GENETICS: Mendel
Background: Students know that Meiosis produces 4 haploid sex cells that are not identical, allowing for genetic variation. Essential Question: What are two characteristics about Mendel's peas that made them perfect for genetic studies? What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous? What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? (CIRLCE the answers in the notes)Vocabulary: Highlight or underline important terms
I. GREGOR MENDEL- father of heredityA. MENDELS PEAS
1. self fertilizing ( true breeding )
2. short generation time
3. crossed in controlled way
1 Removed stamensfrom purple flower
White
Stamens
Carpel
PurplePARENTS(P)
OFF-SPRING
(F1)
2 Transferred pollen from stamens of white flower to carpel of purple flower
3 Pollinated carpel matured into pod
4 Planted seeds from pod
4. definite traits
FLOWER COLOR
FLOWER POSITION
SEED COLOR
SEED SHAPE
POD SHAPE
POD COLOR
STEM LENGTH
Purple White
Axial Terminal
Yellow Green
Round Wrinkled
Inflated Constricted
Green Yellow
Tall Dwarf
B. MENDELS THEORY1. All individuals have two copies of a gene.
a. gene- a segment of DNA on a chromosome
b. codes for a particular trait.
ex. flower color or hair color
2. Alleles are different versions of genesa. purple flowers vs white flowers b. color is the trait
Homologous chromosomes
Allele for pink flowers
Allele for purple flower
3. Two types of allelesa. Dominant
1. Stronger2. when present it masks
the weaker allele
b. Recessive1. Weaker2. the allele that is masked or covered up
II. MONOHYBRID CROSSES
- involves only one pair of different traits
Color of coat is
one trait Color of flower
Is one trait
A. TERMS1. P generation:
a. parental generationb. first two individuals
that mate in a cross.
2. F1 generation:a. the p generation’s
offspring b. “p gen babies”
3. F2 generation:a. the F1 generation’s
offspringb. “F1 babies”
B. OTHER TERMS1. Symbols:a. use the same letter to represent different
versions of a trait
b. use a capital letterto represent the dominant allele
ex. Trait = tongue rollingT= tongue roller
c. use a lower case letter
to represent the
recessive allele
t = non-tongue roller
2.Homozygous ( pure bred)a. same alleles
( one from each parent)
b. ex. TT or tt
vs
3. Heterozygous ( hybrid )a. two different alleles
(one from each parent )
b. ex. Tt
4. Genotypea. genetic make-up
b. ex. TT , Tt or tt
5. Phenotypea. physical characteristics
b. ex. tongue roller or
non- tongue roller
GENETICS: Mendel
Background: Students know that Meiosis produces 4 haploid sex cells that are not identical, allowing for genetic variation. Essential Question: What are two characteristics about Mendel's peas that made them perfect for genetic studies? What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous? What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? (CIRLCE the answers in the notes)Vocabulary: Highlight or underline important terms
I. GREGOR MENDEL- father of heredityA. MENDELS PEAS
1. self fertilizing ( true breeding )
2. short generation time
3. crossed in controlled way
1 Removed stamensfrom purple flower
White
Stamens
Carpel
PurplePARENTS(P)
OFF-SPRING
(F1)
2 Transferred pollen from stamens of white flower to carpel of purple flower
3 Pollinated carpel matured into pod
4 Planted seeds from pod
4. definite traits
FLOWER COLOR
FLOWER POSITION
SEED COLOR
SEED SHAPE
POD SHAPE
POD COLOR
STEM LENGTH
Purple White
Axial Terminal
Yellow Green
Round Wrinkled
Inflated Constricted
Green Yellow
Tall Dwarf
B. MENDELS THEORY1. All individuals have two copies of a gene.
a. gene- a segment of DNA on a chromosome
b. codes for a particular trait.
ex. flower color or hair color
2. Alleles are different versions of genesa. purple flowers vs white flowers b. color is the trait
Homologous chromosomes
Allele for pink flowers
Allele for purple flower
3. Two types of allelesa. Dominant
1. Stronger2. when present it masks
the weaker allele
b. Recessive1. Weaker2. the allele that is masked or covered up
II. MONOHYBRID CROSSES
- involves only one pair of different traits
Color of coat is
one trait Color of flower
Is one trait
A. TERMS1. P generation:
a. parental generationb. first two individuals
that mate in a cross.
2. F1 generation:a. the p generation’s
offspring b. “p gen babies”
3. F2 generation:a. the F1 generation’s
offspringb. “F1 babies”
B. OTHER TERMS1. Symbols:a. use the same letter to represent different
versions of a trait
b. use a capital letterto represent the dominant allele
ex. Trait = tongue rollingT= tongue roller
c. use a lower case letter
to represent the
recessive allele
t = non-tongue roller
2.Homozygous ( pure bred)a. same alleles
( one from each parent)
b. ex. TT or tt
vs
3. Heterozygous ( hybrid )a. two different alleles
(one from each parent )
b. ex. Tt