-
Life Cycle Assessment: A Tool for Evaluating and Comparing Different Treatment Options for Plastic WastesG. Dodbiba 1, K.Takahashi 1, T. Furuyama 2,J. Sadaki 1, T. Kamo 3, and T. Fujita 11. Department of Geosystem Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan2. Department of Earth Resource Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan3. National Institute of Advance Industrial Science and Technology, Japan
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Outline1. LCA Methodology (ISO 14040)
2. LCA of Plastic Wastes from Discarded TV Sets
3. Concluding Remarks
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Outline1. LCA Methodology (ISO 14040)
2. LCA of Plastic Wastes from Discarded TV Sets
3. Concluding Remarks
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Scope of LCA to evaluate or compare the life cycle of products
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Life-Cycle Stages and Boundaries(Source: EPA, 1993)
Raw materials acquisition
Manufacturing
Energy
Use / Re-use / Maintenance
Recycle / Waste management
System boundary
Inputs
Water effluens
Airborn emissions
Solid waste
Other enviromental releases
Usable products
Outputs
Raw materials
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Methodology: Life Cycle Assessment, (ISO 14040)Phase 1:Phase 2:Phase 3:Phase 4:(Source: Consoli et.al., 1993)
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Aim of Study to evaluate and compare different recycling options for plastic wastes from old TV sets in context of LCA
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Compositions of a TV Set (weight %)(Source: O. Murakami, Mitsubishi Elec. ADVANCE, pp. 6-9, 2001).
Chart6
12
8
2
51
10.5
3
13.5
Murakami
Content
TV Set
Steel12
Copper8
Aluminium2
Glass51
PE1
PS6
PVC3.510.5
Circuit board3
Other13.5
100
Matsushita
Content
TV Set
Steel12
Copper8
Aluminium2
Glass51
Plastics10.5
Circuit board3
Other13.5
PE1
PS6
PVC3.5
Murakami
12
8
2
51
1
6
3.5
3
13.5
Compositions of a TV Set
Japan Almanac
0
0
0
Sheet3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Japan Almanac 2004, pp. 132
Color TV Production
19706,399,000
198011,661,000
198517,897,000
199013,243,000
19957,890,000
20002,383,000
20011,659,000
20021,480,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Year
Sets
Production of TV sets in Japan
-
Source: Association for Home Electrical Appliances of Japanhttp://www.aeha.or.jp/assessment/en/english_flame.html Conventional Recycling System for TV sets
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Objective to compare two different recycling options for plastic wastes from old TV sets in context of LCA.
Option 1: Incineration of plastics for energy recovery (also known as thermal recycling)
Option 2: Sorting plastics for mechanical recycling (also know as material recycling)
-
Outline1. LCA Methodology (ISO 14040)
2. LCA of Plastic Wastes from Discarded TV Sets
3. Concluding Remarks
-
Phase 1:(Source: Consoli et.al., 1993)Methodology: Life Cycle Assessment, (ISO 14040)
-
Phase 1 of LCA: Goal Definition and Scopea. Subject of the study are plastic wastes from old TV sets (display: 25, weight = 30 kg), which contain:
b. Functional unit: is defined as 1.8 million TV sets per year, over a period of 10 years.PS (6.0 wt%, i.e. 1.80 kg),PVC (3.5 wt%, i.e. 1.05 kg), PE (1.0 wt%, i.e. 0.30 kg).
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Special cases: (1). Energy recovery, i.e. c = 0 %;(2). Mechanical recycling, i.e. c = 100 % and r = 67 %Life-cycle of plastics for TV sets
-
Phase 2:(Source: Consoli et.al., 1993)Methodology: Life Cycle Assessment, (ISO 14040)
-
The data of the processes, namely:
were from the LCA database of the Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry (JEMAI).
Phase 2 of LCA: Inventory analysisa) Data collectionproduction of PS,production of PVC,production of PE,production of electricity,production of a TV set,
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Option 1: Incineration of 1 kg plastic materialEnergy generated:PS 9,604 kcal/kg PVC 4,300 kcal/kgPE 11,140 kcal/kg
Emission:2,640 g CO2 /kgSource: K. Krekeler et al., Kunstsoffe, 55/10, pp. 758, 1965Phase 2 of LCA: Inventory analysisa) Data collectionSource: Ministry of Environment of Japan, Guidelines, 2004
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PS1050PE9601st Step2nd StepOption 2: Separation of plastic wastes prior to mechanical recycling
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Option 2: Separation of plastic wastes(by combining triboelectric separation and air tabling)Energy:0. 74 kWh/kgTriboelectric separator0.04 kWh/kgAir table0.66 kWh/kgSize reduction0.02 kWh/kgSieving0.02 kWh/kg
Recovery of products: 67 % Grade of products:> 95 %Phase 2 of LCA: Inventory analysisa) Data collection
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Phase 2 of LCA: Inventory analysisb) Theoretical calculations
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Phase 3:(Source: Consoli et.al., 1993)Methodology: Life Cycle Assessment, (ISO 14040)
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The categories of the environmental impacts:
a) Abiotic resources:ADP (in kg Sb eq.)
b) Global warming:GWP (in kg CO2 eq.)Phase 3 of LCA: Impact assessment
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Phase 3 of LCA: Impact assessment a) Depletion of Abiotic Resources, (ADP)
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Phase 3 of LCA: Impact assessment a) Depletion of Abiotic Resources, (ADP)
-
Phase 3 of LCA: Impact assessment b) Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Chart1
451228644.29446334343918.62886
588092.4194070.492
3658.9286861.176
403418.9247234242.8665
105706.593198219.669
Energy Recovery: Option 1
Mechanical Recycling: Option 2
GWP(i), (kg CO2 eq.)
Sheet1
PS, (Materials)PVC, (Materials)Electricity, (MATERIAL)
naphtha, (kg)0.9620.435Coal (g)57.21
Liquefied petroleum gas, LPG, (kg)0.0140.009LPG (g)1.72
, (kg)0.0250.016Natural gas (g)0.7025
Additive agent, (kg)0.0130.007Petroleum (ml)13.99
Oxygen gas (liquefied oxygen is included)(), (kg)0.0120.124Crude oil (ml)12.39
Industrial salt, (kg)00.618LNG (g)49.1
gasoline (g)0.2448
Energy, (PS)Energy, PVCCOG (g)0.9594
Electric power, kWh, kWh0.1330.29
Light oil, kcal600.4751.8
Heavy oilA, kcal600.4751.8
Heavy oilC, kcal600.4751.8
naphtha, kcal2408.72344.7
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kcal271253.5
Natural, kcal86.284.3
OUTPUT, (PS)
Output products (a subproduct, middle product, etc.)PS, PVC
Loss, (kg)0.0750.039
Environmental load substance (atmosphere)PS, PVC, AirElectricity, Environmental load substance (atmosphere)
CO2 (g)13871105Carbon dioxide353
CH4(mg)310Methane0
HCF (mg00hydrofluorocarbonHFC, (g/kWh)0.000013
PFC (mg)00perfluorocarbonPFC, (g/kWh)0
N2O (mg)0.20.2Dinitrigen oxide0.0021
SF6 (mg)00Sulfur hexaflouride0.000044
Nox (g)1.241.01Sulfur oxides0.14
Sox (g)0.2620.313Nitrogen oxides0.18
(g)0.2232.77Dust, (g/kWh)0.0074
(mg)34.929.6
(mg)1.10.13
(mg)0.60.82
(mg)06.24
Environmental load substance (water quality)PS, PVC,
BOD (mg)42.8160Electricity, [Environmental load substance (water quality)]
Chemical Oxygen DemandCOD (mg)64.82680.00015
Solid suspend (mg)47.81000.000062
(mg)4.27.7
T-Ni (mg)119152
oil (mg)0.823.9
Phenol (mg)0.11.43
Processing consignment wastePS, PVC,
(mg)1730889
(mg)5051180
(mg)8721130
(mg)67788
(mg)0.60
(mg)3.20
Private processing wastePS, PVC,
(mg)68244
(mg)20266
Bond Method
Bond's Method
W - Specific work (kWh/t) required to reduce a unit of wheight of material with 80% finer than some diameter Df, to produce with 80% finer than some diameter Dp
Wi - work index, a factor that is a function of the material processed.
Dp - Diamer of 80% of material after size-reducing
Df - Diameter of 80 % of feed
Plastics
ProductFeedWork indexWork/EnergyWork indexWork/Energy
Dp (mm)Df (mm)Wi (kWh/ton)W (kWh/ton)Wi (kWh/kg)W (kWh/kg)
Case 12.63513.8123.400.010.02
Case 21.6325013.8199.430.010.10
SME Vol. 1, pp. 3A-27
Raw Data - Inventory
ProcessIncineration of plastics for energy recovery
Functional unit100kg plastics
Unit processes
p - Process vector123
Production of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of TV
Economic outflows (kg)
1naphtha, (kg)0.9620.4350.959
2Liquefied petroleum gas, LPG, LPG (kg)0.0140.0090.020.00172
3Natural gas liquid, (kg)0.0250.0160.035
4Additive agent, (kg)0.0130.0070.004
5Oxygen gas (liquefied oxygen is included)(), (kg)0.0120.124
6Industrial salt, (kg)00.618
Coal (kg)0.05721
Natural gas (kg)0.0007025
Petroleum (L)0.01399
Crude oil (L)0.01239
LNG (kg)0.0491
gasoline (kg)0.0002448
cokeCOG (COG (kg)0.0009594
Energy (kcal)4567.14937.93540.8
Electric power, kWhElectric power, kWh0.1330.290.089.4
Light oil, kcal600.4751.8471.4
Heavy oilA, kcal600.4751.8471.41.07
Heavy oilC, kcal600.4751.8471.4
naphtha, kcal2408.72344.71882.5
(LPG), Liquefied petroleum gas, kcal271253.5176.7
Natural gas liquids, kcal86.284.367.4
, m33.44
Output products (a subproduct, middle product, etc.)
Loss, (kg)0.0750.0390.014kg
Environmental load substance (atmosphere)
Carbon dioxide13871105980.35353
Methane0.031050
hydrofluorocarbonHCF (g)0000.000013
perfluorocarbonPFC (g)0000
Dinitrigen oxide0.00020.00020.20.0021
Sulfur hexaflouride0000.000044
Nitrogen oxides1.241.010.9420.18
Sulfur oxides0.2620.3130.2170.14
(g)0.2232.771.9290
Dust (g)0.03490.0296210.0074
0.00110.000130
(g)0.00060.000820.40
(g)00.0062400
Environmental load substance (water quality)
Chemical Oxygen Demand64.8268340.15
Solid suspend47.8100160.062
Biochemical Oxygen DemandBOD (mg)42.816024
(mg)4.27.73
T-Ni (mg)11915294
oil (mg)0.823.90.5
Phenol (mg)0.11.430.1
Processing consignment wastePS, PVC,
Waste plastic, (mg) (mg)17308891800
Inorganic nature sludge, (mg) (mg)5051180190
Dust (mg) (mg)8721130772
(mg) (mg)67788250
Acid waste,(mg) (mg)0.6067
waste alkaline, (mg) (mg)3.2083
Private processing wastePS, PVC,
Waste oil, (mg) (mg)682441850
Organic impurities, (mg) (mg)20266347
p - Process vector
Production of PE (1 kg)
Economic outflows (kg)
Naphtha, (kg)0.959
LPG, (kg)0.02
NGL, (kg)0.035
Additive agent, (kg)0.004
Electric power, kWh0.08
Light oil, (kcal)471.4
Heavy oil, type A, (kcal)471.4
Heavy oil, type C, (kcal)471.4
Naphtha, (kcal)1882.5
LPG, (kcal)176.7
NGL, (kcal)67.4
Environmental load substance (atmosphere)
980.35
5
0.2
0.942
0.217
(g)1.929
Dust (g)21
(g)0.4
Environmental load substance (water quality)
34
16
BOD (mg)24
3
T-Ni, (mg)94
Oil, (mg)0.5
Phenol, (mg)0.1
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as a paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production.
Naphtha:A product of crude oil or condensate refining which boils in roughly the same range as motor gasoline.
In general, the naphtha distillation range spans from a bit less than 100 F, the boiling point of pentanes, through 300-400 F, depending on the intentions and needs of the refiner.
The trade refers to this entire C5 to 300-400 F cut as whole or full-range naphtha. Refiners often produce two separate naphtha cuts when they distill crude, a light and a heavy fraction. They have rule-of-thumb boiling ranges of C5 through 175-200 F and 175-200 through 300-400 F. Refiners obtain naphthas from conversion units in addition to the straight-run streams from crude distillation. Catalytic crackers and cokers, in particular, produce cracked streams which boil in the naphtha range. See light naphtha, heavy naphtha, hydrocrackate, naphthenic naphtha, paraffinic naphtha, and whole naphtha.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Butane and propane separated from natural gasoline and sold in liquid form as fuel. Commonly referred to as bottled gas, tank gas, or simply LPG;
liquefied petroleum gases; hydrocarbon gases under low pressureMost people call it propane;
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): A general term for all liquid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Also referred to as NGLs. Can be ethane, butane, propane, or a propane-butane mix.
Natural Gas: A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases found in porous rock formations. Its principal component is methane.
Petroleum: A natural mixture of hydrocarbons in gaseous, liquid, or solid form.
A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists as a liquid in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities.
Crude is the raw material which is refined into gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, propane, petrochemicals, and other products.
Liquified natural gas (LNG): Natural gas that has been liquified for ease of transport by cooling the gas to -162C. Natural gas has 600 times the volume of LNG.
Methaneliquefied natural gas, i.e.: natural gas that is very, very cold; it is usually more than 98 percent pure methane
Gasoline, Straight-Run: Also known as raw gasoline. Gasoline which is obtained directly from crude oil by fractional distillation. Straight-run gasoline generally must be upgraded to meet current motor fuel specifications.
Light crude: Oil with a gravity of 28 degrees API or higher. High-quality light crude has a gravity of 40 degrees or higher.
Density: The gravity of crude oil. Density is measured in kilograms of large, carbon-rich molecules per cubic metre or degrees on the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity scale.
API gravity: The American Petroleum Institute scale used to express the specific gravity of oils.
Heavy crude: Oil with a gravity below 28 degrees API. Recovery generally involves an application of heat and steam. Canadian pipelines generally require oil to have a gravity of at least 21:2 degrees API. Heavier crudes must be blended with condensate or NGLs to be shipped by pipeline.
TSS (mg/l)- "Total Suspended Solids" is the visible and suspended matter in water. It is determined as the weight of matter that remains on a filter when dried at a specific temperature.
BOD (mg/l)- measured here in milligrams per liter, "Biochemical Oxygen Demand" is the amount of oxygen required by bacteria for the biological decomposition of organic matter.
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as a paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production.
Naphtha:A product of crude oil or condensate refining which boils in roughly the same range as motor gasoline.
In general, the naphtha distillation range spans from a bit less than 100 F, the boiling point of pentanes, through 300-400 F, depending on the intentions and needs of the refiner.
The trade refers to this entire C5 to 300-400 F cut as whole or full-range naphtha. Refiners often produce two separate naphtha cuts when they distill crude, a light and a heavy fraction. They have rule-of-thumb boiling ranges of C5 through 175-200 F and 175-200 through 300-400 F. Refiners obtain naphthas from conversion units in addition to the straight-run streams from crude distillation. Catalytic crackers and cokers, in particular, produce cracked streams which boil in the naphtha range. See light naphtha, heavy naphtha, hydrocrackate, naphthenic naphtha, paraffinic naphtha, and whole naphtha.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Butane and propane separated from natural gasoline and sold in liquid form as fuel. Commonly referred to as bottled gas, tank gas, or simply LPG;
liquefied petroleum gases; hydrocarbon gases under low pressureMost people call it propane;
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): A general term for all liquid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Also referred to as NGLs. Can be ethane, butane, propane, or a propane-butane mix.
Light crude: Oil with a gravity of 28 degrees API or higher. High-quality light crude has a gravity of 40 degrees or higher.
Density: The gravity of crude oil. Density is measured in kilograms of large, carbon-rich molecules per cubic metre or degrees on the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity scale.
API gravity: The American Petroleum Institute scale used to express the specific gravity of oils.
Heavy crude: Oil with a gravity below 28 degrees API. Recovery generally involves an application of heat and steam. Canadian pipelines generally require oil to have a gravity of at least 21:2 degrees API. Heavier crudes must be blended with condensate or NGLs to be shipped by pipeline.
TSS (mg/l)- "Total Suspended Solids" is the visible and suspended matter in water. It is determined as the weight of matter that remains on a filter when dried at a specific temperature.
BOD (mg/l)- measured here in milligrams per liter, "Biochemical Oxygen Demand" is the amount of oxygen required by bacteria for the biological decomposition of organic matter.
1_INVENTORY-inceneration
ProcessIncineration of plastics for energy recovery
Functional unit10years
1 year1,800,000units
1 TV set30kg100.000
1.80kg PS57.14285714285710000000
1.05kg PVC33.33333333333330000000
0.30kg PE9.52380952380952000000
Energy from inceneration
PS3,240,000kg/year3240T/yearPS9,604kcal/kg
PVC1,890,000kg/year1890T/yearPVC4,300kcal/kg
PE540,000kg/year540T/yearPE11,140kcal/kg
p - Process vectorUnit processes57 / 33 / 10 %
1234567
Production of PSProduction of PVCProduction of PEProduction of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Incineration of PlasticsFinal demand
1PS (kg)1000-3240000000
2PVC (kg)0100-1890000000
3PE (kg)0010-540000000
4Electricity (kWh)-0.133-0.29-0.081-169200000110809380
5TV set (No)00001800000-180000000
6Collected Plastic waste (kg)000005670000-56700000
7USE of TV Set (years)000001010
1 kcal1.1622E-03kWh
1Energy from Resources (kcal)-4567.1-4937.9-3540.8-860.4207-1.4558E+100045,401,264,554
2Energy from combustion (kcal)00000045401277600
3, (kg)Naphtha (kg)-0.962-0.435-0.9590000
4, LPG (kg)(LPG), Liquefied petroleum gas, (kg)-0.014-0.009-0.02-0.00172000
5, (kg)(NGL), Natural gas liquid (kg)-0.025-0.016-0.0350000
6(), (kg)Oxygen gas (liquefied oxygen is included), kg-0.012-0.12400000
7Coal (kg)000-0.05721000
8Natural gas (kg)000-0.0007025000
9Petroleum (L)000-0.01399000
10Crude oil (L)000-0.01239000
11LNG (kg)000-0.0491000
12gasoline (kg)000-0.0002448000
13COG (COG, Coke oven gas (kg)000-0.0009594000
14Carbon dioxide13871105980.3535319494000000014968800000
15Methane0.031050000
16HydrofluorocarbonHCF (g)0000.000013000
17Dinitrigen oxide0.00020.00020.20.0021000
18Sulfur hexaflouride0000.000044000
19Nitrogen oxides1.241.010.9420.181528200000
20Sulfur oxides0.2620.3130.2170.145857200000
21 (g)0.2232.771.9290000
22 (g)Dust, (g)0.03490.0296210.0074000
230.00110.0001300000
24 (g)0.00060.000820.40000
25 (g)00.0062400000
26Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg)64.8268340.15000
27Solid suspend, (mg)47.8100160.062000
28BOD (mg)Biochemical Oxygen Demand, (mg)42.8160240000
29 (mg)T-P, (mg)4.27.730000
30 (mg)T-Ni, (mg)119152940000
31 (mg)Oil, (mg)0.823.90.50000
32 (mg)Phenol, (mg)0.11.430.10000
Calculated
Kappa23,477,076,297,723
12345678
Production of PSProduction of PVCProduction of PEProduction of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Incineration of PlasticsFinal demand
1PS (kg)32,400,000000-32,400,000000
2PVC (kg)018,900,00000-18,900,000000
3PE (kg)005,400,0000-5,400,000000
4Electricity (kWh)-4,309,200-5,481,000-432,000100,519,701-169,200,000078902499.450
5TV set (No)000018,000,000-1800000000
6Collected TV set (No)00000000
7USE of TV Set (years)0000056700000-5670000010
00000100
1Energy from Resources (kcal)-147,974,040,000-93,326,310,000-19,120,320,000-86,489,226,261000-346,909,896,260.76
2Energy from combustion (kcal)000000188,101,440,000188,101,440,000.00
3Naphtha (kg)-31,168,800-8,221,500-5,178,6000000-44,568,900.00
4(LPG), Liquefied petroleum gas, (kg)-453,600-170,100-108,000-172,894000-904,593.88
5(NGL), Natural gas liquid (kg)-810,000-302,400-189,0000000-1,301,400.00
6Oxygen gas (liquefied oxygen is included), kg-388,800-2,343,60000000-2,732,400.00
7Coal (kg)000-5,750,732000-5,750,732.07
8Natural gas (kg)000-70,615000-70,615.09
9Petroleum (L)000-1,406,271000-1,406,270.61
10Crude oil (L)000-1,245,439000-1,245,439.09
11LNG (kg)000-4,935,517000-4,935,517.30
12gasoline (kg)000-24,607000-24,607.22
13COG, Coke oven gas (kg)000-96,439000-96,438.60
1444,938,800,00020,884,500,0005,293,890,00035,483,454,294194,940,000,0000149,688,000,000451,228,644,294.46
151,004,400027,000,000000028,004,400.00
16HCF (g)0001,3070001,306.76
176,4803,7801,080,000211,0910001,301,351.37
180004,4230004,422.87
1940,176,00019,089,0005,086,80018,093,546152,820,00000235,265,346.10
208,488,8005,915,7001,171,80014,072,758585,720,00000615,369,058.08
21 (g)7,225,20052,353,00010,416,600000069,994,800.00
22Dust, (g)1,130,760559,440113,400,000743,846000115,834,045.78
2335,6402,4570000038,097.00
24 (g)19,44015,4982,160,00000002,194,938.00
25 (g)0117,93600000117,936.00
26Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg)2,099,520,0005,065,200,000183,600,00015,077,9550007,363,397,955.08
27Solid suspend, (mg)1,548,720,0001,890,000,00086,400,0006,232,2210003,531,352,221.43
28Biochemical Oxygen Demand, (mg)1,386,720,0003,024,000,000129,600,00000004,540,320,000.00
29T-P, (mg)136,080,000145,530,00016,200,0000000297,810,000.00
30T-Ni, (mg)3,855,600,0002,872,800,000507,600,00000007,236,000,000.00
31Oil, (mg)25,920,000451,710,0002,700,0000000480,330,000.00
32Phenol, (mg)3,240,00027,027,000540,000000030,807,000.00
Liquified natural gas (LNG): Natural gas that has been liquified for ease of transport by cooling the gas to -162C. Natural gas has 600 times the volume of LNG.
Methaneliquefied natural gas, i.e.: natural gas that is very, very cold; it is usually more than 98 percent pure methane
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Butane and propane separated from natural gasoline and sold in liquid form as fuel. Commonly referred to as bottled gas, tank gas, or simply LPG;
liquefied petroleum gases; hydrocarbon gases under low pressureMost people call it propane;
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): A general term for all liquid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Also referred to as NGLs. Can be ethane, butane, propane, or a propane-butane mix.
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as a paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production.
Naphtha:A product of crude oil or condensate refining which boils in roughly the same range as motor gasoline.
In general, the naphtha distillation range spans from a bit less than 100 F, the boiling point of pentanes, through 300-400 F, depending on the intentions and needs of the refiner.
The trade refers to this entire C5 to 300-400 F cut as whole or full-range naphtha. Refiners often produce two separate naphtha cuts when they distill crude, a light and a heavy fraction. They have rule-of-thumb boiling ranges of C5 through 175-200 F and 175-200 through 300-400 F. Refiners obtain naphthas from conversion units in addition to the straight-run streams from crude distillation. Catalytic crackers and cokers, in particular, produce cracked streams which boil in the naphtha range. See light naphtha, heavy naphtha, hydrocrackate, naphthenic naphtha, paraffinic naphtha, and whole naphtha.
A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists as a liquid in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities.
Crude is the raw material which is refined into gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, propane, petrochemicals, and other products.
Natural Gas: A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases found in porous rock formations. Its principal component is methane.
Petroleum: A natural mixture of hydrocarbons in gaseous, liquid, or solid form.
Gasoline, Straight-Run: Also known as raw gasoline. Gasoline which is obtained directly from crude oil by fractional distillation. Straight-run gasoline generally must be upgraded to meet current motor fuel specifications.
BOD (mg/l)- measured here in milligrams per liter, "Biochemical Oxygen Demand" is the amount of oxygen required by bacteria for the biological decomposition of organic matter.
TSS (mg/l)- "Total Suspended Solids" is the visible and suspended matter in water. It is determined as the weight of matter that remains on a filter when dried at a specific temperature.
a by-product of coke manufacture
2640 g/kg
kWh needded
9604 (PS) + 4300 (PVC) + 11140 (PE)= kcal/kg
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as a paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production.
Naphtha:A product of crude oil or condensate refining which boils in roughly the same range as motor gasoline.
In general, the naphtha distillation range spans from a bit less than 100 F, the boiling point of pentanes, through 300-400 F, depending on the intentions and needs of the refiner.
The trade refers to this entire C5 to 300-400 F cut as whole or full-range naphtha. Refiners often produce two separate naphtha cuts when they distill crude, a light and a heavy fraction. They have rule-of-thumb boiling ranges of C5 through 175-200 F and 175-200 through 300-400 F. Refiners obtain naphthas from conversion units in addition to the straight-run streams from crude distillation. Catalytic crackers and cokers, in particular, produce cracked streams which boil in the naphtha range. See light naphtha, heavy naphtha, hydrocrackate, naphthenic naphtha, paraffinic naphtha, and whole naphtha.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Butane and propane separated from natural gasoline and sold in liquid form as fuel. Commonly referred to as bottled gas, tank gas, or simply LPG;
liquefied petroleum gases; hydrocarbon gases under low pressureMost people call it propane;
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): A general term for all liquid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Also referred to as NGLs. Can be ethane, butane, propane, or a propane-butane mix.
a by-product of coke manufacture
TSS (mg/l)- "Total Suspended Solids" is the visible and suspended matter in water. It is determined as the weight of matter that remains on a filter when dried at a specific temperature.
BOD (mg/l)- measured here in milligrams per liter, "Biochemical Oxygen Demand" is the amount of oxygen required by bacteria for the biological decomposition of organic matter.
9604 (PS) + 4300 (ABS) = 13904 kcal/kg
13904 kcal/kg x 0.6 (60 % recovery) = 8342.4 kcal/0.6 kg
2_INVENTORY-Rec
1. Power supply
Power: 20000 V (DC) x 0.005 A = 100 W
Energy: 100 W x 3/360 hr = 0.83 Wh or 8.33 x 10^-4 kWh (per mass of sample, 100 gr)
Or 0.0083 kWh/kg (plastic mixture)
2. Blower (Max power 500 W):
Effective power: 500 x (35/110) volts = 175 W or 0.175 kW
Energy: 0.175 kW x (1/60) hr = 0.00292 kWh (per mass of sample, 100 gr)Plastic in TV (kg)per Year
Or 0.0292 kWh/kg (plastics mixture)Energy from inceneration
3. Total Power consumption:PS9,604kcal/kg1.83240000
0.0083 + 0.0292 = 0.0375 kWh/kg (plastic mixture)PVC4,300kcal/kg1.051890000
PE11,140kcal/kg
Air table
4 kW x 1/60 hr = 0.067 kWh (per 100 gr. Sample)
0.67 kWh/kg0.3540000
Shredder15.19 kWh/t0.01519kWh/kgDemand for TV1,800,000
15 kW x 5/60 hr = 1.25 kWh (per 100 gr sample)
12.5 kWh/kgPlastic collected for separation - rate1
Plastic collected for separation - rate0
TotalRecovery PS0.670.67
0.0375 + 0.67 + 0.01519 = 0.72269 kWh/kg0.74kwh/kgRecovery PVC0.67
Recovery PE0.67
Eectricity for production of 1 TV set9.4kWh/TV set(a15+a25+a35) (c p-r)
ProcessSeparation of plastics for mechanical recycling
-(a1,5 + a2,5+a35) ((2 c - 1) p-r)2,170,8000
1,266,3000
Unit processes57 / 33 / 10 %361,8000
p - Process vector12345678
Production of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Consumption of TV sets and generation of plastis wasteTV setRecovery of plasticsIncineration of PlasticsFinal demand
1PS (kg)1000-324000002170800.00010
2PVC (kg)0100-189000001266300.00020
3PE (kg)0010-5400000361800.00030
4Electricity (kWh)-0.133-0.29-0.081-169200000-4195800.002603782.48240
5TV set (No)00001800000-18000000050
6Collected plastics for separation(kg)000005670000-5670000060
7Waste plastic for inceneration (kg)0000001871100-1871100.00070
8USE of TV Set (years)00000100810
1 kcal1.1622E-03kWh
0.15efficiency
1Energy from Resources (kcal)-4567.1-4937.9-3540.8000002,590,737
2Energy from combustion (kcal)000000014935654800
3, (kg)Naphtha (kg)-0.962-0.435-0.95900000
4, LPG (kg)(LPG), Liquefied petroleum gas, (kg)-0.014-0.009-0.02-0.001720000
5, (kg)(NGL), Natural gas liquid (kg)-0.025-0.016-0.03500000
6(), (kg)Oxygen gas (liquefied oxygen is included), kg-0.012-0.124000000
7Coal (kg)000-0.057210000
8Natural gas (kg)000-0.00070250000
9Petroleum (L)000-0.013990000
10Crude oil (L)000-0.012390000
11LNG (kg)000-0.04910000
12gasoline (kg)000-0.00024480000
13COG (COG, Coke oven gas (kg)000-0.00095940000
14Carbon dioxide13871105980.3535319494000000004939704000.00001
15Methane0.0310500000
16HydrofluorocarbonHCF (g)0000.0000130000
17Dinitrigen oxide0.00020.00020.20.00210000
18Sulfur hexaflouride0000.0000440000
19Nitrogen oxides1.241.010.9420.1815282000000
20Sulfur oxides0.2620.3130.2170.1458572000000
21 (g)0.2232.771.92900000
22 (g)Dust, (g)0.03490.0296210.00740000
230.00110.00013000000
24 (g)0.00060.000820.400000
25 (g)00.00624000000
26Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg)64.8268340.150000
27Solid suspend, (mg)47.8100160.0620000
28BOD (mg)Biochemical Oxygen Demand, (mg)42.81602400000
29 (mg)T-P, (mg)4.27.7300000
30 (mg)T-Ni, (mg)1191529400000
31 (mg)Oil, (mg)0.823.90.500000
32 (mg)Phenol, (mg)0.11.430.100000
0
0
0
0
0
Calculated0
Collection 63.889 %0
Recovery 91.667%20
Unit processes57 / 33 / 10 %
p - Process vector12345678
Production of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Recovery of plasticsIncineration of PlasticsFinal demand
1PS (kg)10,692,000000-32,400,000021,708,00000
2PVC (kg)06,237,00000-18,900,000012,663,00000
3PE (kg)001,782,0000-5,400,00003,618,00000
4Electricity (kWh)-1,422,036-1,808,730-142,560188,493,501-169,200,0000-41,958,00026,037,8250
5TV set (No)000018,000,000-18,000,000000
6Collected TV set (No)0000056,700,000-56,700,00000
7Waste plastics (kg)00000018,711,000-18,711,0000
8USE of TV Set (years)00000100010
1Energy from Resources (kcal)-48,831,433,210-30,797,682,306-6,309,705,601-162,183,701,1280000-248,122,522,245.61
2Energy from combustion (kcal)000000062,073,475,21362,073,475,212.60
3Naphtha (kg)-10,285,704-2,713,095-1,708,93800000-14,707,737.00
4(LPG), Liquefied petroleum gas, (kg)-149,688-56,133-35,640-324,2090000-565,669.82
5(NGL), Natural gas liquid (kg)-267,300-99,792-62,37000000-429,462.00
6Oxygen gas (liquefied oxygen is included), kg-128,304-773,388000000-901,692.00
7Coal (kg)000-10,783,7130000-10,783,713.20
8Natural gas (kg)000-132,4170000-132,416.68
9Petroleum (L)000-2,637,0240000-2,637,024.08
10Crude oil (L)000-2,335,4340000-2,335,434.48
11LNG (kg)000-9,255,0310000-9,255,030.91
12gasoline (kg)000-46,1430000-46,143.21
13COG, Coke oven gas (kg)000-180,8410000-180,840.67
1414,829,804,0036,891,885,0011,746,983,70066,538,205,914194,940,000,0000049,397,040,010334,343,918,628.86
15331,45208,910,000000009,241,452.00
16HCF (g)0002,45000002,450.42
172,1381,247356,400395,8360000755,622.15
180008,29400008,293.71
1913,258,0806,299,3701,678,64433,928,830152,820,000000207,984,924.22
202,801,3041,952,181386,69426,389,090585,720,000000617,249,269.17
21 (g)2,384,31617,276,4903,437,4780000023,098,284.00
22Dust, (g)373,151184,61537,422,0001,394,852000039,374,617.92
2311,76181100000012,572.01
24 (g)6,4155,114712,80000000724,329.54
25 (g)038,91900000038,918.88
26Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg)692,841,6001,671,516,00060,588,00028,274,02500002,453,219,625.67
27Solid suspend, (mg)511,077,600623,700,00028,512,00011,686,59700001,174,976,197.31
28Biochemical Oxygen Demand, (mg)457,617,600997,920,00042,768,000000001,498,305,600.30
29T-P, (mg)44,906,40048,024,9005,346,0000000098,277,300.02
30T-Ni, (mg)1,272,348,000948,024,000167,508,000000002,387,880,000.48
31Oil, (mg)8,553,600149,064,300891,00000000158,508,900.03
32Phenol, (mg)1,069,2008,918,910178,2000000010,166,310.00
kWh needded
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as a paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production.
Naphtha:A product of crude oil or condensate refining which boils in roughly the same range as motor gasoline.
In general, the naphtha distillation range spans from a bit less than 100 F, the boiling point of pentanes, through 300-400 F, depending on the intentions and needs of the refiner.
The trade refers to this entire C5 to 300-400 F cut as whole or full-range naphtha. Refiners often produce two separate naphtha cuts when they distill crude, a light and a heavy fraction. They have rule-of-thumb boiling ranges of C5 through 175-200 F and 175-200 through 300-400 F. Refiners obtain naphthas from conversion units in addition to the straight-run streams from crude distillation. Catalytic crackers and cokers, in particular, produce cracked streams which boil in the naphtha range. See light naphtha, heavy naphtha, hydrocrackate, naphthenic naphtha, paraffinic naphtha, and whole naphtha.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Butane and propane separated from natural gasoline and sold in liquid form as fuel. Commonly referred to as bottled gas, tank gas, or simply LPG;
liquefied petroleum gases; hydrocarbon gases under low pressureMost people call it propane;
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): A general term for all liquid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Also referred to as NGLs. Can be ethane, butane, propane, or a propane-butane mix.
Natural Gas: A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases found in porous rock formations. Its principal component is methane.
Petroleum: A natural mixture of hydrocarbons in gaseous, liquid, or solid form.
A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists as a liquid in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities.
Crude is the raw material which is refined into gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, propane, petrochemicals, and other products.
Liquified natural gas (LNG): Natural gas that has been liquified for ease of transport by cooling the gas to -162C. Natural gas has 600 times the volume of LNG.
Methaneliquefied natural gas, i.e.: natural gas that is very, very cold; it is usually more than 98 percent pure methane
Gasoline, Straight-Run: Also known as raw gasoline. Gasoline which is obtained directly from crude oil by fractional distillation. Straight-run gasoline generally must be upgraded to meet current motor fuel specifications.
a by-product of coke manufacture
2640 g/kg x 2 plastics
TSS (mg/l)- "Total Suspended Solids" is the visible and suspended matter in water. It is determined as the weight of matter that remains on a filter when dried at a specific temperature.
BOD (mg/l)- measured here in milligrams per liter, "Biochemical Oxygen Demand" is the amount of oxygen required by bacteria for the biological decomposition of organic matter.
9604 (PS) + 4300 (ABS) = 13904 kcal/kg
13904 kcal/kg x 0.6 (60 % recovery) = 8342.4 kcal/0.6 kg
kWh needded
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as a paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production.
Naphtha:A product of crude oil or condensate refining which boils in roughly the same range as motor gasoline.
In general, the naphtha distillation range spans from a bit less than 100 F, the boiling point of pentanes, through 300-400 F, depending on the intentions and needs of the refiner.
The trade refers to this entire C5 to 300-400 F cut as whole or full-range naphtha. Refiners often produce two separate naphtha cuts when they distill crude, a light and a heavy fraction. They have rule-of-thumb boiling ranges of C5 through 175-200 F and 175-200 through 300-400 F. Refiners obtain naphthas from conversion units in addition to the straight-run streams from crude distillation. Catalytic crackers and cokers, in particular, produce cracked streams which boil in the naphtha range. See light naphtha, heavy naphtha, hydrocrackate, naphthenic naphtha, paraffinic naphtha, and whole naphtha.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Butane and propane separated from natural gasoline and sold in liquid form as fuel. Commonly referred to as bottled gas, tank gas, or simply LPG;
liquefied petroleum gases; hydrocarbon gases under low pressureMost people call it propane;
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): A general term for all liquid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Also referred to as NGLs. Can be ethane, butane, propane, or a propane-butane mix.
a by-product of coke manufacture
TSS (mg/l)- "Total Suspended Solids" is the visible and suspended matter in water. It is determined as the weight of matter that remains on a filter when dried at a specific temperature.
BOD (mg/l)- measured here in milligrams per liter, "Biochemical Oxygen Demand" is the amount of oxygen required by bacteria for the biological decomposition of organic matter.
Triboelectric separator
Typical value;Kelly, p. 160
9604 (PS) + 4300 (ABS) = 13904 kcal/kg
13904 kcal/kg x 0.6 (60 % recovery) = 8342.4 kcal/0.6 kg
Enviromental Load
Kappa3.19E+134.12E+13-9,302,534,351,233.50
g1 - Incenerationg2 - Separationdifference
c=0, r=0.67c=1, r=0.67
Total Energy-158,808,456,261-186,049,047,033
Cut-offRounded
1Energy from Resources (kcal)-346909896260.76-248122522245.6198,787,374,015-464,884,738,935-117,974,842,675-34.01
2Energy from combustion (kcal)188101440000.0062073475212.60126,027,964,787452,595,600,000-264,494,160,000-140.61
3Naphtha (kg)-44568900.00-14707737.0029,861,163-44,568,90000.00
4(LPG), Liquefied petroleum gas, (kg)-904593.88-565669.82338,924-849,40455,1906.10
5(NGL), Natural gas liquid (kg)-1301400-429462871,938-1,301,40000.00
6Oxygen gas (liquefied oxygen is included), kg-2732400-9016921,830,708-2,732,40000.00
7Coal (kg)-5750732.07-10783713.20-5,032,981-3,915,0341,835,69831.92
8Natural gas (kg)-70615.09-132416.68-61,802-48,07422,54131.92
9Petroleum (L)-1406270.61-2637024.08-1,230,753-957,373448,89731.92
10Crude oil (L)-1245439.09-2335434.48-1,089,995-847,881397,55831.92
11LNG (kg)-4935517.3-9255030.91-4,319,514-3,360,0451,575,47331.92
12gasoline (kg)-24607.22-46143.21-21,536-16,7527,85531.92
13COG, Coke oven gas (kg)-96438.6-180840.67-84,402-65,65430,78431.92
14451228644294.46334343918628.86116,884,725,666439,901,927,49011,326,716,8042.51
15280044009241452.0018,762,94828,004,40000.00
16HCF (g)1306.762450.42-1,14489041731.92
171301351.37755622.15545,7291,233,96967,3835.18
184422.878293.71-3,8713,0111,41231.92
19235265346.1207984924.2227,280,422229,489,6835,775,6632.45
20615369058.08617249269.17-1,880,211610,876,8764,492,1820.73
21 (g)6999480023098284.0046,896,51669,994,80000.00
22Dust, (g)115834045.7839374617.9276,459,428115,596,602237,4440.20
233809712572.0125,52538,09700.00
24 (g)2194938724329.541,470,6082,194,93800.00
25 (g)11793638918.8879,017117,93600.00
26Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg)7363397955.082453219625.674,910,178,3297,358,584,9034,813,0520.07
27Solid suspend, (mg)3531352221.431174976197.312,356,376,0243,529,362,8261,989,3950.06
28Biochemical Oxygen Demand, (mg)45403200001498305600.303,042,014,4004,540,320,00000.00
29T-P, (mg)297810000.0098277300.02199,532,700297,810,00000.00
30T-Ni, (mg)7236000000.002387880000.484,848,120,0007,236,000,00000.00
31Oil, (mg)480330000158508900.03321,821,100480,330,00000.00
32Phenol, (mg)30807000.0010166310.0020,640,69030,807,00000.00
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as a paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production.
Naphtha:A product of crude oil or condensate refining which boils in roughly the same range as motor gasoline.
In general, the naphtha distillation range spans from a bit less than 100 F, the boiling point of pentanes, through 300-400 F, depending on the intentions and needs of the refiner.
The trade refers to this entire C5 to 300-400 F cut as whole or full-range naphtha. Refiners often produce two separate naphtha cuts when they distill crude, a light and a heavy fraction. They have rule-of-thumb boiling ranges of C5 through 175-200 F and 175-200 through 300-400 F. Refiners obtain naphthas from conversion units in addition to the straight-run streams from crude distillation. Catalytic crackers and cokers, in particular, produce cracked streams which boil in the naphtha range. See light naphtha, heavy naphtha, hydrocrackate, naphthenic naphtha, paraffinic naphtha, and whole naphtha.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Butane and propane separated from natural gasoline and sold in liquid form as fuel. Commonly referred to as bottled gas, tank gas, or simply LPG;
liquefied petroleum gases; hydrocarbon gases under low pressureMost people call it propane;
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): A general term for all liquid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Also referred to as NGLs. Can be ethane, butane, propane, or a propane-butane mix.
a by-product of coke manufacture
TSS (mg/l)- "Total Suspended Solids" is the visible and suspended matter in water. It is determined as the weight of matter that remains on a filter when dried at a specific temperature.
BOD (mg/l)- measured here in milligrams per liter, "Biochemical Oxygen Demand" is the amount of oxygen required by bacteria for the biological decomposition of organic matter.
Production
Option 1Option 2
Energy RecoveryMaterial Recycling
tonnesPS32,40010,692
PVC18,9006,237
PE5,4001,782
Electricity (kWh)100,519,701188,493,501
Energy RecoveryMaterial Recycling
ProducedInineratedReusedProducedIncineratedReused
PS32,40032,400010,69210665.2721708
PVC18,90018,90006,2376174.6312663
PE5,4005,40001,7821871.13618
18711
1871110665.27
6174.63
1871.1
10years
Energy RecoveryMaterial Recycling
ProducedInineratedReusedProducedIncineratedReused
PS3240324001069.21066.5272170.8
PVC189018900623.7617.4631266.3
PE5405400178.2187.11361.8
Electricity (kWh)
Energy RecoveryMechanical Recycling
Production of PS4,309,2001,422,036
Production of PVC5,481,0001,808,730
Production of PE432,000142,560
Separation041,958,000
Electricity (kWh)100,519,701188,493,501
Production
32400189005400
000
PS
PVC
PE
Recycling options
Wheight (tonnes)
Consumption of plastics materilas
EDP
32400189005400
32400189005400
000
000
000
000
PS
PVC
PE
Recycling Options
Amount, [tonnes]
ADP
32401890540
32401890540
000
1069.2623.7178.2
1066.527617.463187.11
2170.81266.3361.8
PS
PVC
PE
t/yr
GWP
00
00
00
00
00
Energy Recovery
Mechanical Recycling
(kWh)
acidification
1 kWh = 9.2 MJ
Total-260,420,670,0000-85,938,821,11762,073,475,213
Energy RecoveryMechanical Recycling
Energy from Resources (kcal)Energy from combustion (kcal)EDPEnergy from Resources (kcal)Energy from combustion (kcal)EDP
Production of PS-147,974,040,0000-48831433209.910
Production of PVC-93,326,310,0000-30797682306.250
Production of PE-19,120,320,0000-6309705601.280
Incineration of Plastics00062073475213
EDP0-23,865,345,905
1.43.00.9
186,049,047,033
Energy Recovery: Option 1Mechanical Recycling: Option 2
Energy from ResourcesEnergy from Resources
Total (kcal)-346,909,896,261188,101,440,000-248,122,522,24662,073,475,213
EDP-158,808,456,261-186,049,047,033.01
1.2
1.430.9
9.8787E+101.2603E+11-2.72E+10
1,000,000
CollectionRecoveryEDP
0.10.1191652713118.00
0.20.2185834534472.00
0.30.3176137570062.00
0.40.4162561819888.00
0.50.5
0.60.6
0.70.7
0.80.8
0.90.9
10.9
10.8
10.75783460426057652479000
10.6
10.5
10.4
10.2
10.1
Lab:
Energy Recovery
Mechanical Recycling
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
acidification
Production of PS
Production of PVC
Production of PE
Incineration of Plastics
EDP
(kcal)
POCP
Total (kcal)
EDP
Energy, (x 109 kcal)
EP
Depletion of abitic resources
ADPAbiotic depletion Potentialpp. 168 handbook on LCA
Crude oil0.020100kg antimony eq./kg
hard coal0.013400kg antimony eq./kg0.0067
soft coal0.006710kg antimony eq./kg
natural gas0.018700kg antimony eq./m3 natural gas
Fossil energy0.000481kg antimony eq./MJ fossil energy
ADP(oil)=ADP(fossil energy) x Heating value (oil)
-21,564gasoline (kg)
g1 - IncenerationADP - Inc.g2 - RecoveryADP - Rec.%Rankdifference%
3, (kg)Naphtha-44,568,900895,835-14,707,737295,62642.31-29,861,16367
4, LPG (kg)LPG-904,59418,182-565,67010,5781.56-338,92437
5, (kg)NGL-1,301,40024,336-429,4628,0311.27-871,93867
7Coal-5,750,73257,824-10,783,713108,43015.535,032,981-88
8Natural gas-70,6151,321-132,4172,4760.4961,802-88
9Petroleum-1,406,27128,266-2,637,02453,0047.641,230,753-88
10Crude oil-1,245,43925,033-2,335,43446,9426.751,089,995-88
11LNG-4,935,51792,294-9,255,031173,06924.824,319,514-88
12Gasoline-24,607-46,1430.01021,536-88
13COG (COG-96,439-180,8410.0884,402-88
ADP - Total1,143,091698,156100
158
pp. 178
Mole WeightExergy (kJ/mol)ADP_factor
C3H8Propane42.0812003.90.0209995509
C2H6ethane30.071495.80.0201029549
CH4OMethanol32.0427180.0446267409
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Energy Recovery: Option 1Mechanical Recycling: Option 2
ADP1,143,091698,156
1.6times
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as a paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production.
Naphtha:A product of crude oil or condensate refining which boils in roughly the same range as motor gasoline.
In general, the naphtha distillation range spans from a bit less than 100 F, the boiling point of pentanes, through 300-400 F, depending on the intentions and needs of the refiner.
The trade refers to this entire C5 to 300-400 F cut as whole or full-range naphtha. Refiners often produce two separate naphtha cuts when they distill crude, a light and a heavy fraction. They have rule-of-thumb boiling ranges of C5 through 175-200 F and 175-200 through 300-400 F. Refiners obtain naphthas from conversion units in addition to the straight-run streams from crude distillation. Catalytic crackers and cokers, in particular, produce cracked streams which boil in the naphtha range. See light naphtha, heavy naphtha, hydrocrackate, naphthenic naphtha, paraffinic naphtha, and whole naphtha.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Butane and propane separated from natural gasoline and sold in liquid form as fuel. Commonly referred to as bottled gas, tank gas, or simply LPG;
liquefied petroleum gases; hydrocarbon gases under low pressureMost people call it propane;
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): A general term for all liquid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Also referred to as NGLs. Can be ethane, butane, propane, or a propane-butane mix.
Natural Gas: A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases found in porous rock formations. Its principal component is methane.
Petroleum: A natural mixture of hydrocarbons in gaseous, liquid, or solid form.
A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists as a liquid in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities.
Crude is the raw material which is refined into gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, propane, petrochemicals, and other products.
Liquified natural gas (LNG): Natural gas that has been liquified for ease of transport by cooling the gas to -162C. Natural gas has 600 times the volume of LNG.
Methaneliquefied natural gas, i.e.: natural gas that is very, very cold; it is usually more than 98 percent pure methane
Gasoline, Straight-Run: Also known as raw gasoline. Gasoline which is obtained directly from crude oil by fractional distillation. Straight-run gasoline generally must be upgraded to meet current motor fuel specifications.
a by-product of coke manufacture
EP
Energy Recovery - Opt. 1
Mechanical Recycling - Opt. 2
ADP(i), (kg Sb eq.)
Normalized effect of Resources (ADP - indicator)
HTP
ADP
ADP, (x 106 kg Sb eq.)
Characterization
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as a paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production.
Naphtha:A product of crude oil or condensate refining which boils in roughly the same range as motor gasoline.
In general, the naphtha distillation range spans from a bit less than 100 F, the boiling point of pentanes, through 300-400 F, depending on the intentions and needs of the refiner.
The trade refers to this entire C5 to 300-400 F cut as whole or full-range naphtha. Refiners often produce two separate naphtha cuts when they distill crude, a light and a heavy fraction. They have rule-of-thumb boiling ranges of C5 through 175-200 F and 175-200 through 300-400 F. Refiners obtain naphthas from conversion units in addition to the straight-run streams from crude distillation. Catalytic crackers and cokers, in particular, produce cracked streams which boil in the naphtha range. See light naphtha, heavy naphtha, hydrocrackate, naphthenic naphtha, paraffinic naphtha, and whole naphtha.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Butane and propane separated from natural gasoline and sold in liquid form as fuel. Commonly referred to as bottled gas, tank gas, or simply LPG;
liquefied petroleum gases; hydrocarbon gases under low pressureMost people call it propane;
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): A general term for all liquid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Also referred to as NGLs. Can be ethane, butane, propane, or a propane-butane mix.
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as a paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production.
Naphtha:A product of crude oil or condensate refining which boils in roughly the same range as motor gasoline.
In general, the naphtha distillation range spans from a bit less than 100 F, the boiling point of pentanes, through 300-400 F, depending on the intentions and needs of the refiner.
The trade refers to this entire C5 to 300-400 F cut as whole or full-range naphtha. Refiners often produce two separate naphtha cuts when they distill crude, a light and a heavy fraction. They have rule-of-thumb boiling ranges of C5 through 175-200 F and 175-200 through 300-400 F. Refiners obtain naphthas from conversion units in addition to the straight-run streams from crude distillation. Catalytic crackers and cokers, in particular, produce cracked streams which boil in the naphtha range. See light naphtha, heavy naphtha, hydrocrackate, naphthenic naphtha, paraffinic naphtha, and whole naphtha.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Butane and propane separated from natural gasoline and sold in liquid form as fuel. Commonly referred to as bottled gas, tank gas, or simply LPG;
liquefied petroleum gases; hydrocarbon gases under low pressureMost people call it propane;
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): A general term for all liquid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Also referred to as NGLs. Can be ethane, butane, propane, or a propane-butane mix.
a by-product of coke manufacture
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Energy recovery: Option 1
Mechanical recycling: Option 2
ADP(i), (kg Sb eq.)
Burden
Climate change
GWPGlobal warming potentialpp. 185 handbook on LCA
GWP100air
Co21kg co2 eq./kg
methaneCH421kg co2 eq./kg
HCF2800kg co2 eq./kg
310kg co2 eq./kg
Sulfur hexaflouride23900kg co2 eq./kg
Energy RecoveryMaterials Recycling
PotentialPotential%Rank
14451,228,644,294451,228,644334,343,918,629334,343,91999.811
1528,004,400588,0929,241,452194,0700.0584
16HCF (g)HCF1,3073,6592,4506,8610.0025
171,301,351403,419755,622234,2430.0702
184,423105,7078,294198,2200.0593
19Nox235,265,346207,984,9240.00
20Sox615,369,058617,249,2690.00
GWP100452,329,521334,977,313100
767.2750817634
tonnes CO2 eq
Energy Recovery: Option 1452,330452,329,521
Mechanical Recycling: Option 2334,977334,977,313
1.4
Burden
Energy Recovery: Option 1
GWP, (x 106 kg CO2 eq.)
FACTORS
Energy Recovery: Option 1
Mechanical Recycling: Option 2
GWP(i), (kg CO2 eq.)
Sest_2_REC_Dg_DA
Scenario
Acidificationpp. 360
APAcidificatin potential
in air in kg SO2 eq./kg
nitrogen oxides0.7kg SO2 eq./kg
sulphur dioxide1
hydrogen cloride0.88
g1 - Incenerationg2 - Recovery
19235,265,346164,686207,984,924145,589
20615,369,058615,369617,249,269617,249
24HCl (g)HCl2,194,9381,932724,330637
Acidification781,986763,476
Energy recovery - Option 1781,986
Mechanical recycling - Option 2763,4760.9763292291
Scenario
00
00
00
Energy Recovery - Opt. 1
Mechanical Recycling - Opt. 2
Substances Released into the Atmosphere
AP, (kg SO2 eq.)
Senst_2_REC_Ds_DA
0
0
AP, (x 103 kg SO2 eq.)
Sensitivity
0
0
0
Opt. 2 - Mechanical Recycling
(kg SO2 eq./kg)
Acidification
Recovery
000
000
NOx
SOx
HCl
Sheet2
Photo-oxidant formation
POCPphotochemical ozone creation potential
p. 333Photo-oxidant formation
kg ethylene eq./kg
corbon monooxide0.027
nitrogen dioxide0.028
nitrogen mono oxide-0.427
sulphure dioxide0.048
g1 - Incenerationg2 - Recovery
19235,265,3466587.43207,984,9245823.58
20615,369,05829537.71617,249,26929627.96
25CO (g)117,9363.1838,9191.05
POCP36128.3335452.59
Energy recovery - Option 136128.33
Mechanical recycling - Option 235452.59
Sheet2
00
00
00
Energy Recovery - Opt. 1
Mechanical Recycling - Opt. 2
Substances Released into Atmosphere
POCP, (kg C2H4 eq./kg)
Best Case
0
0
POCP, (x 103 kg C2H4 eq.)
00
00
00
Eutrophication
EPeutrophication potential
in air/water/soil in kg PO4 eq./kg
nitrogen oxides0.13
phosphorus (P)3.06
COD0.022
g1 - Incenerationg2 - Recovery
19235265346.130584.5207984924.227038.0
26COD7363397955.1162.02453219625.754.0
29 (mg)297810000.0911.398277300.0300.7
EP31657.827392.7
Energy Recovery - Option 131657.8
Mechanical Recycling - Option 227392.71.16
00
00
00
Energy Recovery - Opt. 1
Mechanical Recycling - Opt. 2
Substances Released into Enviroment
EP, (kg PO4 eq.)
0
0
EP, (x 103 kg PO4 eq.)
00
00
00
Human toxicityp. 190
HTPHuman-toxicity potential
emission to air/water in kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq./kg emission
AIRHTP (inf)HTP (100 yr)
hydrogen chloride0.50.5kg 1,4-DCB eq./kg
nitrogen dioxide, NO21.21.2
dust (PM10)0.820.82
sulphur dioxide, SO20.0960.096
fresh WaterSea water
phenol0.000080.00008
nickel75078
g1 - Incenerationg2 - Recovery
AIR19235,265,346282318.42207,984,924249581.91
20615,369,05859075.43617,249,26959255.93
22 (g)Dust115,834,04694983.9239,374,61832287.19
24 (g)2,194,9381097.47724,330362.16
Sea WaterT-Ni, (mg/L)30 (mg)T-Ni7,236,000,0005,427,000.002,387,880,0001790910.00036
Phenol, (mg/L)32 (mg)Phenol30,807,0000.00246510,166,3100.0008133048
Total - HTP5,864,475.22,132,397.2
Energy Recovery - Option 15,864,475.22.8
Mechanical Recycling - Option 22,132,397.2
00
00
00
00
00
00
Energy Recovery - Opt. 1
Mechanical Recycling - Opt. 2
Substances Released into Enviroment
HTP, (kg 1,4-DCB eq.)
0
0
HTP, (x 106 kg 1,4-DCB eq.)
00
00
00
00
00
00
World (1995)pp. 386LCA-What is it and How to do it
ADP1570000000001.06
EDP235
Climate changeGWP3860000000000037.7
ODP515000000
HTP49800000000000
ExcotosicityMarine ET512000000000000
EP129000000000
Acidification299000000000
POCP45500000000
IncRec
Scenario 1Scenario 2
IndicatorNormalizedIndicatorNormalized
Energy from Heat188,101,440,00062,073,475,21328.5
Energy from Resources-346,909,896,261-248,122,522,246
Total Energy-158,808,456,261-6.76E+08-186,049,047,033-791698072.480893-17.2
%
ADP1,143,091.067.28E-067.28698156.400.00000444694.450.266138.9
GWP452,329,521.141.17E-0511.72334,977,312.830.00000867828.680.519325.9
AP781,986.352.62E-062.62763,476.130.00000255342.550.15282.4
POCP36,128.337.94E-070.7935,452.590.00000077920.780.04661.9
EP31,657.792.45E-070.2527,392.740.00000021230.210.012713.5
HTP5,864,475.231.18E-070.122,132,397.190.00000004280.040.002663.6
Total environmental burden (yr)2.28E-050.00001671280.000006059
sec0.0002732610.0002005536
Total Environmental burden (yrs.)
Energy Recovery - Option 10.000022771822.77
Mechanical Recycling - Option 20.000016712816.71
1.4
1.3625337035
Total Environmental burden (yrs.)ADPGWP
Energy Recovery - Option 12.277E-052.287.2811.72
Mechanical Recycling - Option 20.00001671281.674.458.68
BaseEnergy Recovery0.0000227718
Material Rec. - base0.0000134043
Efficiency ofEnergy ConvertionEfficiency of SeparationTotal Burden
ESDelta-Energy-RecDelta-materila
110670.0000134043-41.141.701.00E-091.00
212670.0000134043-41.141.708.77E-101.00
315670.0000134043-41.141.706.86E-101.00
417670.0000134043-41.141.705.58E-101.00
519670.0000134043-41.141.701.33E-101.00
621.1670.0000134043-41.141.700.00E+001.00
723670.0000134043-41.141.70-1.20E-101.00
825670.0000134043-41.141.70-2.47E-101.00
927670.0000134043-41.141.70-3.75E-101.00
1029670.0000134043-41.141.70-5.02E-101.00
1130670.0000134043-41.141.70-5.66E-101.00
1232670.0000134043-41.141.70-6.94E-101.00
1334670.0000134043-41.141.70-8.21E-101.00
1436670.0000134043-41.141.70-9.49E-101.00
1538670.0000134043-41.141.70-1.08E-091.00
1640670.0000134043-41.141.70-1.20E-091.00
1721.1470.0000138371-39.241.653.23E+000.97
1821.1490.0000137706-39.531.652.73E+000.97
1921.1510.0000137109-39.791.662.29E+000.98
2021.1530.0000136572-40.031.671.89E+000.98
2121.1550.0000136088-40.241.671.53E+000.98
2221.1570.0000135653-40.431.681.20E+000.99
2321.1590.000013526-40.601.689.08E-010.99
2421.1610.0000134907-40.761.696.44E-010.99
2521.1630.0000134588-40.901.694.06E-011.00
2621.1650.0000134301-41.021.701.92E-011.00
2721.1690.0000133812-41.241.70-1.73E-011.00
2821.1710.0000133605-41.331.70-3.27E-011.00
2921.1730.000013342-41.411.71-4.65E-011.00
3021.1750.0000133256-41.481.71-5.88E-011.01
3121.1770.000013311-41.551.71-6.96E-011.01
3221.1790.0000132982-41.601.71-7.92E-011.01
3321.1810.000013287-41.651.71-8.75E-011.01
3421.1830.0000132773-41.691.72-9.48E-011.01
3521.1850.000013269-41.731.72-1.01E+001.01
3621.1870.000013262-41.761.72-1.06E+001.01
3721.1890.0000132562-41.791.72-1.11E+001.01
3821.1910.0000132515-41.811.72-1.14E+001.01
3921.1930.0000132479-41.821.72-1.17E+001.01
4021.1950.0000132453-41.831.72-1.19E+001.01
4121.1970.0000132436-41.841.72-1.20E+001.01
4270670.0000134043-41.141.70-3.11E-091.00
43100670.0000134043-41.141.70-2.00E-081.00
44100770.000013311-41.551.71-6.96E-011.01
4540770.000013311-41.551.71-6.96E-011.01
4615770.000013311-41.551.71-6.96E-011.01
4720880.000013259-41.771.72-1.08E+001.01
4820500.0000137399-39.661.662.50E+000.98
4910400.0000141377-37.921.615.47E+000.95
5015500.0000137399-39.661.662.50E+000.98
5110900.0000132537-41.801.72-1.12E+001.01
5215900.0000132537-41.801.72-1.12E+001.01
5320900.0000132537-41.801.72-1.12E+001.01
5425900.0000132537-41.801.72-1.12E+001.01
5530900.0000132537-41.801.72-1.12E+001.01
5635900.0000132537-41.801.72-1.12E+001.01
5740900.0000132537-41.801.72-1.12E+001.01
5810800.0000132924-41.631.71-8.35E-011.01
5910850.000013269-41.731.72-1.01E+001.01
6015800.0000132924-41.631.71-8.35E-011.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Scenario 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Scenario 2
00101000
000000
ADP
GWP
#REF!
HTP
#REF!
AP
EP
POCP
Options
[yr.]
Environmental interventions
0
0
Total Environmental Burden, (x 10-5 yrs.-1)
00
00
ADP
GWP
(10-6 years)
00
00
ADP
GWP
00
00
00
00
00
00
Energy Recovery - Opt. 1
Mechanical Recycling - Opt. 2
Impact Category Indicator
Environmental Burden, (x 10-6 yrs.-1)
00
00
ADP
GWP
Environmental Burden (x 10-5 yrs.)
c=0.5 ; r=0.5
g_Charchterized_Wheighted_at_c50-r50g_at_c50-r50
1Energy from Resources (kcal)0-195315502500
2Energy from combustion (kcal)0339446700000
3Naphtha (kg)-4.28E-06-33426675
4(LPG), Liquefied petroleum gas, (kg)-1.01E-07-787285.29
5(NGL), Natural gas liquid (kg)-1.16E-07-976050
6Oxygen gas (liquefied oxygen is included), kg0-2049300
7Coal (kg)-3.39E-07-7933240.64
8Natural gas (kg)-1.16E-08-97414.81
9Petroleum (L)-2.48E-07-1939976.17
10Crude oil (L)-2.20E-07-1718106.13
11LNG (kg)-8.11E-07-6808636.87
12gasoline (kg)0-33946.12
13COG, Coke oven gas (kg)0-133038.82
141.06E-02409493970219.73
151.14E-0521003300
16HCF (g)1.31E-071802.69
178.91E-061,108,899.43
183.78E-066,101.43
195.45E-06226044229.57
202.06E-03616815853.56
21 (g)052496100
22Dust, (g)1.44E-0687343798.94
23028572.75
24 (g)4.85E-061646203.5
25 (g)5.25E-0888452
26Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg)9.43E-045532040316.31
27Solid suspend, (mg)02652437464.08
28Biochemical Oxygen Demand, (mg)03405240000
29T-P, (mg)5.30E-03223,357,500.00
30T-Ni, (mg)8.17E-025427000000
31Oil, (mg)0360247500
32Phenol, (mg)3.71E-1123105250
11Energy from Resources (kcal)0
22Energy from combustion (kcal)0
33Naphtha (kg)-4.28E-06
44(LPG), Liquefied petroleum gas, (kg)-1.01E-07
55(NGL), Natural gas liquid (kg)-1.16E-07
66Oxygen gas (liquefied oxygen is included), kg0
77Coal (kg)-3.39E-07
88Natural gas (kg)-1.16E-08
99Petroleum (L)-2.48E-07
1010Crude oil (L)-2.20E-07
1111LNG (kg)-8.11E-07
12141.06E-02
13151.14E-05
1416HCF (g)1.31E-07
15178.91E-06
16183.78E-06
17195.45E-06
18202.06E-03
1922Dust, (g)1.44E-06
2024 (g)4.85E-06
2125 (g)5.25E-08
2226Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg)9.43E-04
2329T-P, (mg)5.30E-03
2430T-Ni, (mg)8.17E-02
2532Phenol, (mg)3.71E-11
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as a paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production.
Naphtha:A product of crude oil or condensate refining which boils in roughly the same range as motor gasoline.
In general, the naphtha distillation range spans from a bit less than 100 F, the boiling point of pentanes, through 300-400 F, depending on the intentions and needs of the refiner.
The trade refers to this entire C5 to 300-400 F cut as whole or full-range naphtha. Refiners often produce two separate naphtha cuts when they distill crude, a light and a heavy fraction. They have rule-of-thumb boiling ranges of C5 through 175-200 F and 175-200 through 300-400 F. Refiners obtain naphthas from conversion units in addition to the straight-run streams from crude distillation. Catalytic crackers and cokers, in particular, produce cracked streams which boil in the naphtha range. See light naphtha, heavy naphtha, hydrocrackate, naphthenic naphtha, paraffinic naphtha, and whole naphtha.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Butane and propane separated from natural gasoline and sold in liquid form as fuel. Commonly referred to as bottled gas, tank gas, or simply LPG;
liquefied petroleum gases; hydrocarbon gases under low pressureMost people call it propane;
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): A general term for all liquid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Also referred to as NGLs. Can be ethane, butane, propane, or a propane-butane mix.
a by-product of coke manufacture
TSS (mg/l)- "Total Suspended Solids" is the visible and suspended matter in water. It is determined as the weight of matter that remains on a filter when dried at a specific temperature.
BOD (mg/l)- measured here in milligrams per liter, "Biochemical Oxygen Demand" is the amount of oxygen required by bacteria for the biological decomposition of organic matter.
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as a paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production.
Naphtha:A product of crude oil or condensate refining which boils in roughly the same range as motor gasoline.
In general, the naphtha distillation range spans from a bit less than 100 F, the boiling point of pentanes, through 300-400 F, depending on the intentions and needs of the refiner.
The trade refers to this entire C5 to 300-400 F cut as whole or full-range naphtha. Refiners often produce two separate naphtha cuts when they distill crude, a light and a heavy fraction. They have rule-of-thumb boiling ranges of C5 through 175-200 F and 175-200 through 300-400 F. Refiners obtain naphthas from conversion units in addition to the straight-run streams from crude distillation. Catalytic crackers and cokers, in particular, produce cracked streams which boil in the naphtha range. See light naphtha, heavy naphtha, hydrocrackate, naphthenic naphtha, paraffinic naphtha, and whole naphtha.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Butane and propane separated from natural gasoline and sold in liquid form as fuel. Commonly referred to as bottled gas, tank gas, or simply LPG;
liquefied petroleum gases; hydrocarbon gases under low pressureMost people call it propane;
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): A general term for all liquid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Also referred to as NGLs. Can be ethane, butane, propane, or a propane-butane mix.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
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00000000000000000000000
Naphtha (kg)
(LPG), Liquefied petroleum gas, (kg)
(NGL), Natural gas liquid (kg)
Oxygen gas (liquefied oxygen is included), kg
Coal (kg)
Natural gas (kg)
Petroleum (L)
Crude oil (L)
LNG (kg)
CO2 (g)
CH4 (g)
HCF (g)
N2O (g)
SF6 (g)
NOx (g)
SOx (g)
Dust, (g)
(g)
(g)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg)
T-P, (mg)
T-Ni, (mg)
Phenol, (mg)
Impact indicators, Ii
FlowADP(i),(kg Sb eq./kg)GWP(i),(kg CO2 eq./kg)AP(i),(kg SO2 eq./kg)POCP(i),(kg C2H4 eq./kg)EP(i),(kg PO43- eq./kg)HTP(i),(kg 1,4-DCB eq./kg)
1Energy from Resources (kcal)000000
2Energy from combustion (kcal)000000
3Naphtha (kg)Resourcesg3Naphtha0.020100000
4(LPG), Liquefied petroleum gas, (kg)g4LPG0.020100000
5(NGL), Natural gas liquid (kg)g5NGL0.018700000
6Oxygen gas (liquefied oxygen is included), kg000000
7Coal (kg)g7Coal0.006700000
8Natural gas (kg)g8Natural gas0.018700000
9Petroleum (L)g9Petroleum0.020100000
10Crude oil (L)g10Crude oil0.020100000
11LNG (kg)g11LNG0.018700000
12gasoline (kg)000000
13COG, Coke oven gas (kg)000000
14Emission to airg12CO2010000
15g13CH40210000
16HCF (g)g14HCF028000000
17g15N2O03100000
18g16SF60239000000
19g17NOx000.70.0280.131.2
20g18SOx0010.04800.096
21 (g)000000
22Dust, (g)g19Dust000000.82
23000000
24 (g)g20HCl000.88000.5
25 (g)g21CO0000.02700
26Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg)Emission to waterg22COD00000.0220
27Solid suspend, (mg)000000
28Biochemical Oxygen Demand, (mg)000000
29T-P, (mg)g23T-P00003.060
30T-Ni, (mg)g24T-Ni00000750
31Oil, (mg)000000
32Phenol, (mg)g25Phenol000000.00008
IndicatorWeighting factorUnit
ADP1.57E+11kg (Sb eq.) yr-1
GWP3.86E+13kg (CO2 eq.) yr-1
AP2.99E+11kg (SO2 eq.) yr-1
POCP4.55E+10kg (C2H4 eq.) yr-1
EP1.29E+11kg (PO4 eq.) yr-1
HTP4.98E+13kg (1,4-DCB eq.) yr-1
A - mechanical recycling12345678
11000-1.8022680000
20100-1.05013230000
30010-0.303780000
4-0.13-0.29-0.081-9.40-409765215780500
500001-180000000
6000005670000-56700000
70000001701000-1701000
800000100
B - mechanical recycling
1-4567.1-4937.9-3540.8-0.09-8088.110-35257000000
2000000013577868000
3-0.96-0.44-0.9600000
4-0.01-0.01-0.0200000
5-0.03-0.02-0.0400000
6-0.01-0.12000000
7000-0.060000
800000000
9000-0.010000
10000-0.010000
11000-0.050000
1200000000
1300000000
1413871105980.3535310830004490640000
150.030500000
1600000000
17000.200000
1800000000
191.241.010.940.188.49000
200.260.310.220.1432.54000
210.222.771.9300000
220.030.03210.010000
2300000000
24000.400000
2500.01000000
2664.8268340.150000
2747.8100160.060000
2842.81602400000
294.27.7300000
301191529400000
310.823.90.500000
320.11.430.100000
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as a paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production.
Naphtha:A product of crude oil or condensate refining which boils in roughly the same range as motor gasoline.
In general, the naphtha distillation range spans from a bit less than 100 F, the boiling point of pentanes, through 300-400 F, depending on the intentions and needs of the refiner.
The trade refers to this entire C5 to 300-400 F cut as whole or full-range naphtha. Refiners often produce two separate naphtha cuts when they distill crude, a light and a heavy fraction. They have rule-of-thumb boiling ranges of C5 through 175-200 F and 175-200 through 300-400 F. Refiners obtain naphthas from conversion units in addition to the straight-run streams from crude distillation. Catalytic crackers and cokers, in particular, produce cracked streams which boil in the naphtha range. See light naphtha, heavy naphtha, hydrocrackate, naphthenic naphtha, paraffinic naphtha, and whole naphtha.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Butane and propane separated from natural gasoline and sold in liquid form as fuel. Commonly referred to as bottled gas, tank gas, or simply LPG;
liquefied petroleum gases; hydrocarbon gases under low pressureMost people call it propane;
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): A general term for all liquid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Also referred to as NGLs. Can be ethane, butane, propane, or a propane-butane mix.
a by-product of coke manufacture
TSS (mg/l)- "Total Suspended Solids" is the visible and suspended matter in water. It is determined as the weight of matter that remains on a filter when dried at a specific temperature.
BOD (mg/l)- measured here in milligrams per liter, "Biochemical Oxygen Demand" is the amount of oxygen required by bacteria for the biological decomposition of organic matter.
If sensitivity is NEGATIVE it means that the total sum of LOAD ("g") decreased in accordance with the increase of parameter
If sensitivity is POSITIVE it means that the total sum of LOAD ("g") INCREASES in accordance with the increase of parameter
c=0.5 ; r=0.5
Weighting Factors
ADP0.2660748595
GWP0.519252814
Load 1 Energy from Resources
57 / 33 / 10 %
p - Process vector12345678
Production of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Recovery of plasticsIncineration of Plastics
To Decrease Energy from Resources
1PS (kg)-0.570000.760-0.190Scenario 156Decrease demand
2PVC (kg)0-0.36000.480-0.120Scenario 266Increase the collection rate of Plastic waste
3PE (kg)00-0.0700.10-0.020Scenario 315, 25, 35Decrease the amount of Plastic Use for TV
4Electricity (kWh)00000000Scenario 417, 27, 37Increase RECOVERY of separation
5TV set (No)0000-1.331.3300Scenario 511, 22, 33Improve the efficiency of the process for production of PLASTICS (especially PS)
6Collected Plastics for separation00000-0.330.330
7Waste plastics for inceneration (kg)00000000
8USE of TV Set (years)00000-100
Load 2 Energy from combustion
57 / 33 / 10 %
p - Process vector12345678
Production of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Recovery of plasticsIncineration of Plastics
To INCREASE Energy from combustion
1PS (kg)00000000Scenario 166Increase the collection ratio
2PVC (kg)00000000
3PE (kg)00000000
4Electricity (kWh)00000000
5TV set (No)00000000
6Collected Plastics for separation000000.33-0.330
7Waste plastics for inceneration (kg)000000.670.33-1
8USE of TV Set (years)00000-100
ADP0.2660748595
Weighting factors42.3437374311Weighting factors42.3437374311
Load 3 Naphta2.64Load 3 Naphta _Characterised _ Weighted
57 / 33 / 10 %57 / 33 / 10 %
p - Process vector12345678p - Process vector12345678
Production of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Recovery of plasticsIncineration of PlasticsProduction of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Recovery of plasticsIncineration of Plastics
To Decrease use on NAPHTA Energy from combustion
1PS (kg)-0.700000.930-0.230Scenario 156Decrease demand1PS (kg)-000000-00
2PVC (kg)0-0.18000.250-0.060Scenario 266Increase the collection rate of Plastic waste2PVC (kg)0-00000-00
3PE (kg)00-0.1200.150-0.040Scenario 315, 25, 35Decrease the amount of Plastic Use for TV3PE (kg)00-0000-00
4Electricity (kWh)00000000Scenario 417, 27, 37Increase RECOVERY of separation4Electricity (kWh)00000000
5TV set (No)0000-1.331.3300Scenario 586Increase the life of TV sets5TV set (No)0000-0000
6Collected Plastics for separation00000-0.330.330Scenario 611, 22, 33Improve the efficiency of the process for production of PLASTICS (especially PS)6Collected Plastics for separation00000-000
7Waste plastics for inceneration (kg)00000000.00E+007Waste plastics for inceneration (kg)00000000
8USE of TV Set (years)00000-1.00008USE of TV Set (years)00000-000
ADP0.2660748595
Weigt1.5151Weigt1.5151
Load 4 LPGLoad 4 LPG _Characterised _ Weighted
57 / 33 / 10 %57 / 33 / 10 %
p - Process vector12345678p - Process vector12345678
Production of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Recovery of plasticsIncineration of PlasticsProduction of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Recovery of plasticsIncineration of Plastics
To Decrease use of LPG
1PS (kg)-0.440000.590-0.150Scenario 156Decrease demand1PS (kg)-000000-00
2PVC (kg)0-0.17000.230-0.060Scenario 266Increase the collection rate of Plastic waste2PVC (kg)0-00000-00
3PE (kg)00-0.100.140-0.030Scenario 315, 25, 35Decrease the amount of Plastic Use for TV3PE (kg)00-0000-00
4Electricity (kWh)0.010.010-0.30.3700.05-0.13Scenario 417, 27, 37Increase RECOVERY of separation4Electricity (kWh)000-0000-0
5TV set (No)0000-1.321.32005TV set (No)0000-0000
6Collected Plastics for separation00000-0.240.2406Collected Plastics for separation00000-000
7Waste plastics for inceneration (kg)00000-0.09-0.040.137Waste plastics for inceneration (kg)00000-0-00
8USE of TV Set (years)00000-1008USE of TV Set (years)00000-000
ADP0.2660748595
Weight1.1503Weight1.1503
Load 5 NLGLoad 5 NLG _Characterised _ Weighted
57 / 33 / 10 %57 / 33 / 10 %
p - Process vector12345678p - Process vector12345678
Production of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Recovery of plasticsIncineration of PlasticsProduction of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Recovery of plasticsIncineration of Plastics
To Decrease use of LPG
1PS (kg)-0.620000.830-0.210Scenario 156Decrease demand1PS (kg)-7.41E-140009.88E-140-2.47E-140
2PVC (kg)0-0.23000.310-0.080Scenario 266Increase the collection rate of Plastic waste2PVC (kg)0-2.77E-14003.69E-140-9.23E-150
3PE (kg)00-0.1500.190-0.050Scenario 315, 25, 35Decrease the amount of Plastic Use for TV3PE (kg)00-1.73E-1402.31E-140-5.77E-150
4Electricity (kWh)00000000Scenario 417, 27, 37Increase RECOVERY of separation4Electricity (kWh)00000000
5TV set (No)0000-1.331.33005TV set (No)0000-1.59E-131.59E-1300
6Collected Plastics for separation00000-0.330.3306Collected Plastics for separation00000-3.97E-143.97E-140
7Waste plastics for inceneration (kg)000000007Waste plastics for inceneration (kg)00000000
8USE of TV Set (years)00000-1008USE of TV Set (years)00000-1.19E-1300
ADP0.2660748595
Weight15.5309Weight15.5309
Load 7 CoalLoad 7 Coal NLG _Characterised _ Weighted
57 / 33 / 10 %57 / 33 / 10 %
p - Process vector12345678p - Process vector12345678
Production of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Recovery of plasticsIncineration of PlasticsProduction of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Recovery of plasticsIncineration of Plastics
1PS (kg)-0.020000.030-0.0101PS (kg)-000000-00
2PVC (kg)0-0.03000.040-0.0102PVC (kg)0-00000-00
3PE (kg)00-0.002300.003100.000803PE (kg)00-0000-00
4Electricity (kWh)0.020.030.0023-11.2200.15-0.434Electricity (kWh)000-0000-0
5TV set (No)0000-1.291.29005TV set (No)0000-0000
6Collected Plastics for separation00000-0.010.0106Collected Plastics for separation00000-000
7Waste plastics for inceneration (kg)00000-0.28-0.140.437Waste plastics for inceneration (kg)00000-0-00
8USE of TV Set (years)00000-1008USE of TV Set (years)00000-000
Weight0.0000Weight0.0000
Load 8 Natural GasLoad 8 Natural Gas_Characterised _ Weighted
57 / 33 / 10 %57 / 33 / 10 %
p - Process vector12345678p - Process vector12345678
Production of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Recovery of plasticsIncineration of PlasticsProduction of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3 kg)Use of TV set (unit/yrs)Recovery of plasticsIncineration of Plastics
1PS (kg)-0.02330000.03110-0.007801PS (kg)-2.78E-150003.70E-150-9.25E-160
2PVC (kg)0-0.0296000.03950-0.009902PVC (kg)0-3.53E-15004.71E-150-1.18E-150
3PE (kg)00-0.002300.00310-0.000803PE (kg)00-2.78E-1603.71E-160-9.28E-170
4Electricity (kWh)0.02330.02960.0023-11.220200.1513-0.42674Electricity (kWh)2.78E-153.53E-152.78E-16-1.19E-131.45E-1301.80E-14-5.08E-14
5TV set (No)0000-1.29391.2939005TV set (No)0000-1.54E-131.54E-1300
6Collected Plastics for separation00000-0.00940.009406Collected Plastics for separation00000-1.12E-151.12E-150
7Waste plastics for inceneration (kg)00000-0.2845-0.14220.42677Waste plastics for inceneration (kg)00000-3.39E-14-1.69E-145.08E-14
8USE of TV Set (years)00000-1008USE of TV Set (years)00000-1.19E-1300
Weight0.0000Weight0.0000
Load 9 PetroliumLoad 9 Petrolium_Characterised _ Weighted
57 / 33 / 10 %57 / 33 / 10 %
p - Process vector12345678p - Process vector12345678
Production of PS (1 kg)Production of PVC (1 kg)Production of PE (1 kg)Production of electricity (1 kWh)Production of a TV set (PS:PVC:PE = 1.8 : 1.05 : 0.3