Download - Four Great River Valley Civilizations-1
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CIVILI
ZATIO
NS
EMERGE IN A
SIA
& AFR
ICA
THE
FIRST
CIVIL
IZATI
ON: THE
RIVER
VALL
EYS
BY: M
ANILYN R
ABANG
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VOCABULARY CHECK
• artisan – someone skilled in a specialized craft.
• artifact – an object, shaped or made by an ancient human being, that has survived to our times.
• barter –trade in which people exchange goods without using money.
• fossil – the hardened, preserved remains of plants or animals.
• nomad – a person who has no permanent home.
• prehistory – the period of time before systems of writing and record-keeping were developed.
• technology – the use of methods, materials, and tools to accomplish work.
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EMERGENCE OF RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
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4 RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
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NILE RIVER VALLEYBecause of its geography
Egypt developed to become a peaceful civilization with a higher standard of living. People as individuals were treated with more respect here than in other civilizations of the time.
The Nile River Valley is Surrounded on Four Sides by Natural Barriers
Red Sea to the East Desert to the West Mediterranean to the North Mountains to the South
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“GIFTS OF THE NILE”
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MAJOR PHARAOHS OF EGYPT
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ROSETTA STONE
We didn’t know as much about Egypt until the mid-1800s after the Rosetta Stone was allowed us to decipher the hieroglyphics of Egypt
Napoleon’s officer discovered the Rosetta Stone (late 1700s)
Deciphered by Champanion in early 1800s
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FERTILE CRESCENT
Deserts and mountains surround the Fertile Crescent to the north but because grass grew on these mountains it attracted wandering tribes who often attacked those living in the River Valley.
City-states protected and isolated each group
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NATURAL BOUNDARIES UNFAVORABLE
Both rivers overflow in an unpredictable manner
The time of year could not be predicted.The magnitude of turbulence of the flooding could not be predicted.
The area is called a "crossroad" because everyone who traveled or traded between Europe, Africa, and Asia traveled through this region, sometimes taking what they wanted
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Mesopotamian TradeMesopotamian Trade
“The Cuneiform World”
“The Cuneiform World”
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GAVE RISE TO MULTIPLE EMPIRES WITHIN THE GENERAL REGION THAT CONTROLLED DIFFERENT TERRITORY BUT HAD SIMILAR CULTURE
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ASSYRIA AND ITS RIVALS
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THE FIRST EMPIRE BUILDER
Invasion and conquest were prominent features of the ancient Middle East. About 2300 BC, Sargon, the ruler of neighboring Akkad, invaded and conquered the city-states of Sumer. He built the first empire known to history.
Akkad (in green)
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Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing
Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing
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Cuneiform WritingCuneiform Writing
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HAMMURABI’S CODEBABYLONIANStele or Stela
Hammurabi
282
Cuneiform
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ASSYRIAN (1ST EMPIRE)911 BCE – 612 BCE
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MIDDLE KINGDOM
Himalayas, Kunlun Shan, Tian Shan
Gobi desert
Pacific Ocean to east
rivers Hwang Hu (Yellow), Chang Jiang (Yangtze), Xi Jiang (West)
yellow silt &favorable climate make good farming
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ANCIENT DYNASTIES MANDATE OF HEAVEN
Xia (first) 2100 BCE – 1800 BCEShang
1500BCE- 1100BCE
Mandate of Heaven
Zhou (longest)1100BCE – 256BCE
Confucianism during Axial Age (ca. 500 BCE)
Qin (Chin) China gets its name from this dynasty
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MANDATE OF HEAVEN
Zhou Dynasty
Family of rulers that have the approval of the ancestors
Dynastic Cycle has added element much like a divine monarch creates a theocracy yet as earthly events appear and have a negative impact then it is assumed that the emperor has lost the approval of the ancestors and they have created the environment
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ARE YOU SLEEPING?
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Sui, Tang, Song
Sui, Tang, Song
Yuan, Ming, Manchu
Yuan, Ming, Manchu
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong
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CONFUCIANISM AND SCHOLARLY-GENTRY
Creates balance
Yin and Yang
Filial piety is the final link in the chain of continuity of the civilization
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INDUS RIVER VALLEY
HarappanMohenjo-Darosubcontinent of Asia:
water on east and west, mountain ranges on north
Hindu Kush and Himalayas
southwest monsoon brings heavy rain and flooding
enriched soil, but sometimes great erosion
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ANCIENT GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS IN SOUTH ASIA
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CITIES OF THE INDUS
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MOHENJO-DARO“MOUND OF THE DEAD”
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INDUS RIVER VALLEY
Destructionwell-planned,
citadels, grid of streets
clay brick houses, plumbing with sewer system
bronze and copper tools, gold and silver jewels, clay pots, spun and woven cloth
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DEVELOPMENT OF REGION
Early Food Producing Era (ca. 7000-5500 BC)
Regionalization Era, (5500-2600 BC)
Regional cultural developmentSubdivided into various eras Emergence of an Early Indus state ca. 2800 BCE and urbanization ca. 2600 BCE
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DRAINS & SEWER SYSTEMS
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SUCCESSORS TO THE REGIONVEDIC ERA - HINDUISM
Aryans
Rajas
Indo-Europeans
Caste System - called Varna which translates to color in the ancient language)
Jati – sub-castes
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ARYAN INVASION THEORY
Sometime between 2500 and 1800 BCE
Aryans began moving into India
Apparently NOT the cause of the fall of Indus Civilization
Farmers without written language
Used Khyber Pass
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POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS
Tribe led by chief and tribal council
Tribes formed small states
Each state ruled by king and council of warriors
Aryans looked down on conquered people
Laws against marriage of Aryans with original valley dwellers
Men permitted more than one wife
Sons expected to be warriors and perform ritual at fathers funeral
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ECONOMIC SYSTEM
Mostly farmers
Barley major crop
Most owned their land
Handicrafts in villages
System of barter for goods
Cattle later used as money
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HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHYEnvironmental determinism – the manner in which
humans and the environment interact.Man and his culture are shaped by their environment and while technology allows them to adapt, their underlying characteristics have already been shaped by their environment
Systems within a civilization are influenced by the environment
Humans change and adapt their environment with technology
Technology are methods that are used by man or man’s attempt “to overcome his environment”
Possibilism is a different theory that holds that there is an interdependence between humans and their physical environment and that while the environment sets certain constraints, culture is shaped by man
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OLMEC- 3500-2500 BCE- SITE LA VENTATwo environments & Agricultural methods Slash and burn agriculture- forested uplands Irrigation riverine agriculture- riverine lowlands- u-shaped stone
drain lines. 2 or more crops per year Maize, beans, squash
Lowland riverine populous became the elite Chiefdom societies- with centers populated at circa
1000 each- rulers, elite, craftspersons Writing system but un-deciphered though
indications of counting system- Maya used same counting system so this aspect is translatable.
Items of trade Highlands- obsidian, jade and Magnetite, cacao (drink for nobility) Lowlands- mollusk, turtle shell, sharks teeth, and pottery
4 major redistribution/ceremonial centers- San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapates, and Laguna de los Cerros
Classic Maya- 2000- 800 BCE- sites Copan & Palenque
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CLASSIC CULTURES OF THE AMERICAS
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YIN AND YANG
The light color area which indicates more sunlight is called Yang (Sun).
The dark color area has less sunlight (more moonlight) and is called Yin (Moon).
Yang is like man. Yin is like woman. Yang wouldn't grow without Yin. Yin couldn't give birth without Yang.
Yin is born (begins) at Summer Solstice and Yang is born (begins) at Winter Solstice.
Therefore one little circle Yin is marked on the Summer Solstice position. Another little circle Yang is marked on the Winter Solstice position.
These two little circles look like two fish eyes.
http://www.chinesefortunecalendar.com/yinyang.htm
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THE SPREAD OF BANTU