river valley civilizations overview
DESCRIPTION
brief overview of 4 early river valley civilizations Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley Civ,, and Shang /Huang HeTRANSCRIPT
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Civilization& the Early River Valley Civilizations
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Objectives:
List characteristics that raise a culture to the level of a “civilization”
Become familiar with traits unique to each of the early river Valley Civilizations.
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Civilization Defined Agricultural base surplus trade Cities & Urban life Government & Political system
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Civilization Defined Social stratification Economic specialization Religion Writing “Higher Culture”
Art / Architecture / Sculpture
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Civilization and the Means of Production Essential element: concentration of wealth
Agriculture Control over natural resources Development of ancient civilization
not hunter-gatherer economics
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Origins and Spread of Agriculture
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The Wealth of the Rivers
Nutrient-rich silt Key: irrigation
Necessity of coordinated efforts Promoted development of local governments City-states
Sumer begins small-scale irrigation 6000 BCE By 5000 BCE, complex irrigation networks
Population reaches 100,000 by 3000 BCE Attracts Semitic migrants, influences culture
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Mesopotamia
“Between the Rivers” Tigris and Euphrates
Contemporary Iran, Iraq Cultural continuum of
“fertile crescent”
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Sumerian City-States
Cities appear 4000 BCE Dominate region from 3200-2350 BCE
Ur (home of Abraham, see Genesis 11:28), Nineveh (see Jonah)
Ziggurat home of the god Divine mandate to Kings Regulation of Trade Defence from nomadic marauders
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The Ziggurat of Ur
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Sumer was invaded quite a bit, but conquerors tended to take on Sumerian ways
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Sumerian Contributions
Arch Built arches using clay bricks that supported
heavy wall openings for doorways and windows. Plow Wheeled vehicles Mathematical ideas Using base 60, divided a circle into 360
degrees, an hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60 seconds
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Legal System
The Code of Hammurabi (1800 BC) 282 items lex talionis (item 196: “eye for an eye”) Social status & punishment women as property, but, . . . some rights
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Political Decline of Sumer Semitic peoples from northern Mesopotamia overshadow
Sumer Sargon of Akkad (2370-2315 BCE)
Destroyed Sumerian city-states one by one, created empire based in Akkad
Empire unable to maintain chronic rebellions
Hammurabi of Babylon (1792-1750 BCE) Law Code Improved taxation, legislation Used local governors to maintain control of city-states
Babylonian Empire later destroyed by Hittites from Anatolia, c. 1595 BCE
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Sumerian Contributions primitive “arch”
Built arches using clay bricks that supported heavy wall openings for doorways and windows.
Plow Wheeled vehicles Mathematical ideas
Using base 60, divided a circle into 360 degrees, an hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60 seconds
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Later Mesopotamian Empires
Weakening of central rule an invitation to foreign invaders
Assyrians use new iron weaponry Beginning 1300 BCE, by 8th-7th centuries BCE control
Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, most of Egypt Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon (r. 605-562) takes advantage
of internal dissent to create Chaldean (New Babylonian) Empire Famously luxurious capital
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Mesopotamian Empires1800-600 BCE
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Technological Development in Mesopotamia Bronze (copper w/ tin), c. 4000 BC
Applications: military, agricultural, construction Iron c. 1800 BC
ore more plentiful than bronze Wheel, boats, c. 3500 BC Shipbuilding increases trade networks
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Social Classes Ruling classes based
military prowess Religious connection Hereditary – sometimes claimed as offspring of gods
Religious classes Role: intervention with gods to ensure fertility, safety Considerable landholdings, other economic activities
Free commoners Peasant farmers urban artisans & professionals
Slaves Prisoners of war, convicted criminals, debtors
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Patriarchal Society Men as landowners Patriarchy: “rule of the father”
Right to sell wives, Disobedient children could be drive off, sold or even killed
Double standard of sexual morality Women drowned for adultery relaxed sexual mores for men
Yet some possibilities of social mobility for women Traders, scribes, temple priestesses, court advisers, economic
activity
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Development of Writing
Sumerian writing systems form 3500 BCE Pictographs Cuneiform: “wedge-shaped”
Preservation of documents on clay Declines from 400 BCE with spread of Greek
alphabetic script
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Uses for Writing
Trade Astronomy Mathematics
Agricultural applications Calculation of time
12-month year 24-hour day, 60-minute hour
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Mesopotamian Literature
Epic of Gilgamesh, compiled after 2000 BCE Heroic saga Search for meaning, esp. afterlife This-worldly emphasis
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Kemet - Ancient Egypt Gift of the Nile King Menes Pyramids Mummies Hieroglyphics
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The Early Hebrews
Patriarchs and Matriarchs from Babylon, c. 1850 BCE
Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of Hammurabi
Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c. 1300 BCE Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption
On-going conflict with indigenous populations under King David (1000-970 BCE) and Solomon (970-930 BCE)
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Moses and Monotheism
Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other Mesopotamian civilizations
Moses introduces monotheism, belief in single god Denies existence of competing parallel deities Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity
with revealed law The Torah (“the teaching”)
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Foreign conquests of Israel
Civil war Northern tribes: Israel Southern: Judah
Assyrian conquest, 722 BCE Exiles Israel: ten lost tribes
Babylonian conquest, 586 BCE Additional exile of many residents of Judah Returned later than century
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Israel and Phoenicia, 1500-600 BCE
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The Phoenicians
City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BC Extensive maritime trade
Dominated Mediterranean trade, 1200-800 BC
Development of alphabet symbols Simpler alternative to cuneiform
Easier to learn and use - spread of literacy
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Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)
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(3300–1300 BC) At its peak, IVC may
have had a pop. of over 5 million
Bronze Age civilization noted for its well planned
cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, & multistoried houses.
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Computer generated picture of what Mohenjo Daro may have looked like.
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well-planned, precisely measured cities
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k
IVC writing system remains undeciphered
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Indo-European Migrations Common roots of many languages of Europe,
southwest Asia, India Implies influence of a single Indo-European
people Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine and
Russia, 4500-2500 BCE Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian
weaponry allowed them to spread widely
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The Indo-European Migrations
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Implications of Indo-European Migration Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BC, later
dominate Babylonia Influence on trade
Iron Horses, chariots with spoked wheels, Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant
Influence on language and culture Aryo, “noble, lord”
Aryan, Iranian, Irish Caste system in India
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Early Chinese Civilization Began along the Huang He & Yangtze Rivers
Dynasties Xia Dynasty – 2200 -1800 BC
17 emperors
Shang Dynasty – 1800 -1046 BC 30 emperors
Zhou Dynasty - 1046-256 BC 39 emperors
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China’s Huang River ValleyThe Huang He is often called by the Chinese “the River of Sorrows”,
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because of its frequent & disastrous flooding
Why would people choose to settle & build a civilization there despite the danger?
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Huang He is also the Yellow River Loess is more!
Loess (les) is a rich, loamy fine soil
useful for farming, but blows away easily
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It is called the Yellow River because it is one of the muddiest rivers in the world! At its mouth, it flows out into the ______ Sea.
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Shang
the birthplace / cradle of Chinese civilization.50
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The Invention of Writing
oracle bone inscriptions are the oldest known form of Chinese writing.
Chinese writing has undergone relatively few changes since 1st developed 3,500 yrs ago.
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oracle bone
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Oracle bones
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Shang Religion worshipped “Shang Di,” the supreme god who
ruled over lesser gods of the sun, moon, wind, rain, & other natural forces & places.
also believed that although their ancestors lived in heaven after their deaths, ancestors were still actively involved in affairs of family & descendants.
Shang Kings communicated with their ancestors using oracle bones & made frequent sacrifices to them
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Levees attempt to keep the Huang River under control.
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