1
2
3
SAND
SILT
CLAY
45
Graph:- Soil quality parameter of nursery pond
4.15 LENGTH & WEIGHT MEASUREMENT
Table 26. Length & weight measurement
S.No. Date Avg. length (cm) Avg. weight ( gm )
1. 22-08-15 1.9 0.07
2. 04-09-15 4.6 1.55
3. 11-09-15 5.66 2.92
4. 18-09-15 6.44 5.55
5. 24-09-15 6.77 5.63
Graph:- Show length & weight measurement of common carp seed
4.16 HARVESTING & TRANSPORTATION
Harvesting and transportation was same as harvesting and transportation of
carp seed.
0.80.820.840.860.88
0.90.920.94
Org
anic
Car
bo
n
DATE
77.27.47.67.8
88.2
pH
Ran
ge
DATE
02468
101214161820
22
/08
/20
15
02
/09
/20
15
11
/09
/20
15
18
/09
/20
15
24
/09
/20
15
1 2 3 4 5
AVERAGE LENGTH (cm )
AVERAGE WEIGHT (gm )
46
4.17. ECONOMICS OF COMMON CARP SEED PRODUCTION
AND REARING
Table 27. Economics of common carp seed production and rearing
Sl. No. Particulars Amount Cost (Rs.)
1. Cost of brood fish Female - 12.5 kg Male - 17 kg
4484.00
(@ Rs.152/kg)
2 Brooder transportation
cost
1 time 2500.00
3. Preparation of brood fish pond
Lime 100k.g. 1000.00
Cow dung 50k.g. 500.00
Inorganic fertilizer 25k.g. 250.00
Feed 35k.g. 900.00
4. Breeding maintenance
Synthetic hormone Female(dose- 0.2) - 2.5 ml Male(dose- 0.1) - 1.7 ml
85.00
55.00
Syringe 2 syringe 10.00
labour cost 4 labour 16500.00
Other monthly
maintenance
---------- 10000.00
Rearing of spawn and fry in nursery pond
Feeding 1500k.g. 55000.00
Manuring 250 k.g. 29500.00
Other maintenance 30000.00
5. Seed packaging cost
Oxygen cylinder 1 Cylinder 520.00
Polythene 3 kg 180.00
Jute rope 1.5kg 45.00
Plastic bag 105 no. 315.00
6. Total cost 151844.00
7. Total production
Avg. total egg produce 1083000 no.
Un-fertilize 22% 238260 no.
Avg. hatchling produce 844740
Mortality of spawn 39% 329448
Total no. of fry produce 515291
Mortality of fry 21% 108211
8. Total fry 407079
Mortality of fingerling 2% 8141
Total no. of fingerling 398938
Price of fingerling 398938.00
(@Rs. 1/fingerling )
9. Sailing of brooder after
breeding
29.5 kg brooder 3540.00
(@Rs 120/ kg fish)
10. Gross profit 398938 + 3540 402478.00
11. Net profit 402478 - 151844 250634.00
48
5.1. INTRODUCTION
Clarias batrachus is a species of freshwater air breathing catfish native to
Southeast Asia. The body is mainly coloured a gray or grayish brown. This catfish has
long-based dorsal and anal fins as well as several pairs of sensory barbells. This fish
normally lives in slow-moving and often stagnant waters in ponds, rivers, swamps,
pools, rice paddies, canals and ditches. It is migratory during the wet season, moving
into flooded areas from the main water bodies.
Clarias batrachus, known as magur is the most preferred indigenous catfish in
India. Magur breeds once in a year in stagnant waters especially in derelict and
swampy water. Magur is an annual breeder which spawns during monsoon months
(August-September). Fishes in the age group 1+ year weighing 150g attain sexual
maturity. In nature, it shows parental care. Secondary sexual characters are more
prominent during the breeding season.
5.2. SITE OF WORK
Site selected for magur breeding is the Demonstration Cum Training Center, Raipur,
located 120km away from Kawardha. Here we learnt induced breeding technique of
Magur. It is a Govt. hatchery established 1482m2area.
5.3. LAYOUT OF MAGUR HATCHERY
POND 2
POND 1
POND3
ORNAMENTAL TANK
Fingerling rearing tank
Outdoor larval rearing tank
Indoor larval rearing tank
Rectangular tank
Ornamental fishes tank
49
5.4. MEASUREMENT OF HATCHERY COMPONENTS & PONDS
In magur hatchery, Raipur we measured different components of hatchery
with different dimensions by metallic cloth tap. The total length of tap was 30 meter.
(Fig. 58)
Fig. 58. Measurement of hatchery component
5.4.1. CONDITIONING TANK 5.4.2. LARVAL REARING TANK
Tab. 28. Conditioning tank Tab. 29. larval rearing tank
5.4
.3.
PO
ND
ME
AS
UR
EMENT
Table 30. Pond measurement
S.no. Length
(m)
Width
(m)
Slope
(m)
Depth
(m)
Free
board(m)
Dyke
(m)
Water
level(m)
1. 16.16 9.95 2.0 2.2 1.0 0.6 1.2
2. 17.80 7.37 1.80 1.8 0.8 0.6 1.0
5.5. IDENTIFICATION AND SEGREGATION OF MALE AND
FEMALE BROODERS
Property Measurement(m)
Length 2.67
Width 1.15
Height 0.43
Width of wall 0.27
Width of drainage 0.025
Height of drainage 0.175
Property Measurement (m)
Outer diameter 1.20
Inner diameter 0.95
Thickness of wall 0.125
Height 0.40
Diameter of outlet 0.025
50
Male and female identified and segregate based on their Secondary sexual
characters (external features). (Fig. 59)
Table 31. Identification of male & female
S.No. Characters Male Female
1. Genital papilla Long and pointed. Round or oval button
shaped.
2. Vent Slender and whitish. Reddish and round.
4. Belly is pressed No milt oozes out. Ova is oozes out.
Fig. 59. Identification and segregation of male & female
After segregating male and female brooders were transferred to brood-stock
tank and leave them for some time for conditioning to be ready for hormone
administration.
5.6 HORMONAL ADMINISTRATION
51
Injected the magur with ovatide, which contain Gonadorelin A, Domperidone
BP and Benzyl Alcohol IP. The hormone was administered intramuscularly with the
help of insulin needle. Doses of hormone was about female 0.15 ml/100gm of body
weight and in male hormone is not administrated because of they are sacrificed and
testis is taken out.
The hormone was administrated as follows
➢ Draw the hormone extract into a syringe with a fine needle.
➢ Remove air bubbles, if any, in the syringe.
➢ Keep the female fish on a soft cloth.
➢ Inject the hormone at the posterior region of the body (Intramuscularly),
below dorsal fin and above lateral line at 45° angle help of insulin.
➢ Draw out the needle and rub the injected region gently.
➢ Release the fish separately in separate tanks.
After administration of hormone fishes were kept for next 15-17 hours
(Latency period). After this time period the brooders will be ready for stripping.
5.7 SACRIFYCING MALE FOR REMOVAL OF TESTIS
The process of sacrificing male was started before the stripping of female.
Male has to be sacrificed and cut open the male fish from vent to thoracic region
with the help of a fine scissors without damaging internal organs. Cut the testis into
in small pieces by a fine scissor and crush it with physiological salt solution (0.9%
Sodium chloride) with the help of mortar and pester and make it milt suspension.
(Fig. 60 & 61)
Fig. 60. Dissection of male Fig. 61. Making milt suspension
5.8 STITCHING OF DISSECTED MALE BROODER
52
During collection of testis we cut the abdomen of the male brooder. This
leads to significant loss of male brooders and ultimately leads to loss of production
level. To overcome this problem stitching of dissected brooders was done then
treated with chloramphenical. (Fig. 62)
Fig. 62. Stitching of dissected male brooder
5.9 STRIPPING OF FEMALE
Female brooder were checked after 15-17 hour of hormonal administration
for egg oozing, once the egg oozes out and then the process of stripping of female
brooder was started. In stripping of magur dry stripping process was done in which
water is added after mixing of eggs and milt suspension within 45 second to fertilize
eggs. If water is added before mixing of egg and milt suspension it is not going to be
fertilized .The fully mature ova is brown greenish in colour. (Fig. 63)
Fig. 63. stripping of female brooder
5.10 FERTILIZATION
53
In fertilization physiological salt solution (0.9%) was used to receive the milt first
and later the eggs are stripped. This solution act as isotonic medium for sperms
which does not allow them to active early until the water was added. The addition of
water will activate the sperms during fertilization (Fig. 64).The eggs should be
fertilized in following manner-
➢ We have done dry stripping, in which milt is mixed with eggs for fertilization.
➢ Mixed thoroughly with the help of feather.
➢ Added little amount of freshwater to activate the sperms and well shaken.
➢ Foaming was the sign of activating of sperm.
➢ Then spread the fertilized eggs in incubation tub and a flow through system
was managed.
➢ Then –laid few leaves on the tub to provide substrate for the adhesion of
eggs (Sticky).
Fig. 64. Fertilization of stripped egg
5.11 INCUBATION OF EGGS
The fertilized eggs were transferred into incubation tubs (35 cm diameter and
9.5 cm height) was arranged in flow through system in which each tub was kept
under a tap with running water. It facilitates high dissolve oxygen required for
embryonic development of Magur eggs. Each plastic tub can accommodate 1000-
1500 fertilized eggs. Each tub was having provision of an outlet at a height of about
6.5 cm from bottom. All the fertilized eggs were light brown/ green while the
unfertilized ones became white & opaque. The eggs of Magur were demarsal and
adhesive in nature. Some eggs adhered to surface & rest settled down at bottom. It
was hatches out in the incubation period of 24-26 hours at the temperature of 27-30
degree Celsius. (Fig. 65)
54
Fig. 65. Incubation of eggs
5.12 INDOOR LARVAL REARING
The larvae (5-5.5mm) were reared in indoor rearing tanks. The indoor rearing
tanks were provided with continuous aeration and exchange facilities. A water level
of 10-15 cm was managed throughout the indoor rearing period. In bottom 8-10cm
thickness of soil was placed for providing a soil bed. A stocking density of 2000-
3000no./square meter, was considered being optimum for better growth and
survival in indoor condition. The larvae grown to 10-20 mm (30-50 mg) fry during 12-
14 days of rearing. (Fig. 66)
Fig. 66. Indoor larval rearing unit
5.13 FEEDING
There was no necessity to provide feed during first 3 days as yolk sac in larvae
serve as the stored feed. After yolk sac absorption, we fed the fish two times in a day
first at morning and then in evening with egg custard and live food collected from
brooder pond. The quantity of feed depends upon the density of the larvae reared in
tank. Identification of acceptable feed and particle size matters a lot during the
55
rearing. Organism /particle ranging between 20-30 micron for good acceptability.
Size can be increased gradually to 50-60 micron for one week old fry. The Magur was
develop gregarious habit within a week and being nocturnal and photo-negative in
nature, they normally congregate in the corners of the rearing container to avoid
light during day time. However they get fully dispersed all over the container during
night and as soon as they are exposed light, they move to corners in groups. Since it
was important to provide a congenial environment to larvae, the tank was provided
with some shade inside the tank.
57
6.1 OVERVIEW ON ORNAMENTAL FISH PRODUCTION
Ornamental fish production globally is a multibillion dollar industry.
Ornamental fish keeping was initially considered as one of the attractive hobbies
practiced in the developed countries but recently it is gaining impetus in developing
countries too. It is to be noted that most of ornamental fishes have much higher
value than food fishes, and may provide a good alternative livelihood for fishermen
and fish farmers. About 600 ornamental fish species have been reported worldwide
from various aquatic environments.
Indian waters possess a rich diversity of ornamental fishes, with over 100
indigenous species, in addition to a similar number of exotic species that are bred in
captivity. Close to 98% of ornamental fish are captured in the wild by locals, for
whom this is often the main livelihood. In India’s Western Ghats, as well as the
Amazon region in South America, there are many species that are highly priced in
the global market. In spite of having two hotspots of biodiversity, India is way long
back in the ornamental fish trade with an export worth US$ 1.17 million during 2009-
2010(MPEDA, 2010). Out of 274 freshwater fish species from north eastern states
only 32% of native fish are exported and among 287freshwater species from
Western Ghats, only 114 species are exported. Currently, global trade in ornamental
fish is estimated at about $22 billion (Rs1.08 trillion) of this, India accounts for a
mere Rs10 crore. MPEDA is targeting annual production of 500 million such fish
(since these are typically small in size, they are not measured by tonnage) from the
more than 300 freshwater indigenous species to help it achieve a 10% market share
of sales by 2015.The biggest exporter of ornamental fishes in the world is Singapore
followed by Malaysia, Indonesia and Czech Republic. The largest import markets for
tropical fish are U.S.A, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Singapore and others. 60.3% of
the suppliers to these countries are Asian countries.
Table 32. Global exports of ornamental fishes
(SOURCE: MPEDA 2014)
0
20
40
60
80
US
$ M
ILLI
ON
COUNTRY
Global exports of ornamental fishes 2014
58
6.2 ORNAMENTAL FISH PRODUCTION IN INDIA
Although, India is still in a marginal position, its trade is developing rapidly.
An estimate carried out by Marine Products Export Development Authority of India
shows that there are one million fish hobbyists in India. The internal trade is
estimated to be about Rs. 15 crores and the export trade is in the vicinity of US$ 1.0
million. The annual growth rate of this trade is 14 per cent. About 9 per cent of
Indian export goes from Kolkata followed by 8 per cent from Mumbai and 2 per cent
from Chennai.
A wide range of availability of species and favorable climate, cheap labour
and easy distribution make India, and Tamil Nadu in particular, suitable for
ornamental fish culture. This is despite the country’s good tropical climate, varied
freshwater sources, a long coastline and varied freshwater ornamental fishes.
However, the growing demand for ornamental fishes and the growing awareness for
farming would change this scenario in India.
6.3 ORNAMENTAL FISH PRODUCTION IN CHHATTISGARH
More than 2.50 lakh fishermen in the Chhattisgarh depend on fisheries and
aquaculture for their livelihood. Fisheries sector occupies an important place in the
socio-economic development of the state ornamental fishery is yet to develop as a
commercial activity in the state.
Chhattisgarh Govt. provides some subsidies for ornamental fish culture and is
given in the following table no. 27.
Table 33. Subsidy provide in ornamental fisheries
(SOURCE - Department of fisheries, C.G.)
S. No. Item Subsidy Maximum limit
(Rs.) 1st year 2nd year 3rd year
1. Brooder purchase 2500 - - 2500
2. Supplementary
feed
3000 2000 1000 6000
3. Net, medicine etc 1750 1170 580 3500
Total 7250 3170 1580 12000
59
6.4 SITE OF WORK
College of Fisheries, Kawardha has got a well-developed “LIVE FISH
LABORATORY”. It was established on 24thMarch 2015.The lab comprises of 24 glass
aquariums and 12 FRP tanks. The laboratory has stocks of commercially important
and indigenous ornamental fishes.
6.5 MEASUREMENT OF WET LAB
Table 34. Measurement of wet lab
S.No. Properties Measurement
1. Total length of wet lab 12.7m
2. Total width of wet lab 6.4m
3. Total area of wet lab 81.28m2
Table 35. Measurement of aquarium tank
S.No. Properties Measurement
1. Total number of aquarium tank 24 No.
2. Total area of aquarium tank 4.32m2
3. Total volume of aquarium tank 1.96m3
Single aquarium tank
1. Length 0.6m
2. Width 0.3m
3. Depth 0.46m
4. Area 0.18m2
5. Volume 0.082m3
60
Table 36. Measurement of FRP tank
S.No. Properties Measurement
1. Total number of FRP tank 12
2. Total area of FRP tank 11.28m2
3. Total volume of FRP tank 11.28m3
Single FRP tank
1. Area 0.94m2
2. Volume 0.94m3
Table 37. Measurement of Aquarium stand
S.No. Properties Measurement
1. Length 8.46m
2. Width 0.47m
3. Area 3.97m2
6.6 LAYOUT OF LIVE FISH LABORATORY
61
6.7 ORNAMENTAL FISHES IN LIVE FISH LABORATARY
Table 38. Ornamental fishes in live fish laboratory
S.
No. Name
Scientific
name Characters Image
1.
RAINBOW SHARK
(Red fin shark)
Epalzeorhync
hos frenatum
1.They feed on algae &
plankton
2.They are egg layers
3. There reproduction is difficult in
Aquarium.
2.
TIN FOIL BARB
(River barb)
Barbonymus
schwanenfeldi
i
1. It has orange caudal fin
2. It is a egg scatterer
3. It feed on crustaceans, small
fish, worms, filamentous algae
3.
TIGER BARB
(Sumatra barb)
Puntigrus
tetrazona
1.They are egg layer
2.They feed on live feed &
flake crisp
3. It is a shallow water fish
4.
BLACK MOLLY
(Atlantic molly)
Poecilia
sphenops
1. They are live bearers.
2. Fertilization is internal.
3. Male counterpart transfers milt
by an organ known as
“gonopodium” , which is a modified
anal fin.
5.
CONVICT
CICHLIDS
(zebra cichilid)
Archocentrus
nigrofasciatus
1. They are egg layerer.
2.They have omnivorous in nature.
3. Both male and female provide
parental care.
62
6.
ANGEL FISH
Pterophyllum-
scalare
1. Angel fish body is laterally
compressed
2. It has a flat upright disc like
body with long dorsal and anal
fin, long pectoral fin and
widely spread
3. feed on earth worm and
plankton
7.
GLASS FISH
(Indian glass
perch)
Chanda ranga
1. The Indian glass has a
striking, transparent body .
2. It breed prolifically during
the rainy season.
3. Glass fish has two separate
dorsal fin in addition long anal
fin.
8.
GOLD FISH
Carrasius
auretus
1. They has a egg layer and
they can breed in group
2. The male has a rush on the
gill cover during spawning
period
3. feed on plant detritus ,small
crustacean ,insect, plankton
9 .
KOI CARP
Cyprinus
carpio
1. They are very peaceful and
hardy fish
2. The food of koi include
submerged plants and other
benthic organism
3. Hand spawning technique
are also use to breed these
fishes
10.
SWORD TAIL
Xiphophorus
helleri
1. It is a live bearers.
2.it is very active
swimmers
3.In male caudal fin is
extended points out from
body line swords
63
11.
SHUBUNKIN
GOLD FISH
Carassius
auratus
1. Shubunkin gold fish are
some of the hardier species of
gold fish
2. They are eggs adhesive in
nature
3. Males develop spawning
tubercles , white bumps on
their pectoral fin , head and
gills covers
12.
MANGO PLATY
Xiphophorus
maculatus
1.They are livebearer,
2. platy will accept most fish
foods including flakes, frozen,
live and free dried foods .
13.
MANILA CARP
Cyprinus
carpio ‘ koi’
1. Egg layers, substratum egg
scatters, non –guarders,
reproduce without any
problem.
2. Feed on submerged plants
and animal enjoy all types of
live food .
3. The adult will eat the eggs
and fry so it should be
separated after spawning.
14.
ZEBRA FISH
Branchydanio
rerio
1. Zebra fish is narrow
elongated body.
2. Eggs are sticky and they
exhibits cannibalism on the
eggs
3. They are omnivorous and
prefer live or frozen brine
shrimp, small insect and
worms.
15.
PEARL
GOURAMI
Trichogaster
leeri
1. The male builds a small
bubble nest under the leaf of
an aquatic plant.
2. First 4-5 days paramecium,
Cyclops, and finest newly
hatched brine shrimp nauplii
may be given.
64
6.8 ACTIVITIES AT LIVE FISH LAB., COLLEGE OF
FISHERIES, KAWARDHA
I. ROUTINE MAINTAINANCE OF AQUARIUM TANKS
a. Observation
b. Siphoning and water exchange
c. Feeding the Ornamental Fishes
d. Water Quality Management
e. Fish Health Management
II.BREEDING OF ORNAMENTAL FISHES
III. CULTURE OF LIVE FOOD ORGANISMS
6.9 ROUTINE MAINTEINANCE OF AQUARIUM TANKS
Ornamental fishes are highly susceptible and sensitive species. Hence it
required to regular maintenance of water quality. So, for better management, we
had started aquarium management under the guidance of our assistant professor Dr.
Honnananda B.R. Assistant Professor and In charge of Live Fish Lab. The
management practices followed are as below-
6.9.1 OBSERVATION
In Live Fish Lab, our group was allotted with six aquarium tanks having no. 09
to 12 and 21-22. First of all we observe ornamental fishes in the allotted aquarium
tanks twice daily, morning and evening time such as checking of water quality and
health of the fishes proper working of aerator, speed of aerator etc. If any problem
in aeration, we make necessary changes. Sometimes flies and insects enter inside
aquarium tanks that removed with the help of hand-net. (Fig. 67)
65
Fig. 67. Observation of aquarium tank
6.9.2 SIPHONING, CLEANING & WATER EXCHANGE
At first, we had siphoning the tank to remove the excreta of ornamental
fishes and decrease the ammonia load with the help of siphoning pipe and then we
exchange about 25-50% of water daily of each as tank to maintain the water quality.
After that we were filling the water as required according to the size of fishes. (Fig.
68)
Fig. 68. Siphoning and water exchange
6.9.3 FEEDING OF ORNAMENTAL FISHES
Ornamental fishes fed with live feed & artificial feed twice daily in morning
and evening. The live feed given was infusoria and earthworm which were cultured
in the live fish laboratory. Zooplankton was collected from nearby college areas and
also from Rewabandh & Sudhavatika pond. The collected live feed was treated with
KMnO4 solution and after treatment they were fed to the fishes. During feeding
aerator were switched off to facilitate proper feeding. In general, infusoria and
66
plankton were fed to young ones and earthworm was fed to adult and brood stock
ornamental fishes. (Fig. 69)
Fig. 69. Feeding of ornamental fishes
6.9.4. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Water quality parameters such as were analysed with the help of multi-
parameter analyzer kit and titration and found to be having ideal ranges for
culture such as Dissolved oxygen 6.7 ppm, Free CO2 5.0 ppm, temperature 31.5 oC, Ph 6.4, conductivity 0.13mho. (Fig. 70)
Fig. 70. Water quality parameter analysis
6.9.5. Fish Health Management
Any changes occur in the environment disturbs fish physiology and brings
stress to the fish. The stress makes fishes more susceptible to diseases. Hence
regular health checks up and disinfected with KMnO4& NaCl solution was carried
out. (Fig. 71 to 74)
Fig. 71. Bath treatment
67
Fig. 72. Dropsy infected fish Fig.73. observation Fig. 74. Prepared egg
custard for treatment
6.10. BREEDING OF ORNAMENTAL FISHES
College of Fisheries, Kawardha has got a well-developed “LIVE FISH
LABORATORY”. It was established on 24thMarch 2015.The lab comprises of 24 glass
aquariums and 12 FRP tanks. The laboratory has stocks of commercially important
and indigenous ornamental fishes namely: gold fish, black molly, sword tail, platy,
oranda gold, manila carp, shubkin gold, fintail barb, glass fish, Danio rerio, Danio
rasbora, puntius ticto, channa sp., sarangi, Gambusia affinis etc.. The loboratory has
also got stocks of commercially important food fishes such as: Catla, Rohu, Mrigal,
Common carp, Grass carp, Tilapia, Climbing perch, Magur, Pangasius sps.
Fig. 75. Preparation for breeding of ornamental fishes
Out of these fishes we have breed some of them successfully:
Table 39. Ornamental fishes breed in live fish laboratory
Type Fishes
Live bearer:- Black molly, Red swordtail, Neon platy, Mango platy.
Egg layers:- Gold fish
68
6.10.1 BREEDING OF LIVE BEARERS
6.10.1A. BREEDING OF BLACK MOLLY
Molly is live bearer and is a ovo-viviparous. We have breed Black molly
(Poecilia sphenops). Before breeding we have fed molly with natural food (such as
infusoria and earth worm) and artificial food. For feeding we have mainly focused on
live food because of its easy digestion, nutrition and also it helps in imparting good
coloration to broods. For breeding of molly we have prepared hapa using nylon
mesh cloth. Before placing the brooders in hapa we have differentiated male and
female brood by observing their secondary sexual characters such as male have
gonopodium for fertilization and females have bulged abdomen. As the molly is
known to have cannibalistic nature that’s why we have we used small meshed hapa,
which we have fixed inside the aquarium tank. This hapa helped in escape of young
ones from parents and prevent them becoming prey.
We introduced male and female brood of molly at 2:1 in hapa and added
little amount of salt in tank When the young ones came out we taken out the hapa
along with brood fish and reduced the water level of breeding tank to half.. After
breeding we have counted the number of young ones and reared the young ones by
feeding with infusoria and plankton. (Fig. 76 & 77)
Fig. 76. Breeding set of molly Fig. 77. Young ones of molly
6.10.1B. BREEDING OF PLATY
Platy ( Xiphophorus maculatus) is a Ovo-Viviparous fish and is grouped under
live bearer. We have successfully breed Mango platy and Neon platy. Before
breeding of platy we have first fed them with highly nutritious feed such as natural
(Worms, zoo and phytoplankton) and artificial feed mainly focused on natural feed.
For breeding of platy we have used small meshed hapa similar to the one what we
used in black molly breeding and placed them in aquarium tank. We selected brood
69
based on observation of secondary sexual characters such as gonopodium in case of
male and bulged belly in case of female.
After selection of brood fishes we introduced the male and female brood in
2:1 in hapa and observed periodically for the release of young ones. When the young
ones comes out than, we have taken out the hapa along with the parents. Counted
the number of young ones and reduced the water level and reared the fry in the
same tank with live food. (Fig. 78 & &79)
Fig. 78. Breeding set of orange platy Fig. 79. Young ones of orange platy
6.10.1C. BREEDING OF SWORD TAIL
Sword tail is (Xiphophorus helleri) which is also a ovo-viviparous species which
gives birth to young ones directly. Before breeding we feed them with nutritious
feed. The male and female broods can be distinguished by observing the belly of
female which is protruding in case of female and round caudal fin while the male
have gonopodium and sword like lower lobe of caudal fin. We have breed sword tail
by placing them in small meshed hapa in breeding tank we placed male and female
in 2:1 and observed for their young ones. When the fry comes out we separated
parents and reduced the water level, counted the number of young ones and reared
them carefully. (Fig. 80 & 81)
Fig. 80. Breeding set of sword tail Fig.81. Young ones sword tail
70
6.10.2. BREEDING EGG LAYERS
6.10.2A. BREEDING OF SHUBUNKINS GOLD FISH
Shubunkin is a variety of gold fish having body shape similar to common gold
fish but rather slimmer. The fins are larger in shubunkin and lobes of fins are
rounded. The body is having full of black and orange color patches. We have only
one pair of shubunkin and before breeding we have checked the possibility of female
fish for its readiness to breeding program. The bulge belly portion of female fish
shows it readiness for breeding.
As the shubunkin is egg layers having adhesive type of eggs which attach on
the free floating substrate like hydrilla plant. For this purpose we collected hydrilla
from nearby pond i.e. Revabandh and treated it with KMno4. The brooder kept in
one aquarium tank with the hydrilla covering the upper surface of tank .After that
we have checked regularly for the eggs on the leaves of hydrilla. We observed eggs
on leaves after 2 days.
We separated the brooders from the tank because the female shubunkin fish
shows the larvaecidal behavior and left the egg in same tanks for 3 days for
incubation. After 3 days the hatched out young once are reared on the same tanks.
We started to give the phytoplanktons, infusoria and egg custard as starter feeds.
(Fig. 82 & 83)
Fig. 82. Breeding set of shubunkin Fig. 83. Young ones of shubunkin
6.10.2B. BREEDING OF GOLD FISH
Gold fishes are the most beautiful fish of the aquariums and are widely
accepted ornamental fishes. Males are identified by the presence of tubercles on the
pectoral fins and operculum region. The vent of male is protruded and female have
oval vent. The males have streamlined body whereas females are identified by their
broad bulge belly portion.
We put the brooders in 1:1 ratio in tanks along with the treated hydrilla for
the attachment of adhesive eggs. Gold fishes are highly larvaecidal fishes and they
eat their own eggs after spawning. So to prevent loss we have to remove the
71
brooders after spawning of gold fishes. As the eggs have to incubate for at least 3
days we left the eggs in same tanks after removal of brooders and after that the
young once are fed with infusorians, planktons and egg custard. During all these
operation the aeration of the tanks were taken care with a little high level of
aeration. (Fig. 84 & 85)
Fig. 84. Breeding set of gold fish Fig. 85. Young ones of gold fish
6.11. CULTURE OF LIVE FOOD ORGANISUM
Live food organisms serve as "Living Capsules of Nutrition". Providing
appropriate live food organisms at appropriate time play a major role in achieving
optimum growth and survival of the young ones of ornamental fishes. Selection of
suitable live food organisms depends on mouth size, age and size of larvae of finfish
and shellfish and ornamental fishes.
6.11.1 CULTURE OF INFUSORIA
Infusoria are most primitive of all organisms in the animal kingdom.
Besides being small in size, they are soft bodied and nutritionally rich. Owing to
these qualities, they serve ideal as starter feed for early stages of ornamental
fishes. Infusoria microorganisms inhabit ponds and tanks of freshwater, brackish
water and marine habitats having decaying weeds, organic matter and foul
smelling debris. Infusoria feed upon the microorganisms such as bacteria, algae,
and flagellates and also on debris. Cilia present on the body act as chief
locomotory and food catching organelles in most of the infusoria. Two types of
reproduction occur in infusoria i.e. asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction
occurs by binary fission and sexual reproduction by conjugation. The most
commonly cultured freshwater species are Paramaecium and Stylonychia.
There are several methods adopted for culture of infusoria such as by using
banana peelings, hay infusion, lettuce leaves, milk and apple snail. We cultured
infusoria by using banana peelings.
72
BY USING BANANA PEALING
First we cleaned the plastic container where infusoria culture will be
carried out. Fresh banana pealings were spread in the container and then filled
it with freshwater for about 15cm. After this, we covered the container with
muslin cloth. Cloth will prevent the entry of mosquito and flies and allow entry
of air. The container was kept in a cool place where natural light was available.
In a day or two, the water turned milky and also emited foul smell. This was due
to the multiplication of a large number of bacteria causing decay of banana
pealings. A film of slim was formed on the water surface. In about 4-5 days, the
water turned clear, becoming transparent with light yellowish colour. This was
because of the floating spores of infusoria in the air which have settled on the
water and are feeding upon the bacteria and multiply in large numbers.
Subsequently, the film of the slime on the water surface breaks up and
disintegrate. The culture was ready for feeding the early stages of ornamental
fishes. On observation under the microscope using Sedgwick rafter cell we found
136 nos. of infusoria per ml of sample on an average. We maintained continuous
supply of infusoria to ornamental fishes by culturing it alternatively in two tanks.
(Fig. 86 to 89)
Table 40. Quantitative analysis of infusoria
S.No. Date Day of culture Avg. quantity of infusoria in 1ml
1. 19/11/2015 2nd day 250 no.
2. 20/11/2015 3rd day 210 no.
3. 21/11/2015 4th day 240 no.
4. 22/11/2015 5th day 256 no.
Fig. 86. Inoculation of banana pealing Fig. 87. Cover the container with
cloth
73
Fig. 88. Microscopic observation Fig. 89. Observed infusoria
6.11.2 CULTURE OF EARTHWORMS
Earthworm has been found to be good source of protein. Earthworm
accelerates growth, improves sexual performance, stimulates the appetite and
makes feeds more attractive. They inhibit in organic manure where moisture is
present. The worms are reddish in color and they jerk in mud under moisture
condition.
CULTURE METHOD
Earthworms can be easily cultured in both cemented & earthen tanks. In Live
Fish Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Kawardha. We cultured earthworm in earthen
tank. First we constructed earthen tank by digging a rectangular pit of size
1.25×0.5×0.5m. The polythene sheet was spread across the inner surface of the tank.
Cow dung and paddy straw were mixed and put in the tank. Water was added to
create moisture condition. After this tank was inoculated with earthworm which
were collected from areas surrounding college and Revabandh pond. Moisture
condition of the tank was maintained by regular addition of water. The multiplication
of earthworm took place in this tank and we collected and fed them to ornamental
fishes. (Fig. 90 & 93)
Fig. 90. Preparation of pits Fig. 91. Bed of paddy straw & cow dung
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6.12. BREEDING OPERATION IN LIVE FISH LABORATORY
Table 41. Breeding operation in live fish laboratory
Ornamental Fish
Date Young ones
Black molly 18/09/2015 38
Sword tail 03/10/2015 35
Mango platy 5/10/15 & 8/10/15 14
Neon platy 5/10/15 24
Shubunkin gold fish 25/09/15 20
gold fish 22/09/15 18
Fig. 92. Sprinkling water Fig.93. Collected earthworm
76
FIELD VISIT UNDER EXPERIENCIAL LEARNING
7.1 FIELD VISIT IN M.M.HATCHERIES & FARM
Under the experience learning programme a visit to M.M. Hatcheries was
done on date 17-08-2015. It is 150km away from district head quarter
Kawardha near Mana Airport Raipur. The farm comprises of Pangasius
hatchery unit and Mono sex tilapia hatchery unit and farm. Here, Mr. Deepu
mandal (I/c M. M. Hatcheries and Farm) guided us. (Fig. 94 to 97)
Fig. 94. Pangasius hatchery Fig. 95. Tilapia hatchery Fig. 96 M.M. Hatcheries
Fig. 97 M.M. fish farm Bendri
7.2 FIELD VISIT IN BHARAT FEKAR FISH FARM, SAGUNIDIH RAIPUR
A field visit was also made to Bharat Fekar Fish Farm on date
21/09/15. This farm was 120km away from district head quarter Kawardha
and is located at Sagunidih, Raipur. The farm comprises grow out culture of
Pangasius, Mono sex Tilapia & Carps. (Fig. 98)
Fig.98. Bharat Fekar Fish Farm
78
TITLE:- SEED REARING OF CARP
8.1. INTRODUCTION
Fish is the cheapest and most easily digestible animal source of protein and
was obtained from natural sources from time immemorial for consumption by
human beings. However, due to over exploitation and pollution, the availability of
fish in natural waters have declined considerably forcing scientists to adopt various
methods to increase its production. In early sixties, most of the aquaculture
production systems were extensive of modified extensive systems. Rice bran, ground
nut cake (GNC) and cow dung was available at cheaper cost. The cost of GNC in 1983
was Rs. 3.80 and it is Rs. 40/kg in 2014. The cost of rice bran was Rs. 1.60 and it is Rs.
18-20/kg now. Whereas the cost of fish seed was 28 paisa or Rs. 280/1000 seeds and
even now it remained around the same price. Since supply and demand remained
constant, the cost of seed never went up. On the other hand, farmers and
entrepreneurs tend to go under great loss by investing in aqua cultural activities
without understanding the economics of seed production and fish farming in ideal
condition. Fish seed production includes egg to spawn production for 3 days, spawn
to fry nursing for 15-20 days, fry to fingerling rearing for 60-90 days and fingerling to
yearling rearing for 8-9 months. Thus the carp seed may be categorized at its final
size into spawn (6-8 mm size), fry (20-25 mm size), fingerlings (100-150 mm size) and
yearlings (1-2 Kg weight) (Radheshyam, 2010)
Construction of fish ponds vary with place to place depending on the soil type,
topography, capital and culture activity. There are different methods of construction
viz. step-up ponds, dug out ponds, plastic lining tanks, trench method etc. The cost
of construction is highly variable.
8.2. PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
1. The survey was carried out from Fish Farmers of the district are actively involved
in the fish culture practices and aqua-ecological, soil and climatic conditions and
others are homogeneous throughout the district.
2. A baseline survey was conducted to collect the information about carp culture
scenario in the study area. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools were
employed to identify and priorities the field problems.
3. Survey was conducted for 50 days for carp seed production.
4. During the survey, detailed information about fixed cost, variable cost,
production level and other parameters were collected.
5. Subsidy is available for various items like renovation/ repair of ponds,
construction of new ponds, first year inputs etc. under a centrally sponsored
subsidy scheme implemented by majority of the State Governments through
FFDA's for different categories of farmers and also from National Fisheries
Development Board (NFDB).
79
8.3. PROJECT FORMULATION
1. Ponds were prepared according to standard management practices. Stocking
was done at 500/m2 of fish spawn (Catla/Rohu/Mrigal) and reared for about
50 days.
2. We have collected the data of fixed cost and operational cost for the seed
rearing. The study revealed that, fixed cost is about for Rs. 1,40,000/ha and
operational cost is about Rs. 1,94,250/ha required for the 50 days seed
rearing period.
8.4. FISH SPECIES INVOLVED IN REARING
Depending on the compatibility and type of feeding habits of the fishes, the
following types of fishes of Indian as well as Exotic varieties have been identified and
recommended for culture in the seed production technology:
8.5. SPECIES FEEDING HABIT AND FEEDING ZONE
Table 42. Species feeding habit and feeding zone
Catla Zoo plankton feeder Surface feeder
Rohu Algae Column feeder
Mrigal Detritivorous Bottom feeder
8.6. TECHNICAL PARAMETER
8.6.1. SELECTION OF POND
The main criteria to be kept in mind while selecting the pond is that the soil
should be water retentive, adequate supply of water is assured and that the pond is
not in a flood prone area. Derelict, semi derelict or swampy ponds can be renovated
for fish seed rearing by dewatering, desilting, repair of the embankments and
provision of inlet and outlet. The pond may be owned by the individual or taken on
lease in which case the lease period should be more or coterminous with the
repayment period. The eligible items of pond development are as follows:
1. Desilting of existing ponds.
2. Deepening of shallow ponds.
3. Excavation of new ponds.
4. Impoundment of marginal area of bodies.
5. Construction / repairs of embankments.
6. Construction of inlets / outlets.
80
7. Any other item like civil structure, watchmen sheds, pump sets water supply
arrangements / electricity supply arrangements etc. depending on requirements
of the project based on its size etc.
8.6.2. POND MANAGEMENT
Pond Management plays a very important role in fish farming before and
after the stocking of fish seed. Various measures that are required to be undertaken
in pre and post stocking practices are tabulated below:
8.7. PRE-STOCKING MANAGEMENT
In case of new ponds, pre stocking operations starts with liming and filling of
the pond with water. However, the first step for existing pond requiring development
deals with clearing the pond of unwanted weeds and fishes either by manual,
mechanical or chemical means. Different methods are employed for this.
i) Removal of weeds by Manual/Mechanical or through Chemical means.
ii) Removal of unwanted and predatory fishes and other animals by repeated netting
or using mahua oil cake @ 2500 kg/ha meter or by sun drying the pond bed.
iii) Liming - The soils/ tanks which are acidic in nature are less productive than
alkaline ponds. Lime is used to bring the pH to the desired level. In addition lime also
has the following effects - a) Increases the pH.
b) Acts as buffer and avoids fluctuations of pH.
c) It increases the resistance of soil to parasites.
d) Its toxic effect kills the parasites; and
e) It hastens organic decomposition.
The normal doses of the lime desired ranges from 200 to 250 Kg/ha.
However, the actual dose has to be calculated based on pH of the soil and water as
follows:
Table 43. Doses of lime
S.No. Soil pH Lime (kg/ha)
1. 4.5-5.0 2,000
2. 5.1-6.5 1,000
3. 6.6-7.5 500
4. 7.6-8.5 200
5. 8.6-9.5 Nil
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iv). Fertilization/ Manuring
Fertilization of the pond is an important means for intensifying fish culture by
increasing the natural productivity of the pond. The fertilization schedule has to be
prepared after studying the quality of the pond soil. A combination of both Organic
and Inorganic fertilizers may be used for best results. The fertilizer programme has
to be suitably modified depending on the growth of the fish, available food reserve
in the pond, physico chemical conditions of the pond and climatic conditions.
Table 44. Application of organic and inorganic manure
a) Organic
b) Inorganic
Organic manure to be applied after a gap of 3 days from the date of
liming. Cow dung @ 5000 kg/ha or any other organic manure in
equivalent manurial value Inorganic fertilization to be undertaken
after 15 days of organic manuring. Requirement of nitrogenous and
phosphate fertilizers would vary as per the nature of the soil fertility
indicated below. However any one of the nitrogen and phosphate
fertilizers could be used as per given rate.
Inorganic Fertilizer Application (kg/ha/month)
Table 45. Inorganic fertilizer application (kg/ha/month)
Soil fertility status
Ammonium sulphate Urea
1. Nitrogen (mg/100 g soil)
i) High (51-75)
ii) Medium (26-50)
iii) Low (upto 25)
70
90
140
30
40
60
2. Phosphorus (mg/100 gm soil) Single super phosphate Triple super Phosphate
a. High (7-12)
b. Medium (4-6)
c. Low (upto 3)
40
50
70
15
20
30
8.8. STOCKING MANAGEMENT
The pond will be ready for stocking after 15 days of application of fertilizers.
Fish spawn of 3-5 mg size (approx) should be used for stocking @ 500000-1000000
nos. per hectare.
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8.9. SPECIES COMBINATION (RATIO)
Table 46. Species combination
S.No. Species No.
1. Catla 4.0
2. Rohu 3.0
3. Mrigal 3.0
8.10. POST STOCKING
8.10.1. Supplementary feeding
Fishes need much more food than what is available naturally in the pond.
Fishes can be fed with a mixture of rice bran and oilcakes in the ratio 1:1. Due to the
high cost of Ground nut Oil Cake (GOC) we have tried using alternate sources like
Cotton seed oil cake which is comparatively cheaper than GOC. GOC and cotton seed
oil cake can be mixed in equal proportions and fed to the fish and is reported to give
almost the same growth rate as that of GOC. The feed should be placed on a feeding
tray or in feeding bags and lowered to the pond bottom or it can be dispersed at the
corners of the pond. After some time the fishes will get used to this type of feeding
and aggregate at the same place at particular time for regular feeding thereby
reducing the feed losses. The feeding is supplementary in nature.
8.10.2. Manuring
i) Organic manuring may be done in alternate days. Manuring rate depends
on pond productivity.
ii) Inorganic fertilization may be done at weekly intervals alternating with
organic manuring. However, the weekly rate of fertilization will depend on pond
productivity and the growth of the fishes. It should be ensured that excess
fertilization does not take place which may result in eutrophication.
8.10.3. Harvesting
Harvesting is generally done at the end of 50 – 60 days, when the fishes
attain fingerling size. Harvesting is done by with the help of repeated netting. Some
farmers resort to partial harvesting also depending on the season and demand for
fish.
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8.11. ECONOMICS OF FISH SEED REARING FOR 50 DAY
Table 47. Economics of fish seed rearing for 50 day
S.No. Particulars Qty. required
for 1 ha Unit cost
(Rs.) Total cost (Rs.)
A. Fixed cost
1. Pond construction 10000m2 12/m2 80,000 -1,20,000
2. Pipelines & sluice gates - 2/m2 20,000.00
3. Total 1,40,000.00
B. Operation cost
1. De-weeding, bund compaction
25 man days 200/ person 5,000.00
2. Lime 200kg/ ha 5/kg 1,000.00
3. Fish spawn Stocking @500/m2=50
Lakhs
800/ lakh 40,000.00
4. Feed(Rice bran & GOC in 1:1 ratio)
1875kg GOC & 1500kg Rice
bran
42/kg GOC & 20/kg RB
1,08,750.00
5. Labour for feeding and other maintenance
50 man days 150/ person 7500.00
6. Raw cow dung 4t/ha in 4 split doses
1/kg 4,000.00
7. Harvesting expanses 12 man days 250/ person 3,000.00
8. Transportation of inputs 15,000.00
9. Watch and ward, Miscellaneous
10,000.00
10. Total 1,94,250.00
C. Total cost - - 3,34,250.00
D. Production
Production/ha ( In 50 days)
Production Unit cost(Rs.) Gross revenue(Rs.)
1. Catla @ 30% survival 6,00,000 0.40 2,40,000.00
2. Rohu @ 40% survival 6,00,000 0.40 2,40,000.00
3. Mrigal @ 40 % survival 6,00,000 0.35 2,10,000.00
4. Total 18,00,000 6,90,000.00
E. Profit
Profit Gross profit expenditure Net profit
Fingerling for sale 6,90,000.00 3,34,250.00 3,55,750.00
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8.12. MARGIN
The margin money may be considered @ 5, 10 & 15% for small, medium and
large farmer respectively and 25% for companies and partnership firms.
8.13. SUBSIDY
Subsidy is available for various items like renovation/ repair of ponds,
construction of new ponds, first year inputs etc. under a centrally sponsored subsidy
scheme implemented by majority of the State Governments through FFDA's for
different categories of farmers and also from National Fisheries Development Board
(NFDB).
8.14. DISCUSSION
The Indian economy, inflation rate has been increased gradually and cost of
ingredients and fertilizer are also increased. This intern affected the cost of
production or profit in fish culture practices Therefore; we have conducted the
survey of economics of seed rearing of carps with reference to basic input. This was
done for economic efficiency with combination of technical and allocative
efficiencies. Considering its significance constant efforts has been made to produce
large quantity of carp seed every year in increasing trends.
8.15. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of carp seed rearing, it can be concluded that though the
fish seed rearing and farming is profitable, the margins are very narrow. Since the
input costs and labor costs are increasing significantly, one must know the
availability resources, capital and the projected profit before starting of the fish
farming activity. The gap between demand and supply of quantity seed, by and large,
remain a daunting task in rural aquaculture development. This can be mitigated, if
village farmers produce quality carp seed in their pond to not only make the access
of locally produced and nursed quality seed to fish farmers but also stimulate and
support neighboring farmers to adopt fish culture within their situation.
85
ANNEXURE 1
WATER QUALITY PARAMETER ANALYSIS BY USING
MULTIPARAMETER ANALYSER
1. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
Impinging solar radiation and the atmospheric temperature brings about
interesting spatial and temporal thermal changes in natural water which
manifest in setting up to convection currents and thermal stratificant. Discharge
off heated effluents also brings about thermal change in natural waters (thermal
pollution). Temperature is an important factor as it effects on chemical and
biological reaction in water. A rise in temperature in water accelerates chemical
reaction activates metabolic activity of organisms.
Procedure:
1. Connect the temperature probe at input socket for temperature.
2. Keep the function switch TEMP. Passion.
3. Display will indicate the temperature of solution in ̊C in which temperature
probe is dipped.
2. ESTIMATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.)
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is probably the most widely analyzed chemical
parameter in fish pond water quality assessment. Apart from its direct effect on
respiration of different biotic organisms, it controls directly or indirectly many other
immunological properties of pond and thus governs the productivity of the
ecosystem to a great extent.
Precautions of KCL solution
➢ 7.5% KCL solution acts as good electrolyte in do probe; presence of any
other salt in electrolyte solution may dames the electrode.
➢ The electrolyte tube should not content any air bubbles. If it is present, it
will cause fluctuations in the readings.
Procedure:
1. Put the function switch to DO mode and adjust the display to 00.0 with zero
knob. Insert the DO probe in DO socket; please keep color code in
consideration.
2. Set zero knobs to the extreme left position and CAL knob to extreme right
position.
86
3. Place the DO probe in prepared 2% sodium sulphite solution, keeping the
temperature knob to actual temperature of the solution. Allow the display
to attain equilibrium, if the display dos not read 00.0 adjust zero knob to b
ring the display to read 00.0 calibrate knob should be at the extreme right
positions.
4. Now calibrate the instrument with known value of DO solution.
A. Take to 50 ml flask and fill 2/3 of it with distilled water.
B. Stopper the flask and shake it for 30 second remove the stopper and
swish the water back and repeat the procedure 4 times.
C. Measure the temperature of the water and set the temperature knob
at that temperature.
D. Hold DO probe in the flask and the agitate the water. Note the DO
reading given in the table -1st below for given temperature. If
necessary, adjust the display reading with CAL knob to that reading.
5. Now the instrument is ready to take measurement off DO vale of any other
solution.
3. pH MEASURMENTS
pH of natural water varies around 7, generally over 7 pH (alkaline) due to
presence of sufficient quantities of carbohydrates. It increases during the day time
manually due to photosynthetic activity (consumption of carbon-di-oxide) and
decreases at night due to respiratory activity. Factor like exposure to air,
temperature and disposal of industrial water etc. Also bring about the change in pH.
PREPARATION OF PH BUFFER SOLUTION
7pH buffer:
Dissolve one buffer tablet of 7 pH in 100 ml distilled water. The pH of this
solution is 7 pH (preferably glaxo make).
4pH buffer:
Dissolve one buffer tablet of 4 pH in 100 ml distilled water. The ph of this
solution is 4 pH. (preferably glaxo make).
87
Measurement Procedure
1. Put the function switch to pH mode.
2. Rinse the electrode with distilled water and dry it with tissue paper.
3. Connect the electrode BNC plug at the input socket.
4. Put the combination pH electrode in 7.00 pH buffer solution.
5. Set the temperature compensation knob to the temperature of the buffer
solution.
6. Read the display value adjust it with CAL control to7.00pH.
7. Take out the electrode from 7.00pH buffer, rinse it with distilled water and
dry it with tissue paper.
8. Put the electrode I n 4.00 pH buffer solution.
9. Set the display vale to 4.00pH by adjusting the SLOPE control.
10. Take out the electrode from 4.00pH buffer, rinse it with distilled water and
dry it.
11. Repeat step 4 to 10 once more. You are simply to wash electrode with
distilled water and rinse with tissue paper. Take reading at display after
immersing the electrode in any unknown solution under test.
The instrument is now ready to measure pH of any unknown solution.
4. CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT
Some amount of salt always present in water and soil. Salt up to
certain limit is essential for soil fertility. On the other hand excess of salts in soil
hinder the growth, it is termed as slime soil, the main source of soluble salt
present in all soil is the primary minerals’, but slime soil usually accumulate the
excess salts by drainage and slipcase from other areas.
Measurement procedure
1. Clean the cond/TDS cell with distilled water, dry it and connect at COND/TDS
input.
2. Put the function switch at COND. position
3. Dip the Cond. Cell in solution under test and determine its value mS/cm
(mMhos/cm).
88
ANNEXURE 2
WATER QUALITY PARAMETER ANALYSIS BY USING
TITRATION METHOD
1. FREE CARBON DIOXIDE
PROCEDURE:
➢ Take 100 ml water sample
➢ Add 3-4 drop phenolphthalein indicator in sample
➢ If pink color appear then PH of water is above 8.3 and free co2 absent
➢ If solution remain colorless then titrate it with N/44NaOH
2. TOTAL ALKALINITY
Alkalinity or acid combining capacity of natural fresh water pond is generally
caused by carbonate and bicarbonate or hydroxide of Calcium, Magnesium,
Sodium, Potassium and Iron, Calcium being form the major constituent.
Procedure:
1. Take 100ml water sample.
2. Add 3-4 drop phenolphthalein indicator.
3. If pink color appears then carbonate present.
4. Then titrate it with H2SO4, till pink color disappear.
5. If pink color not appears then add methyl orange indicator.
6. Yellow orange color appears, bicarbonate is present.
7. Then titrate it with H2 SO4, till orange red color appear.
FREE CO2 mg/l = (ml x N) of NaOH X 1000 x 44/ML sample
Total alkalinity mg/I = (B x N) of HCL x 1000 x 50 ml/sample
Where; B = blank reading, N = reading with sample
89
3. TOTAL HARDNESS
Hardness is defined as the total of Calcium and Magnesium salts present in the
water medium, which is expressed as its CaCO3 equivalent.
Procedure:
1. Take 100 ml water sample
2. Add 1 ml of buffer solution
3. Add 1 gm of ERICHROME BLACK T indicator
4. Then wine red color appear
5. Then titrate it with EDTA solution
6. At the end point blue color appear
3.1. MAGNESIUM
1. Magnesium is determined as the difference between the Ca + Mg titration & the
titration alone for Ca.
2. Perform the
Titration for Ca as given previously & find out the volume of EDTA used.
3. Also find out the volume of EDTA used for Ca + Mg titration following the method
given for hardness using the same volume of sample as used in Ca determination
alone
Mg level = X – Y x 400.8/ml of sample x 1.645
Where; X=EDTA used for Ca determination Y=EDTA used for hardness (Ca+Mg)
3.2. CALCIUM
1. Take 50 ml water sample
2. Add 2ml NaOH solution and 1gm murexide.
Hardness mg/l = ml EDTA used x 1000/ml sample
90
3. Pink color appear
4. Titrate it with EDTA solution
5. Pink color will change to dark purple color
Ca level =(x)ml EDTA used x 400.8/ml sample
91
ANNEXURE 3
1. ORGANIC CARBON OF SOIL
Procedure:
1. Take 1g soil sample & moist it with few drop of distill water.
2. Keep for 10 mint.
3. Add 10ml of 1N K2 Cr2 O7 & then 200ml conc.H2 So4
4. Mix content & keep in dark place for 30 mint.
5. Add 100ml distill water & 10ml of H3 Po4..
6. Add 1ml of Diphenylamine indicator then it turns into deep blue color
7. Then titrate the solution with standard Fe(NH4 )2 (So4)2..
8. At end point blue color changes to bright green color.
2. SOIL TEXTURES:
1. Take 25g of dry soil sample ( ¼ part of soil)
2. Make up with 100 ml distil water in measuring cylinder
3. Shake it properly for proper mixing.
4. Left it for 24 hr
5. Observation
6. Relative percentage of Sand, Silt and Clay is calculated.
ORGANIC CARBON (%) = ( B-A) × 0.3
Where,
B = titration value ( ml) Fe(NH4 )2 (So4 )2 in blank set A = Titration value ( ml ) Fe(NH4 )2 (So4 )2 with soil
92
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