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FLUXNET – scope, progress and challenges
Part II: global up-scaling
Markus Reichstein*, Martin Jung, Dario PapaleC. Beer, N. Carvalhais, E. Tomelleri, N. Gobron
*Biogeochemical Model‐Data Intregration Group, Max‐Planck‐Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena
FLUXNET and Remote Sensing: Open workshopBerkeley, June 2011
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FLUXNET global network of sites: reprentativeness in different dimensions
Can we learn general relationships between fluxes, properties and drivers for „filling the gaps“?
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remote sensingof CO2
Tem
pora
l sca
le
Spatial scale [km]
hour
day
week
month
year
decade
century
local 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10 000 globalCountries EUplot/site
talltowerobser-
vatories
Gridded Forest/soil inventories
Eddycovariance
towers
Landsurface remote sensing
From point to globe via integration with remote sensing
Tree rings
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FLUXNET gridded products rationale:
(Direct) observations
(Free-running) C4-models
OfflineDGVM
Remote sensingmodels (CASA,
MOD17)
Empirical ‘models’
Assumptions about systemAssumptions about system
Observational inputObservational input
… be as much as possible on observational side!
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Empirical upscaling methodology
fSite-level explanatory variables• Meteorology• Vegetation type• Remote sensing
indices
Target variableecosystem-atmosphere flux
The same gridded explanatory variables
Gridded targetvariable
Application
Temperature: CRU‐PIKPrecipitation: GPCPFPAR: harmonized AVHRR, SeaWIFS, MERIS productVegetation map: SYNMAP
(Partly) overcomes site‐pecularities, point‐to‐grid scale mismatch and representativeness
with models....
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... and coffee(beer!) break...
Details:
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27 years of monthly global biosphere-atmopshere exchange @ 0.5°
Here: Gross primary productivity
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Robust patterns...
Across space and time scales
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Ensemble median map
GPP [gC m-2 yr-1]
Global estimation of terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP)
Global total: 123 +-8 Pg/yr
Light-use eff. ignores C4 veg (> 20 Pg)Beer et al. (2010), Science
Model treeensembles
AN
N
Semi-empirical
Wat
er-u
se
Ligh
t-use
eff.
Machine learning
PFT+
Clim
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Latitudinal patterns of GPP as model constraint
Process models:CLM-CNLPJ-DGVMLPJmLSDGVMORCHIDEE
All 1° resolution or higher
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Within-pixel and zonal representativeness: sites are at higher end!
95%75%50%25%5%
-ile of latitudinal band from up-scaling
-50 0 50Latitude
0
200
400
600
Mea
n m
onth
ly G
PP [g
C m
onth
-1m-2
]
0.5° pixel around siteLSQ spline through site pixels
+
SiteLSQ spline through sites
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Precipitation control of productivity
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Jung et al. (2010), Nature
Global evapotranspiration (ET): ca. 65 Eg yr‐1
Crossvalidation Indep. validation
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Plausible ET decadal variability
1998-2008 ET and soil
moisture ‚trends‘
(from TRMM)
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Improving models: CLM
Bonan et al. (2011)
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Biosphere ‚properties‘
multivariate, synoptic view
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Sensible heat (H)
Evap. fraction HLELE
AET/Precip
GPP
Water-use effic. (GPP/AET)
Energy-use effic. HLEGPP
Energy-flux related patterns Carbon-flux related patterns
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Latitudinal functional biosphere patterns
0 1 2 3 4WUE [gC kg-1 water]
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
Lat
itud
e
0 1 2 3 4RainUE [gC kg-1 water]
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
Lat
itud
e0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
RadiationUE [gC MJ-1]
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
Lat
itud
e0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
AET/PET [mm mm-1]
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
Lat
itud
e
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0AET/Precip [mm mm-1]
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
Lat
itud
e
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5Evap. fraction [MJ MJ-1]
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
Lat
itud
e
Water-use efficiency Rain-use efficiency
AET/PET AET/Precip Evaporative fraction
Radiation-use efficiency
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Seasonal patternsAmplitude of mean seasonal cycle Max of mean seasonal cycle
Jung et al., JGR-Biogeo in press
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NEE interannual variability driven by GPP or TER?Correlative patterns
Jung et al., JGR‐Biogeo in review
from Sitch et al. (2008)
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Now the ChOPs*…
* ChOP = Challenge and opportunity
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ChOP* I: Interannual variability and lag effects
* ChOP = Challenge and opportunity
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Cross-validation across time-scales shows: room for improvement
• Missing predictors?
• Memory/lag effects?
• Noise in the data?
• need of cross-comparison of diverse approaches like TRANSCOM FLUXCOM proposal (Thu)
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ChOP* II: Local heterogeneity –matching pixel and footprint
* ChOP = Challenge and opportunity
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Aerial photo
Spatial heterogeneity...
Landsat
MODIS
1 km
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Chen et al. (2010) Ag For Met
Integration of footprint and high‐res remote sensing analysis !
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ChOP* III: Closing the global balance
* ChOP = Challenge and opportunity
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1 0 100 0 0 0 100 1 0
Challenge: closing the global balance
NEP16
TER105
‘our‘NBP
7
Fire, harvest,bgr. losses
9
Global land sink = ‘top-down‘ NBP
2
5 ?
Lagged disturbance...
... or just uncertainties?
2 Pg are ¼ layer of paper spread out ...(and 0.4‰ of global terrestrial stocks)
GPP121
all numbers in PgC yr-1
1. What can we do now given the available data?
2. What can we design in the future?
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ChOP* IV: Synergy with atmospheric constraints
Use gridded fields and error correlations as priors for atmospheric inversion
Simultaneous CCDAS with models of different complexity
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The four ChOPs
1. Tackling interannual variability and NEE incl. lag effects (“right predictors”)
2. Addressing local heterogeneity (or even make use of it)
3. Closing the global balance (NBP incl. disturb)4. Integration with atmospheric observations
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Thanks for the collaboration !
www.fluxdata.org www.fluxnet.ornl.gov