Download - Gorbachev’s Six Years : 1985-1991
Perestroika, glasnost, democratization
“…when four great transformations - even … revolutions - were begun under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev: attempts to transform the authoritarian political system into some kind of democracy, the state command economy into a market-based one, the Moscow dominated “union” into an authentic federation, and the country’s forty-year Cold War with the West into a ‘strategic partnership’.” (Stephen F. Cohen)
Eduard Shevardnadze becomes Foreign Minister, proclaims the “Sinatra doctrine”
1985 December Gorbachev brings Eltsin to Moscow to head the party apparatus for the city
1987 Eltsin criticizes Gorbachev openly in Committee, divested of power
"Struggle against alcoholism” May 1985-1990
Clumsy program of destroying vineyards, increasing cost of vodka, closing beer halls
Government propaganda created resentment
Loss of 10 billion Rubles of state income
Huge growth in production of samogon
February – March First mention of perestroika at Party Congress
April: Chernobyl disaster
December: Sakharov brought back from exile in Gorky
February 1986 27th Party Congress Objective: “acceleration” of the economy, overcome
stagnation Restructuring of the economy, injecting reality into targets
and prices, allowing enterprises to make their own decisions, keep the profits from new enterprises and production
Central planning and control remained: half-way solution
January at Plenum of Politburo economic and political reforms announced
Rehabilitation of victims of Stalin announced
Eltsin attacks Gorbachev, resigns from Politburo
The year of glasnost
March: Nina Andreyeva’s letter in Sovetskaya Rossiya
May: Law on cooperatives, allowing private business
June: Gorbachev proposes a new Congress of People’s deputies
December Armenian Earthquake, 45,000 killed.
Inspired by the NEP (Lenin’s New Economic Policy) of the 1920s
May 1988 Law on cooperatives - essentially private businesses - approved
Private banks began to be allowed
Russian businesses permitted to deal with foreign partners directly
No rules to govern private economy: laws, contract enforcement
Criminals quickly learned to exploit system: take-overs of businesses, protection rackets
Prices not decontrolled; budget had huge deficit, money printed to cover deficit led to huge increase in real price inflation
Profits syphoned into offshores Shortages continued: perestroika discredited
Theory: Open discussion of problems as a means to achieve real efficiencies
By 1988 censorship lifted from literature, film, the arts. Now Soviet citizens can read anything…
Led to questions about “blind spots” of history: Katyn execution of Polish officers, the hidden protocols of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of 1939, the Gulags and Stalin’s show trials, esp. Nikolai Bukharin
Approved by 19th Party Conference in July 1988
Objective: Transfer of control of state from Party to semi-elected Congress of People’s Deputies and Supreme Soviet elected by it
750 members from districts, 750 from territories, 750 from “public organizations” including 100 from Communist Party: First meeting 1989.
15 March 1990 Congress elected President of the USSR.
January – February withdrawal from Afghanistan March-April Elections to Congress June Tianan Men Square incident in China: dissidence suppressed 9 November Berlin Wall comes down November – December Communists ousted throughout Soviet bloc: GDR, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania. December 14: Sakharov dies
Open discussion of Molotov-Ribbentrop pact
As central power was loosened, republics begin to demand their languages be given prime status over Russian: Ukrainian, Georgian, etc.
Baltic Republics Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and also Moldova (formerly Bessarabia) demand and start to declare their independence
Germany is being reunited Other Soviet bloc members “do it their wa
y ” Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Prize for
Peace Gorbachev chosen president of the
Supreme Soviet of the USSR BUT crisis looms in Soviet leadership:
Yakovlev, Shevardnadze forced out in December. Is another Tiananmen looming?
September 9 Alexander Men murdered
September: Battle over 500 Days reform program for economy
Ended Cold War
Brought the USSR out of Afghanistan
Moved USSR towards elected democracy and free economy
Nearly succeeded in saving a reformed USSR
Was he a “dissident” or a “Menshevik”?
Many reforms resembled those proposed by Sakharov
Remained wedded to Communist Party
Economic difficulties created by gradual reforms made him deeply unpopular.