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Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
Grammar Launch
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
Questions… Ask lots of them!!
They show courageThey show interestExamples: “What did you mean when you said the word
_________?”
“One thing I still don’t understand is___?”
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is “Grammar”?
Grammar = a way of thinking about language
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
4 Levels of Analysis
We will analyze sentences on four levels.
What are the four levels?They are:
1. Parts of Speech2. Parts of Sentence
3. Phrases4. Clauses
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
Level 1: Parts of Speech
What are the 8 parts of speech?NounVerb
AdjectiveAdverbPronoun
PrepositionConjunctionInterjection
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a noun?
NounDefinition: a noun is the name of a
person, place or thing. (this includes ideas)
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
Nouns (continued)
Proper nouns Vs. Common Nouns
(Mozart, Kennedy) (desk, epidermis)
Concrete Nouns Vs. Abstract Nouns
(Rock, cards) (freedom, attitude)
Singular nouns Vs. Plural nouns
(boat, flock, kindness)
(boats, flocks, kindnesses)
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is an Adjective?
ADJECTIVE:A word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
Modify? To modify is to change. Think of a frozen summit. Now think of a political summit. The idea of summit is changed.
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
3 Degrees of Adjectives
Positive Comparative Superlative
good better best
hot hotter hottest
cold colder coldest
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
Proper Adjectives Proper adjective are made out of proper nouns. England makes English. Rome makes Roman. Spain
makes Spanish.
Articles The articles are three adjectives: a, an, and the. Definite Article: the Indefinite Articles: a and an
Possessive Pronouns We will mark these as adjectives: His, her, my, our, etc.
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is an Adverb?
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Sanders swam slowly.
Joe is too tall.
We read well.
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a Preposition? A Preposition is a word that shows the
relationship between its object and another word in the sentence.
Relationships of:Time Direction SpaceBefore, during, after To, from, toward In, on, beside, around, over, under
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a verb?
The verb tells what the noun does: I saw him.
He ran away.
I will find him.
Or what the noun is: I am Mr. McCarthy.
You are my students.
This is our class.
A verb is a word that shows action or links a subject to a subject complement.
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
Action Verbs and Linking Verbs
Action Verbs (let’s mark them “AV”)Verbs that show action
Linking Verbs (let’s mark them “LV”)Verbs that link subject to subject complements and/or create
equations
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a Pronoun?
Pronoun = A word that takes the place of a noun.Pronouns refer. They refer to other nouns. They make language fasterExample: Hamlet went to New York so that Hamlet could see
the Opera.Becomes:
Hamlet went to New York so that he could see the Opera.
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a conjunction?Conjunction: a word that joins two
words or two groups of words
Coordinating Conjunctions: join words of similar importance
They are: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS)
Subordinating Conjunctions: join something of lesser importance to something of greater importance
Some of them are: if, as, since, when, because (there are more)
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is an interjection?
Interjection: a word that shows emotion but has no grammatical function
Examples: oh, ugh, oof, wow, yes, no, oops
Wow, this car is really nice.
Oops, I put my muddy boots on your couch.
That’s all for Parts of Speech!
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
Recap: Quiz QuestionsWhat is a noun?What is adjective?What is an adverb?What is a preposition?What is a pronoun?What is a verb?What is a conjunction?What is an interjection?
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a sentence?
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a subject?
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a predicate?
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a direct object?
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
Practice
He hugged his shuddering body in both his arms.Part of speech
Parts of sentence
Pro AV adj adj n prep adj adj n
Subj pred DO OP
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is an indirect object?
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a subject complement?
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is an object of preposition?
Definition: The noun or object pronoun that the preposition points to
The answer to the question: “Under what?” “Behind what?” “With
what?” etc.
Examples: before dinner, under the table, with my friends, over the rainbow, through the years, for Sally, around the corner
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
How do I know I am finished with the Parts of
Sentence section?Follow the recipe. When you’ve
followed all the steps, you’re done.
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
3-Step Recipe1. Find the predicate(s) and label it(them). 2. Find the subject(s) and label it(them).3. Decide whether the verb(s) are action or
linking, then make one of the following choices:
IF “AV”: IF “LV”:
Look for objects and label them.
First find DO(s).If there is a DO, look for an IO
Find the subject complement and label it.
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a phrase
Phrase
A group of words without a subject/predicate set that acts like a single part of speech
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a prepositional phrase?
Prepositional Phrase
A phrase that begins with a preposition and concludes with an object of the preposition
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is an appositive phrase?
Appositive PhraseAn interrupting definition
“WE INTERRUPT THIS SENTENCE TO BRING YOU A DEFINITION.”
Examples:Botticelli, the renaissance painter, painted angels. Mr. Van Natten, one of the school’s vice principals, is a cool
person.I just heard my favorite song, “The Humpty Dance”.
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a gerund phrase?A phrase formed with a gerund (a noun
made from an -ing verb)Examples: Thinking deeply is fun.
I quit smoking cigarettes.
Constantly playing Halo 3 rots Mr. Plotts’ brain.
Cycling is a brutal sport.
NOTE: When gerunds appear by themselves, we will still label them in the phrase level
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is a participial phrase?
A phrase formed with a participle (an adjective made out of a verb) and its object
A participle is an -ing, -ed or –en verb made into an adjective.
Examples: The river was so swollen. The chopped wood is best for fire.
NOTE: When participles appear by themselves, we will still label them in the phrase level
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
What is an infinitive phrase?
A phrase formed with an infinitive (a noun or modifier made from the to- form of the verb)
They can be adjectives:The book to read is Hamlet.
Or the can be nouns. Here it is a direct object:Hamlet loves to read.NOTE: When infinitives appear by themselves,
we will still label them in the phrase level
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses
Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses