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GEOLOGICAL MARVELS: The Colorado Plateau and the Grand Canyon
SC 204 January 16, 2013
Gil Brenner
John Bush
Gary Oberts
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THE HUALAPAI OVERLOOK
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GLOBAL CHANGES OF SEA LEVEL
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FORMATION OF THE THE GRAND CANYON
A YOUNG CANYON
OR
AN ANCIENT ONE ?
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CLARENCE E DUTTON JOHN WESLEY POWELL
THE PHYSICAL GEOLOGY OF THE GRAND CANYON DISTRICT 1882
THE EXPLORATION OF THE COLORADO RIVER AND ITS CANYONS 1875
Antecedent Rivers “The Great Denudation”
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SAN JUAN RIVER GOOSENECKS NEAR BLUFF UTAH
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GRAND CANYON: LATER HYPOTHESES
• At least 8 major theories with minor variations
• New techniques, new evidence and new concepts were responsible
• The newer hypotheses had to incorporate validated evidence of the prior theories
James Lawrence Powell, Grand Canyon: Solving
Earth’s Grandest Puzzle Pi Press 2005
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THE YOUNG CANYON HYPOTHESIS
• Grand Canyon was cut in the last 6 million years
• It was cut by the Colorado River
• This is the consensus position
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THE 2010 CONSENSUS
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VIDEO
“HOW THE EARTH WAS MADE—GRAND CANYON”
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A YOUNG CANYON-- SUMMARY
• Calcium content of garnets
• Presence of marine fossils
• Alignment of pebbles in Hindu Canyon
• Muddy Creek formation
• Lake Bidahochi- fossils and green rocks
• Rapid down-cutting at Lee’s Ferry
• Rapids focus energy of the river
• Canyon widening processes
• Volcanoes yield lava flows into the Canyon
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AN ANCIENT CANYON
• Western Grand Canyon was cut close to its present depth by 60-70 Ma
• The Colorado River did not create Grand Canyon
Brian Wernecke The California River and its role in carving Grand Canyon Geological Society of America Bulletin 123 1288-1316, 2011
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SUPPORTERS OF THE ANCIENT CANYON THEORY
• Rebecca Flowers—U Colorado
• Kenneth A Farley– CalTech
R. M. Flowers and K. A. Farley Apatite 4He/3He
and (U-Th)/He Evidence for an Ancient
Grand Canyon Science, 338 1616 2012
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ADVOCATES OF THE YOUNG CANYON HYPOTHESIS
• Karl E Karlstrom University of New Mexico
• Richard A Young State University of New York Geneseo
• Joel Pederson Utah State University
• Many other geologists
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W.R. Dickinson & G.E. Gehrels American Journal of Science 2008
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Location of the Kaibab Uplift in the west-central
Colorado Plateau, near the margin of the Sevier thrust
belt.
Tindall S et al. Lithosphere 2 221-231 2010
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SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO PLATEAU
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LATE CRETACEOUS—75 Ma
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CRETACEOUS AMERICAN SOUTHWEST 80 MA
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UNROOFING, INCISION, AND UPLIFT HISTORY OF THE SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO PLATEAU FROM APATITE (U-Th)/He THERMOCHRONOMETRY RM Flowers, BP Wernecke, and KA Farley Geological Society of America
Bulletin 120 571 (2008)
• Thermochronometry
– Based on decay of uranium and thorium to helium
– Retention of helium depends on the thermal history of the mineral (apatite) which traps it
– Helium ages record time since cooling
• Results and interpretation
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Wayne Ranney Arizona Geology Magazine Fall/Winter 2012
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Wayne Ranney Arizona Geology magazine Fall/Winter 2012
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WHAT THEY CONCLUDED
Wayne Ranney Arizona Geology Magazine Fall/Winter 2012
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LOCATION OF CROSSSECTION FLOWERS ET AL 2008
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Reconstructed cross sections through the study area at (A) 80 Ma, (B) 50–35 Ma, (C) 28 Ma,
(D) 16 Ma, and (E) present day.
Based on Apatite (U-Th)He Thermochronometry
Flowers R et al. Geological Society of America Bulletin 120
571 2008
©2008 by Geological Society of America
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Reconstructed sedimentary thicknesses at the selected times depicted in the cross sections
in Figure 9, relative to the horizontal Kaibab limestone datum.
Flowers R et al. Geological Society of America Bulletin
2008;120:571-587
©2008 by Geological Society of America
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ARGUMENT FOR AN ANCIENT CANYON-A SYNTHESIS
The California River and its role in Carving Grand Canyon B. Werneke Geological Society Of America Bulletin 123 1288 2011
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TECTONIC BACKGROUND
• 180-140 Ma Nevadan Orogeny—Sierran Arc forms
• 140- 40 Ma Sevier and Laramide (80-40 Ma) Orogenies
________________________________________
• 50-30 Ma Foundering of the Nevadaplano—beginning of the Basin and Range
• 16-6 Ma Foundering of the Mogollon Highlands, disruption of drainage
• 5-6 Ma Opening of Gulf of California, activation of the southern San Andreas Fault
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CRETACEOUS AMERICAN SOUTHWEST 80 MA
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EVOLUTION OF THE GRAND CANYON-1 BRIAN WERNICKE 2011
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TECTONIC BACKGROUND
• 180-140 Ma Nevadan Orogeny—Sierran Arc forms
• 140- 40 Ma Sevier and Laramide (80-40 Ma) Orogenies
• 50-30 Ma Foundering of the Nevadaplano—beginning of the Basin and Range
_________________________________________
• 16-6 Ma Foundering of the Mogollon Highlands, disruption of drainage
• 5-6 Ma Opening of Gulf of California, activation of the southern San Andreas Fault
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EOCENE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST 55MA
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SEDIMENTS FROM THE “ARIZONA” RIVER J.L. Howard Geology 24 783-786 1996
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BOLIVIAN ALTIPLANO
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TECTONIC BACKGROUND
• 180-140 Ma Nevadan Orogeny—Sierran Arc forms
• 140- 40 Ma Sevier and Laramide (80-40 Ma)
orogenies
• 50-30 Ma Foundering of the Nevadaplano—beginning of the Basin and Range
• 16-6 Ma Foundering of the Mogollon Highlands, disruption of drainage
___________________________________________
• 5-6 Ma Opening of Gulf of California, activation of the southern San Andreas Fault
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EVOLUTION OF THE GRAND CANYON-2 BRIAN WERNICKE 2011
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TECTONIC BACKGROUND
• 180-140 Ma Nevadan Orogeny—Sierran Arc forms
• 140- 40 Ma Sevier and Laramide (80-40 Ma)
orogenies
• 50-30 Ma Foundering of the Nevadaplano—beginning of the Basin and Range
• 16-6 Ma Foundering of the Mogollon Highlands, disruption of drainage
• 5-6 Ma Opening of Gulf of California, activation of the southern San Andreas Fault
__________________________________________
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EVOLUTION OF THE GRAND CANYON-3 BRIAN WERNICKE 2011
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UPLIFT OF THE COLORADO PLATEAU MODEL 1:YOUNG GRAND CANYON
MODEL 2: ANCIENT GRAND CANYON
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THE NEW EVIDENCE
• Employed 4He/3He thermochronometry to establish cooling history
• Eastern Grand Canyon
– Verified cooling/incision history
– Two step incision: pre 60 Ma & post 20 Ma
• Western Grand Canyon
– Reached 70-80% of its present depth by 70 Ma
– Data inconsistent with post 6 Ma incision
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LOCATIONS OF SAMPLES
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THE NEW EVIDENCE EASTERN GRAND CANYON WESTERN GRAND CANYON
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THE LAST WORD (?)
“This history supports a model …[that]…has profound implications for the evolution of
topography, landscape, hydrology, and tectonism in the North American Cordillera”
R. M. Flowers and K. A. Farley Apatite 4He/3He and (U-Th)/He Evidence
for an Ancient Grand Canyon Science, 338 1616 2012
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BUT THE BATTLE ISN’T OVER • Karl Karlstrom
– “The new data are interesting but they don’t change the big picture.”
– “It is simply ludicrous”
• Richard Young
– “Their calculation is really measuring the fact that the surface is being eroded backward”
– “Why do you have to say it’s the Grand Canyon?”
• Joel Pederson: “It is 6 million years old”
• Brian Wernicke: “Science is a succession of funerals for ideas that have been proven wrong.”
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Mantle-driven dynamic uplift of the Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau and its surface
response: Toward a unified hypothesis
• Karl E Karlstrom
• Twenty three co-authors
• CREST Working Group
Lithosphere 4 3-22 2012
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