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IIEST, Shibpur-Howrah UNICEF, Kolkata
FINAL REPORT (DRAFT)
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Hand-washing has been accepted as an effective measure to prevent the transmission of
many infectious diseases. Hand washing is like a "do-it-yourself" process which involves five
simple, easy and effective steps (Wet, Lather, Scrub, Rinse, Dry) which can reduce the
spread of diarrheal and respiratory illness. Although a large part of the world’s population
wash their hands with water, only small percentage use soap, and/or wash at the critical
times to interrupt disease transmission. Hand washing is a high-impact, low-cost
intervention with broad potential for application worldwide, either as a stand-alone
program or as a component of an integrated health program. Hand washing promotion in
schools can play a role in reducing the number of days children miss school with the
potential that the practice reaches to the family and community.
The necessity of provision of a child-friendly group hand washing station in schools is felt
by the Government and other stakeholders to protect the health of the children and to
inculcate the good habit of hand washing at critical times. UNICEF has instituted a project
to IIEST, Shibpur with the main objective to design Child Friendly Group Hand Washing
Stations (GHWS) for schools which will be convenient, sustainable and replicable. The main
design criteria considered were inclusive and intuitive design with child-friendly detailing;
less installation time; simple, modular, and scalable design; suitable basin material with
low maintenance, cost-effectiveness, and vandalism proof; time saving during hand
washing; water conserving; provisioning of soap; dish holding arrangement and to facilitate
peer group learning.
Two kinds of basin material i.e. galvanized iron (GI - 22 SWG) and fiber-reinforced polymer
(FRP) were piloted as hand washing basins in three schools. Considering the strength,
durability and maintenance, FRP material was found to be more suitable. The installation
of a basin with appropriate brackets and pedestals was convenient and time necessary for
installation is also significantly less (less than a day). This aspect is helpful for scaling up
such basins in other schools. Centralized fabrication of the basins will help in quality
control. The basins were provided with an innovative arrangement for holding the dishes
while the children were washing their both hands. There were adequate number of soap
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trays attached to the basin. The basin dimensions will allow convenient hand washing
without splashing of water. The smooth surface provides for easy cleaning of the basin
surfaces. The taps are chosen so that it can be operated without the need of touching with
palms (minimizing risks of recontamination of washed hands). Moreover, the flow through
taps was controlled suitably to minimize water wastage. The convenient basins with face to
face arrangement and its attractive look were enthusiastically accepted by the teachers
and students of three schools. The cost of a basin with 8 taps was about Rs.20000 including
installation (except platform).
A bacteriological study was conducted which revealed that both front and back surfaces of
palms were contaminated with bacteria and thus washing both surfaces is important before
taking meals. Washing with only water reduces the bacterial contamination; however,
washing with soap cleans the hands better as indicated by higher removal of bacterial from
the palm surfaces. It was observed that a flow rate of 2L/min through each tap is adequate
for proper hand washing within a time of 20 sec for each student. In three schools of South
24 Parganas in West Bengal, such hand washing basins have been installed. Several IEC
activities were conducted to increase awareness among students. A WASH monitoring team
was constituted in each school to monitor and help all the students during hand washing.
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Table of Contents
1. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................... 15
3. HAND WASHING STATIONS AT DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF WEST BENGAL .................. 16
3.1. Nimasarai Harasundari Primary School ..................................................................................... 16
3.2. Shyampur Primary School .......................................................................................................... 18
3.3. Enayetpur Higher Adjacent Primary School .............................................................................. 19
3.4. Bochahi Primary School ............................................................................................................. 21
4. DESIGN PARAMETERS OF GROUP HAND WASHING STATION (GHWS) ........................ 23
5. DESIGN OF MODULAR GROUP HAND WASHING STATION .............................................. 26
6. FIELD TRIAL OF GROUP HAND WASHING STATION .......................................................... 30
6.1. Samali Free Primary School ......................................................................................................... 30
6.2. Chatta Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls High School ............................................................................ 43
6.3. Purnachandra Free Primary School .............................................................................................. 52
7. OPTIMUM TIME, WATER AND SOAP REQUIREMENT ......................................................... 59
8. BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY: EXTENT OF HAND AND DISH WASHING ......................... 60
9. BASE LINE SURVEY AND AWARENESS GENERATION-SUSTAINABILITY OF HWS .... 70
10. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK .................................................................. 86
11. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 88
12. ANNEXURE ................................................................................................................................... 90
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1. BACKGROUND
1.1. Importance of Hand Washing:
Affordable access to adequate WASH, safe drinking water, personal hygiene, and cleanliness are the
key features to lead a healthy life. Sometimes there may not be adequate resources to perform all the
hygienic practice and thus we get infected by germs which leads to diseases causing illness. Poor
sanitation and lack of personal hygienic behavior are known to be disastrous among infants and young
children and contribute to significant number of child death every year. Children spend a lot of time in
schools when they come in contact with many others in a cramped space, along with limited sanitation
and lack of proper hand washing facility and soap. Children from poor families, residing in rural areas,
suffer more from these problems due to lack of proper knowledge, practice and inadequate facilities.
Diarrhea and respiratory infection are two of the top three causes of child mortality worldwide.
According to UNICEF, together they cause 67% of the four million deaths among children under age
five. Hand washing with soap, when done properly is an effective way to prevent diarrheal diseases
and respiratory infection (UNICEF, 2012). It is known that “prevention is better than cure” and thus
practicing a good habit, like proper hand washing with soap, will reduce the cost and time associated
with disease burden. Hand washing with soap, particularly before and after certain activities, is one of
the best ways to remove germs, avoid diseases causing illness. This is because hand washing can
remove the agents of infection both at the time they are emitted from the primary host and prevent
those reaching the secondary hosts. Hand washing is like a "do-it-yourself" process which involves
five simple, easy and effective steps (Wet, Lather, Scrub, Rinse, Dry) which can reduce the spread of
diarrheal and respiratory illness. Hand washing is a win for everyone, except the germs.
Hand-washing has been accepted as an effective measure to prevent the transmission of many
infectious diseases with a recent meta-analysis showing a 31% reduction in gastrointestinal infections
and 21% reduction in respiratory illness through proper hand-washing practices (Aiello et al, 2005).
Although a large part of the world’s population wash their hands with water, only small percentage use
soap, and/or wash at the critical times to interrupt disease transmission. Hand washing is a high-
impact, low-cost intervention with broad potential for application worldwide, either as a stand-alone
program or as a component of an integrated health program. Hand washing promotion is cost-effective
when compared with other frequently funded health interventions. It can also maximize the health
benefits of investments in water supply and sanitation infrastructure and reduce health risks when
families do not have access to basic sanitation and water supply services. The Centre for Diseases
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Control (CDC) confirms “Hand washing is the single most important means of preventing the spread
of infection”.
There are several benefits associated with hand washing.
Good hand washing is the first line of defense against the spread of many illnesses, from the
common cold to more serious infections, such as meningitis, bronchiolitis, the flu, hepatitis, and
most types of infectious diarrhea.
A large number of diseases and illness conditions can be prevented by proper hand hygiene.
It prevents direct and cross contamination of food and food contact surfaces as hands are vehicle
for transmission of bacteria and viruses.
It can minimize food borne diseases.
It reduces healthcare associated infections being passed from person to person.
Washing hands with soap at critical times - after using the toilet, before eating and preparing food,
reduces the incidence of diarrhea.
Hand washing with soap can reduce the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) by more
than 20 per cent.
Hand washing promotion in schools can play a role in reducing the number of days children miss
school. Studies reveal that promotion and distribution of soap in primary schools result in more
than 50 per cent fewer days of absence among students compared to schools without such an
intervention.
Studies show that hand washing with soap in primary schools and day care centers reduces the
incidence of diarrhea by an average of 30 per cent.
Hand washing with soap is one of the most cost-effective interventions to prevent diarrhea-related
deaths and disease.
Health costs due to hygiene-related diseases can be reduced by good hygiene habits such as hand
washing with soap.
Current epidemiological evidence has shown that hand washing with soap is one of the best of all
infection prevention methods. This simple act is thought to be capable of preventing about 47% of
child diarrheas and 23% of respiratory infections, which, between them, account for over 4-6 million
deaths of children under five around the world (Aigbiremolen et al, 2015). If HWWS was consistently
practiced around the world it would act like a do-it-yourself vaccine, reducing the unnecessary death
and suffering caused by these common but life-threatening diseases. It has been evaluated that hand
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washing with soap is more important than washing with water only by arranging a campaign program
in some households in urban Karachi, Pakistan (Luby et al, 2005). They showed that hand washing in a
regular basis and in a proper way with soap can protect yourself from impetigo, diarrhea, respiratory
tract infections, and dysentery. Two groups of households were given a hand washing promotion
program campaign and free soap- one group normal soap and other is antibacterial soap. The study
indicates that occurrence of diseases was not so much high for the group who used normal soap than
the group with antibacterial soap. This indicates that normal soap is more over similar efficient in case
of removal of bacteria than antibacterial soap and also suggests that health benefits can be achieved by
practicing hand washing in a regular way which will be same effective with normal soap than
antibacterial soap. Also a community based study was conducted in a Kolkata slum area where two
slum were undertaken for a period of thirteen months (Sircar et al, 1986). One group was provided
with soap and hand washing promotion program was implemented whereas the other slum was
separated from hand washing. But the results showed no difference of diarrhea occurrence in those two
different slums. But occurrence of dysentery was very high in the slum without washing compared to
slum with soap provided for hand washing. This is an indication of the requirement of soap for hand
washing which may minimize the incidents of dysentery and other diseases transferred through one
person to another. Another study was conducted taking 260 patients based on the criteria that they
didn’t suffer from diarrhea in the preceding 3 months and who had received a stable antiretroviral
therapy regimen for at least 6 weeks prior to the study (Huang et al, 2007). From the 260 patients only
148 patients met the criteria. Among them 75 patients were randomly assigned to an intensive hand
washing intervention (hand washing after defecation, after cleaning infants who had defecated, before
preparing food, before taking meals) and remaining 73 were assigned to the control group. Information
about hand washing practice, complaint about available sources and any suffering from diarrhea were
taken every week and noted down for a period of 1 year. The study group practiced hand washing
more frequently compared to control group and developed fewer episodes of diarrhea illness. The most
common pathogens identified in both the groups were Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba
histolytica and Shigella flexneri. Also the study shows the potential removal of pathogens by proper
hand washing practice.
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1.2. Global Hand Washing Day:
October 15 is Global Hand washing Day. The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council
(WSSCC) is a global partnership organization based in Geneva, Switzerland that is affiliated with the
United Nations. Partners include NGOs, private companies and government agencies. In its mission
statement, WSSCC lays out its vision of “a world where everybody has sustained water supply,
sanitation and hygiene.” From that mission and vision, the organization has adopted a broad strategy to
contribute “substantially to global efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene for vulnerable sections of
society, with a special focus on communities in Africa and Asia.” Specifically, the UNICEF toolkit
presents the following goal: “Increase, improve and/or sustain good hand washing behavior and form
good hand washing habits.” This is a great goal. We should all wash our hands more. And it clearly
serves the missions of WSSCC, UNICEF, government health ministries, soap companies and any other
organization affiliated with Global Hand washing Day (OXFORD, 2015).
The aims of Global Hand washing Day are as following-
To foster and support a general culture of hand washing with soap in all societies.
To shine a spotlight on the state of hand washing in each country.
To raise awareness about the benefits of hand washing with soap.
Raising awareness among children, teachers, caregivers and the general public on the importance
of hand washing with soap before and after eating and after toilet usage.
Creating systems and putting mechanisms in place to make hand washing an integral part of the
Mid-Day Meal Programme in all school and pre-school.
Raising the profile of Global Hand washing Day and addressing key bottlenecks in water,
sanitation and hygiene in schools.
1.3 Bacterial contamination of Hands:
Contaminated hands play a major role for the transfer of potential pathogens by touching different
types of fomites and also transfer of pathogens occurs from one person to another. There is a link
between infection and unclean hands and thus by washing hands properly using soap and water,
mortality risk can be minimized to a safe zone. So many researchers has shown the fact that we should
wash our hands properly and should maintain hygienic practice to make ourselves away from germs.
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A study conducted on the presence of bacteria in hand surfaces before and after washing with water
only, water and soap. The samples were collected from 20 volunteers giving a total 480 nos. of
samples as the test procedure was run 24 times. The volunteers were directed to contaminate their
hands by deliberately touching doors, railings, and other fomites in public places. From that study they
have found that presence of fecal bacteria in 44% samples (without washing). Presence of bacteria was
confirmed in 23% samples (washing with water only) whereas number of bacteria reduced to 8% in
case of washing with plain soap and water. This result explains that washing with soap and water has a
greater effect on removal of bacteria from hand surfaces than washing with water only (Burton et al,
2011).
Another study shows the difference in number of bacteria present in hand surfaces before and after
washing it properly. Samples were collected from 100 students from various KG (30 students),
Primary (35 students) and PG (30 students) students from different schools in Amravati, Maharashtra,
India which constituted a total 400 nos. of sample. The collected samples were full of different
pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus sp. (23%), Escherichia coli (20%), Klebsiella sp. (10%),
Micrococcus sp. (9%), Proteus sp. (7%), Citrobacter sp. (7%), Enterobacter sp. (6%), Streptococcus sp.
(7%), Enterococcus sp. (4%), Pseudomonas sp. (3%) and Salmonella sp. (2%). The data also indicated
that female students (58%) were more contaminated than male students (42%). Also the reduction of
bacteria after washing hands is Staphylococcus sp. (23%), Escherichia coli (59%), Klebsiella sp.
(39%), Micrococcus sp. (44%), Proteus sp. (55%), Citrobacter sp. (45%), Enterobacter sp. (37%),
Streptococcus sp. (54%), Enterococcus sp. (59%), Pseudomonas sp. (3%) and Salmonella sp. (100%).
This study also showed the 54% decrease in microbial flora after hand washing (Tambekar et al,
2009).
A cross sectional study evaluated the extent of hand washing and student’s perception about hand
washing by gathering information in a questionnaire prepared already based on some hygienic and
health related questions in two urban schools of Kolkata and Bangalore. Also swab samples from hand
surfaces was taken for bacteriological analysis in laboratory which showed that maximum students
(78%) has reported the palm surface as the most bacteria prone area whereas less than 70% students
mentioned about the spread of germ from air. Almost 86% students used to wash their hands before
taking meals while only 21.3% used soap and 47.3% students never used soap. Among the all collected
swab samples 61% showed the presence of potential pathogens in hands. Among which commonest
pathogens are staphylococcus aureus (44%) and Escherichia coli (12%). The practice of hand washing
without soap was mainly happened for non-availability of soap in schools. So, to make them practiced
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about proper and regular hand washing with soap it is required to provide them soap by the school
authority to keep them away from germs (Ray et al, 2012).
1.4. Process of Hand Washing:
It is important that you wash your hands properly. Make sure that you wash both your hands including
the tips of your fingers, the palms of your hands and thumbs, back of fingers and the portion between
the fingers. All surfaces that come in contact at the time of eating anything, we have to wash it
properly to make ourselves free from bacteria transfer contaminated hands. To wash your hands you
have to practice some proper steps which are generally recommended for all purpose of works
including clinical/surgical types (Nidirect, Government Services, 2014). The steps are as follows-
Wet your hands with clean, running water, turn off the tap.
Apply soap and lather well for 20 seconds (or longer if the dirt is ingrained).
Rub hands together rapidly across all surfaces of your hands and wrists.
Don’t forget the backs of your hands, your wrists, between your fingers and under your fingernails.
If possible, remove rings and watches before you wash your hands, or ensure you move the rings to
wash under them, as microorganisms can exist under them.
Rinse well under running water and make sure all traces of soap are removed.
Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry them.
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The steps below are showing how to wash your hands with soap and water properly:
1. Wet hands with water
2. Apply enough soap to
cover all surfaces of hand.
3. Rub hands palm to
palm
4. Right palm over back of
left hand with interlaced
fingers and vice versa.
5. Palm to palm with fingers
interlaced.
6. Back of fingers to
opposing palms with fingers
interlocked.
7. Rotational rubbing of left
thumb clasped in right palm
and vice versa.
8. Rotational rubbing,
backwards and forwards
with clasped fingers of right
hand in left palm and vice
versa.
9. Rinse hands with water.
10. Dry hands thoroughly with a single use
towel or air dry it.
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11. Your hands are now clean
The steps involved in hand washing is more significant for the case of clinical/surgical workers as
mentioned above whereas UNICEF has recommended five steps for proper hand washing which you
can practice to remain healthy. The steps are like-
1. A. Wet hands with water
1. B. Apply enough soap to cover all surfaces
of hands.
2. Palm to palm with fingers interlaced
3. Rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards
with clasped fingers of right hand in left palm
and vice versa.
4. Back of fingers to opposing palms with
palms interlocked.
5. A. Rinse hands with water,
5. B. Your hands are clean
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1.5. Hand Washing among school children:
Hand washing with soap before Mid-day Meal (MDM) is important because children are the most
energetic, enthusiastic and open to new ideas and change. As powerful agents of behavioral change,
children can take lessons they have learned at school and teach it back at home to teach their parents,
siblings and elders on good hygiene behaviors such as hand washing with soap before and after taking
meals and also after toilet usage. The Mid-Day Meal which is a government flagship program
operational in all schools across India serves nearly 110 million children in 1.3 million primary and
upper primary schools. It provides an excellent opportunity to influence hygiene practices of children
particularly hand washing with soap before and after taking meals and also after toilet usage. Learning
this simple, but lifesaving habit in school, also means that children can inculcate this among other
household members.
Improves children health:
Learning, hygiene and health are strongly interlinked as children absent themselves from school or
perform poorly when they suffer from WASH-related illnesses. Children get sick in school because
illnesses can spread very fast where many children are closely confined together for many hours a
day, often in poor hygienic conditions. Recently it has been estimated that infections which
children contract in schools will lead to infections in up to half of their household members and
that 88% of diarrheal diseases are caused by unsafe water supply, inadequate sanitation and
inappropriate hygiene. The use of improved sanitary facilities reduces the incidence of diarrhea by
34 %. Washing hands with soap after toilet use and before eating has been cited as one of the most
cost-effective public health interventions because it can reduce the problems related to diarrhea by
almost 40%. A study comparing results from different countries found that hand washing can cut
the risk of respiratory infections by 16% (UNICEF, 2012). Although the impact is clear, more
research is needed on the expected rate of reduction. Studies focusing on absenteeism caused by
gastrointestinal and respiratory-related illnesses in industrialized countries show that as the result
of improved hand hygiene in schools the number of days lost can drop between 25 and 50%.
Boosts attendance and achievements:
Girls often drop out of school when there are no suitable toilets, especially when they reach
adolescence and have menstrual hygiene needs. If adolescent girls (and female teachers) attend
schools during their menstruation, the availability of girls-appropriate toilets and water supplies is
essential to comfortably change and dispose of sanitary pads and wash themselves in private. It is
preferable to stay at home during menstruation and not attend school. At home, they do not have to
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worry as much about sanitary protection, or about having adequately concealing clothing. A study
in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal calculated that the number of school days missed during
menstruation varied from 3 to 4 to as many as 7 days a month. Even the lower number adds up to
30 to 40 school days missed each year (UNICEF, 2014). In many schools girls and boys face the
threat of sexual abuse or violence from both male teachers and older male students. Studies show
that girls are most likely to be abused on their way to or from school, in or near toilets, in empty
classrooms and other isolated places. This shows the importance of constructing girls’ toilets at
safe locations. Schools can play an important role in keeping children healthy and protecting them
from risks. Providing WASH facilities such as toilets, hand washing stations and drinking water
points improves the learning environment and makes schools more accessible to children. Children
also have a right to these basic services.
Promotes equity:
In the past, certain children, especially those from very poor families, were singled out for tasks
such as cleaning toilets, and were excluded from privileges such as fetching water for teachers and
in many instances, had to sit separately from others at the back of the class. Often, those children
were perceived by teachers as being less intellectually able and less committed to their studies. The
study showed that while children in some schools expressed strongly traditional views about whom
they would sit next to or eat with, several others were aware that school allowed them a place
where they could share food and water with everyone and have mixed group friendships, although
they did also say that they might not be able to extend this situation to their home context. Several
examples were given of teachers favoring children who were clean, neat, clever, and richer or from
more powerful families. It was acknowledged that these children might or might not come from the
traditional elites (Bhutan country report: UNICEF, 2009).
Practice reaches to the family and community:
Children can become agents of change and pass on the health and hygiene information learned at
school to family and community members. This benefits the entire community. School based study
shows that while teachers can successfully transfer knowledge to students, motivated students can
also influence family members by sharing this information, which in turn may change behavior at
the community level.
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Hand Washing Reduces Mortality Risk in Newborns:
Summarizes a recent study in Nepal that examined the relationship between hand washing practices
and neonatal deaths. Demonstrated the reduction in neonatal mortality from hand washing with soap
by the birth attendant prior to delivery (19%) and hand washing by mothers before handling newborns
(44%) compared with those who did not wash hands. Among newborns exposed to both birth attendant
and maternal hand washing, the risk of death was 41% lower (Hygiene Improvement Project, 2008).
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2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The necessity of provision of a child-friendly group hand washing station in schools is felt by the
Government and other stakeholders to protect the health of the children and to inculcate the good habit
of hand washing at critical times. UNICEF has instituted the project to IIEST, Shibpur with the
following objectives.
To acquire knowledge about different types of existing designs and their merits-demerits towards
its acceptance by students.
To design Child Friendly Group Hand Washing Stations (GHWS) for schools which will be
convenient, sustainable and replicable.
To conduct a reconnaissance survey for assessing the existing conditions of the schools about hand
washing practice.
To install and conduct field trials in few schools to assess suitability of the design of GHWS. To
study the optimum time, water and soap required to facilitate proper hand washing
To conduct a study about the effectiveness of hand washing for the removal of bacteria by hand
washing.
To conduct a baseline survey about the awareness levels and practices of hand washing among the
students.
To generate awareness of hand washing among the students and to make them aware of proper
technique of hand washing.
To develop a Hand Washing monitoring system in schools.
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3. HAND WASHING STATIONS AT DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF
WEST BENGAL
During last couple of years, a new thrust of installation of GHWS was adopted in Malda district by the
district administration. Some of them were visited and design features were assessed.
3.1. Nimasarai Harasundari Primary School:
Fig-3.1: Nimasarai Harasundari Primary School
Total number of student: 245; (Girls: 132, Boys: 113)
Type of HWS: Permanent structure
Design of structure: Perforated PVC pipe connected to PVC tank
Water source: Underground water being pumped by submersible pump
Water storage: Overhead storage tank (PVC tank)
Waste water disposal: Waste water disposed through drain
Salient Features:
Tank capacity: 1000 liter
Pump capacity: 1 HP
Pump to be operated: 2-3 times per day
Total cost of installation: 29000/-, including concrete structure, pipe fittings, pump, drainage
Hand washing point: 11, By a master tap
Soaps: socks filled with detergent used
Time taken for hand washing: 15 min (16approx.)
Monitoring: Hand washing activity monitored by ‘CHILD CABINET’ of the school and teachers
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Fig-3.2: HWS at Nimasarai Harasundari Primary School
Design Benefits:
Children joyfully wash their hand.
Simple in design & construction.
Good drainage facility for waste water.
Requires low operation and maintenance.
Limitations:
Space congestion while washing.
High continuous discharge through all the points at a time causing wastage of water.
Doesn’t promote face to face hand washing.
Non uniform discharge in the perforated pipe work due to pressure variation.
Comparatively lesser discharge available at furthest point from the controlling master tap.
Same height of the platform and of the washing points causing discomfort for younger children for access.
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3.2. Shyampur Primary School:
Total number of student: 208; (Girls: 97, Boys: 111)
Type of HWS: Permanent structure fixed structure
Design of structure: Perforated PVC pipe connected to PVC tank
Water source: Underground water being pumped by submersible pump for hand washing
purpose and drinking water supplied by PHE
Water storage: Two overhead storage tanks (PVC tank);
Waste water disposal: Waste water disposed to soak pit
Salient Features:
Tank capacity: 1000 liter (supplied by PHE) and 500 liter ( by pumping)
Pump capacity: 1 HP
Pump to be operated: 2-3 times per day
Total cost of installation: 65000/- (approx.), including concrete structure, pipe fittings, pump,
soak pit, PHE supply for drinking water, storage tanks
Hand washing point: 18
Soaps: 6 soap cases with soap
Time taken for hand washing: 10 min (approx.)
Monitoring: Hand washing activity monitored by ‘CHILD CABINET’ of the school and teachers
Fig-3.3: HWS at Shyampur Primary School
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Design Benefits:
Children joyfully wash their hand.
Simple in design & construction.
Promotes face to face washing.
Shade over HWS provides shade from sun light and rain water.
Limitations:
Outlet of waste water concealed. If cleaning or repair to be done part of structure has to be dismantled.
High continuous discharge through all the points at a time causing wastage of water.
Non uniform discharge in the perforated pipe work due to pressure variation.
Comparatively lesser discharge available at furthest point from the controlling master tap.
Same height of the platform and of the washing points causing discomfort for younger children for access.
3.3. Enayetpur Higher Adjacent Primary School:
Total number of student: 470; (Girls: 201, Boys: 209)
Type of HWS: Permanent structure fixed structure.
Design structure: Perforated PVC pipe connected to PVC tank.
Water source: Underground water being pumped by submersible pump for hand washing
purpose and drinking water supplied by PHE. There is also a tube well in the school premise
used for washing for other purpose.
Water storage: Two overhead storage tanks (PVC tank); one for drinking water storage and
another for hand washing purpose.
Waste water disposal: Waste water disposed to soak pit.
Salient Features:
Tank capacity: 1500 liter (supplied by PHE) and 1000 liter ( by pumping)
Pump to be operated: 2 times per day
Total cost of installation: 19000/-
Financial assistance: 18000/-
Hand washing point: 18
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Soaps: socks filled with detergent used
Time taken for hand washing: 15 min (approx.)
Monitoring: Hand washing activity monitored by ‘CHILD CABINET’ of the school and teachers.
Fig-3.4: HWS in Enayetpur Higher Adjacent Primary School
Design Benefits:
Children joyfully wash their hand
Simple in design & construction
Promotes face to face washing
Requires low operation and maintenance.
Limitations:
High continuous discharge through all the points at a time causing wastage of water.
Outlet of waste water is open and drainage of this waste water is poor.
Monitoring is not done properly resulting total chaos during hand washing.
Same height of the platform and of the washing points causing discomfort for younger children for
access.
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3.4. Bochahi Primary School
Fig-3.5: Bochahi Primary School
Total number of student: 206; (Girls: 112, Boys: 94)
Type of HWS: Permanent structure fixed structure
Design structure: Perforated PVC pipe connected to PVC tank
Water source: Water supply provided by PHE
Water storage: Overhead storage tank (PVC tank)
Waste water disposal: No proper drainage facility
Salient Features:
Tank capacity: 1000 liter
Pump capacity: No pump
Total cost of installation: 23500/-, including concrete structure, pipe fittings, pump, drainage
Hand washing point: 10
Soaps: Solid soaps used with soap case
Time taken for hand washing: 15 min (approx.)
Monitoring: Hand washing activity monitored by ‘CHILD CABINET’ of the school and teachers.
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Fig-3.6: Hand Washing Station at Bochahi Primary School
Design Benefits:
Promotes face to face hand washing.
Simple in design & construction.
Requires low operation and maintenance.
Limitations:
PHE water supply is highly irregular.
High continuous discharge through all the points at a time causing wastage of water.Drainage
facility is not good.
Same height of the platform and of the washing points causing discomfort for younger children for
access.
Non uniform discharge as the perforated pipe works due to pressure variation. Comparatively
lesser discharge available at furthest point from the controlling master tap.
All these designs incorporate cement-concrete construction. Lack of skilled masons and quality
material are hindrances to quality of construction at rural locations. Longer time of construction and
curing are demerits of concrete construction. Supervision during construction is important which is
not always carefully planned. Uncontrolled flow of water results in wastage of significant quality of
water. In new design attempted, these issues need to be addressed for more appropriate design.
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4. DESIGN PARAMETERS OF GROUP HAND WASHING
STATION (GHWS)
Fig-4.1: Students are washing their hands at a hand washing station
4.1. Components for GHWS in Schools:
Water Supply: Access and availability of water is paramount to ensuring that daily hand
washing can be conducted in schools.
Wash basin: Wash basin should be made of such material which requires less fabrication and
installation time and also the design should be cost effective and appropriate.
Piping: Piping should be done with such a material which can take the thrust and pressure of
water at the time of hand washing practice. Also the diameter of the pipe should be enough to
avoid water logging and to facilitate suitable passage of waste water. Suitable taps/water points
will help less wastage of water and convenient washing.
Drainage: Correct disposal or reuse of wastewater (grey water) is the key to proper
maintenance of facilities and thus proper waste outlet and drainage should be provided to
convey the waste water to a drain or soak pit.
Flooring: Proper flooring should be done to avoid slippery surface and any stagnant water
nearby the hand washing station which may leads to an accident.
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4.2. Design Criteria:
The design of Hand washing station should be done considering a number of properties which are
mentioned below-
1. Inclusive and Intuitive and simple: The design detailing and the unit location must be such that
anybody can access, understand, operate, use and maintain the unit.
2. Simple: The design should work even in the most remote rural sites, where basic support systems
may be very lean.
3. Basin material: the basin material should consist of properties to avail light weight, easily
transportable, less fabrication and installation time and also it should be durable in nature to sustain
for at least 4-5 years. In general we should avoid cement concrete design to avoid quality control
issue.
4. Installation time: the design should be as such that its installation require less time and it can be
dismantle and reinstall at another place in future if required.
5. Peer group learning: Children learn a lot from each other. The design must facilitate a setting
where children can observe, be able to wash hands, facing each other, learn, or motivate each other.
6. Time saving: Short mid-day-meal break of up to 40 minutes. This must allow large number of
children to wash their hands twice-before and after mid-day meal time.
7. Child-friendly detailing: The detailing of hand washing points, clearances, access to soap,
operation, disposal, maintenance must keep the entire hygiene cycle intact for every child.
8. Location: The facility should be outside or away from toilet blocks (depending on space) because
it is unlikely that children would go inside the toilets to wash hands before eating.
9. Water conserving: The design should consist of suitable water points (taps in general or
perforations) to complete the total hand washing process in less time which leads to less amount of
water wastage.
10. Vandalism proof: An outdoor/ indoor Hand Wash station in Schools must be such that it cannot
be vandalized. It should be rugged enough or dismountable; should be protected with wall
compound.
11. Low maintenance: It must have a design life of up to five years and should have few moving parts
and needs very low maintenance. The surface of basin should be non-sticky and smooth enough
that no dirt or waste material can remain attached to it and regular cleanliness can be achieved
properly
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12. Scalable: The design must be frugal and must use material and skill resources judiciously. It shall
be locally constructed in any situation and adaptable to suit varied contexts and large number of
sites.
13. Cost effective: Keep cost-effectiveness as an important parameter in planning and designing.
14. Provisioning for Soap: Soap trays containing soap must be supplied at least in 75% of the number
of hand washing points. If less than this value is provided then there will more time required for
washing of hands as well as wastage of water. Also a single soap cake may be cut into pieces
which will be adequate for usage by the students. If the MDM group or the guardian group can
make cost effective soaps in a local proven method then that can be promoted as a replacement of
commercially available soaps.
15. Dish holding arrangement: students bring dishes from home in which they use to take MDM. At
the time of hand washing if they cannot hold their dishes in a suitable place then they will not be
able to wash their hands properly. Thus a proper design should contain dish holding arrangement
for ease of students.
16. Pedestal and Brackets: Suitable supports like pedestal or bracket has to be supplied with the basin
material to minimize the installation time as well as to support the basin suitably.
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5. DESIGN OF MODULAR GROUP HAND WASHING STATION
Modular Hand Washing Stations have been designed for three schools of South 24 Parganas, West
Bengal. This design type consists of different convenient properties which are as follows-
Basin material: In general cases Hand wash basin is constructed by Cement concrete as we can see
in the schools of Malda district. But in our case, we selected G.I. Sheet for the design purpose
primarily for Samali School where the basin is made of 22 Standard Wire Gauge (SWG) G.I. sheet.
This material has been selected based upon some properties like - it is light in weight, can be bent into
rolled sheet, its transportation requires less man power, and its surface is also smooth. But after usage
of that basin for one to two months, it was realized that this material has not much strength to
withstand the thrust by the students which may arise in case a group of students rush together to wash
their hands.
Fig-5.1: Basin made of G.I. Sheet (left) and FRP (right)
To overcome the weakness of GI sheet, FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) was tried to design another
basin. The main reason behind the selection of this material is that this offers more strength, more
smoothness and durability. It’s less density and less weight enables easy transportation and handling of
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Hand wash basins. Also the finished smoothness of this material provides non-sticky surface and
allows easy cleaning.
FRP material of general category was used for the manufacture of Hand wash Basin. The FRP material
is made of Chop Strand Mat of 450 g/m2 density and Woven Roving Mat of 610 g/m2 density and
formed by laying in 5 layers giving 5mm thickness. Chop Strand Mat is made from glass fibers in a
randomize basis and styrene monomer soluble binder is used to hold the strands in place. This mat is
designed to use with polyester and vinyl ester resin system, but not compatible with epoxy resin.
Woven roving is made from continuous glass fiber roving which are interlaced into heavy weight
fabrics. This roving is used in most cases to increase the flexural and impact strength and it is also
suitable for multilayer hand lay-up applications. The resin used for this purpose is of GP resin (General
Purpose) as it is designed for just using as a Hand wash Basin, not for an industrial work where
multipurpose resins (Heat resin, Corrosion resin, Chemical Resin, Fire Resin) are generally used as
suitable. In the production of the basin the FRP material is made of Glass Fiber. Two disadvantages of
this glass fiber are that it is subjected to creep under long and high sustained load and chemically
degradable in alkaline solution. The quality of the FRP material was also tested from CSIR-CGCRI,
Jadavpur and the results are indicated in Table 2.
Table-2: Test Result of FRP material
Test Performed Test Result
Glass content 33.04%
Flexural strength (ASTM: D790) 112.98MPa
Tensile strength (ASTM: D638) 106.49MPa
Izod Impact test (ASTM: D256) 1211.46 J/m
Specific gravity (ASTM: D792) 1.44
Elongation Index 6.65%
Young’s Modulus 2.39GPa
Barcol Hardness 37B
Water Absorption 1.12%
Inter laminar shear test 27.95MPa
From the above mentioned table we can see the different strength values of the FRP material we have
used for our basin fabrication. Here one thing is to be mentioned that the test sample was not
performed “Post Curing” phase before testing and thus the values we got is only from normal curing
and if the sample was allowed for post curing then the strength values would be higher than present.
Actually the “Post curing” is done in 80ºC for 4hours to attain full reaction between resin and fibers
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which can also be achieved by normally retaining them in sunlight for some days. The different
strengths of FRP material are dependent on the glass content value. Glass content of this sample is
33.04% which is higher than minimum limit of 30%. If the resin was squeezed out from the layers of
FRP then the percentage of glass content as well as strength would be higher than the present value.
Flexural strength (112.98MPa) and Tensile strength (106.49MPa) are also higher than permissible
(desirable) limit of 90MPa and 85MPa respectively. Impact test result shows a higher value
(1211.46MPa) which indicate that it can withstand a huge amount of thrust whenever applied to. The
Specific Gravity shows slightly greater values than normal range of 1.2-1.4 as our sample contains
pigment in high volume and thus makes the sample slightly heavier. Elongation of this material is not
high (6.65%) as shown by the test result and would be much lower if post curing was applied. The
value of Young’s Modulus is 2.39GPa which shows that the material can take a higher stress value per
unit strain value. Also the Hardness of the material shows a typical value of 37B applicable for our
work. The shear stress subjected to the intermediate layers of FRP is also high (27.95MPa) which
indicate that in shearing condition the layers will not be separated out easily. The values shown in
above table are very much applicable for the purpose of our work and also, if the post curing was
performed then we may have higher values of each test.
Modular type Design: This basin can be installed more than one if required in a school depending
on the students’ number and necessity of number of taps to be installed. More number of taps will
minimize the time necessary for all students to wash their hands within a limited time before and after
MDM. The basin can be withdrawn and reinstalled in another place in future, if required for any new
construction within the school.
Quality Control: Traditional approach of installing facility made of brick and cement is dependent
on masons, workmanship, and quality of materials. Therefore, quality control of the work may not be
achieved without proper supervision and sometimes unskilled masons are appointed for the work
which leads to improper construction. Also locally available material required for installation may not
have the suitable property and sometime curing is not done for required period. But in case of
prefabricated FRP basins, better quality control can be achieved.
Cost Effective: Total cost of FRP hand wash basin, supporting materials like pedestal/brackets and
installation is less as compared to concrete design.
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Child Friendly detailing: Hand Washing stations are installed in a way that all grade students can
have access to wash their hands and dishes properly. The valves of taps are smooth and can be
operated even with back of palm to avoid contamination of palms after hand washing.
Face to Face Design type: Face to Face design type has a benefit that all students have interaction
with another face to face when they are washing their hands. This enables peer group learning in a
joyful way.
Easy cleaning: The inner surface of the basin is very smooth and non-sticky which facilitates easy
cleaning.
Less installation time: Basin and other supporting materials are prefabricated and therefore, the
installation time is very less compared to concrete design. The installation of basin including plumbing
can be completed within one day.
Dish holding arrangement: Washing dishes before meals is equally important as hand washing.
A dish holding arrangement is provided with each basin so that students can keep their dishes
conveniently while washing their hands. Subsequently they will wash their respective dishes. It is a
simple arrangement by inserting a PVC pipe at the curve portion of the basin maintaining a gap
between the pipe and the basin inner surface.
Minimizing wastage of water: Shower-type caps have been put with the mouth of the taps
which spread the water helping to wash hands with less amount of water. It was found that 2L/min
water flow per tap will be good enough to wash hands (with soap) within an average time of 20 sec. A
Gate valve is provided to control the flow rate to about 2 L/min.
Easy transportation of basin: These basins can be stacked one above another which facilitates
easy transportation.
Focus on safety: Suitable flooring work is done with anti-skid floor tiles to avoid any water logging
and slippery surface so that no student get hurt or suffer any health problems due to water logging.
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6. FIELD TRIAL OF GROUP HAND WASHING STATION
6.1. Samali Free Primary School
Fig-6.1: Samali Free Primary School
Address of the school: Samali Free Primary School, G.P.: Nahajari, Block: Bishnupur Ii, Dist.: South 24 Pargana
Headmistress: Smt. Sampa Das
Number of students: 170 (Girls: 90 And Boys 80)
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SWOT analysis in the context of installation of Hand Washing Station in Samali
F.P. School:
HELPFUL HARMFUL
INT
ER
NA
L O
RIG
IN
STRENGTHS
Highly motivated teachers
Well-disciplined students
School situated at higher land
compared to adjacent low land
Electricity supply is regular
Hand washing activity closely
monitored by teachers
Pucca roof available for placing
water storage tank
A 800 fit hand pump in school
premise
Two usable toilets and two urinal
blocks available in school premise
WEAKNESSES
Space constraints for any new
construction
Municipal water supply not
available
Proper drainage facility not
available
Stagnant water adjacent to all along
the school premise
Number of teachers available is less
than provision
Three toilets unusable
No running water facility in toilets
EX
TE
RN
AL
OR
IGIN
OPPORTUNITIES
A pump with overhead storage to
provide running water for hand
washing and toilets
Guardians of the students and the
local people are very much
cooperative
As the entire locality is dependent on
the school for water supply, their
involvement will be counted
Mason, workmen and equipment
available locally
Running water facility can be
provided in toilet blocks through tap
installation
Partition can be made in urinal blocks
to provide privacy
THREATS
Area is not arsenic free zone
Locality is not ODF yet; can be a
cause of ground water
contamination
Threat of theft of pump or taps is
there as villagers are free to enter
the school any any time of the day
for water collection as the local
people depend on the school for
water
Maintenance cost to be arranged for
proper service
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Previous practice of Hand Washing:
Fig-6.2: Source of drinking water (Hand Pump)
Water is filled up in two buckets from the hand pump by school staffs.
Two buckets are prepared separately one with fresh water and another with soap water
(prepared with proportionate liquid hand wash of Lifebuoy).
Students of one class are called to stand in queue before having midday meal.
Hand washing activity started under supervision.
First step is to immerse both hands in soap water, rubbing them and then to shift in fresh water
for washing the hand finally.
After the students of one class complete their hand washing both buckets are refilled with new
soap water and fresh water.
Another class is called upon by then and the process repeats.
Fig- 6.3: Previous practice of Hand Washing at Samali F. P. School
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Previous practice of Dish Washing:
1. School children carry their dishes from home.
2. After having midday meal, dishes are cleaned by children themselves.
3. There is a large container filled with soap water where the children first immerse the dishes and
then they carry it to the hand pump and rinse it thoroughly along with their hand.
4. The container with water and leftover food is thereafter disposed to nearby drain (low lying ditch).
Fig-6.4: Previous Practice of Dish Washing
Our interventions for HWS:
For Uninterrupted running water supply, a centrifugal pump to be installed.
Installation of submersible pump to be avoided as it will make the hand pump inoperative
and the village people will not be able to collect their drinking water. That will affect the
entire locality as they are totally dependent on the school deep tube well hand pump for
water.
The hand pump being an India Mark II pump, installation of normal centrifugal pump
keeping the hand pump intact is also very difficult. The teacher suggested to install another
tube well (not so deep) to be attached with a centrifugal pump to lift the water to an
overhead storage. The land is available for the new tube well. Storage tank is to be placed
on the second floor at the rear side of the school building i.e. nearby to the bathrooms.
From the storage tank water is to be distributed to the adjacent bathrooms through pipeline
and as well as to the HWS.
Due to lack of enough space, face to face hand washing arrangements cannot be done.
Foot operated push taps can be installed so that water wastage can be minimized and that
will also help the children to use their both hands while washing.
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Hand washing stations can be constructed in the school premise area between classroom
and boundary wall.
Fig-6.5: Place selected for the installation of HWS in Samali School
Design of hand washing station for Samali F.P. School:
Commissioned on: 14th October, 2015
Fig-6.6: Design Layout of Hand Washing Station at Samali F. P. School
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Fig-6.7: Elevation of Hand Washing Station and Wash Basin
Fig-6.8: Side View of Right Basin of Hand Wash Basin
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Fig-6.9: Side View of Right Basin and Side View of M.S. Bracket
Present Practice of Hand washing:
When MDM time starts and all classes are set to go for MDM then students go to the HWS and form a
row of 8 students and stand in front of the basin four in each group. Then someone from the school
opens up the Ball valve to convey water to the supplying pipes and water comes out from perforation
in projectile motion. There are two perforation at each point having a diameter of 3mm. Students wash
their hands by the water coming through the perforations and put their dishes in the dish holding pipe.
After washing hands they use to wash their dishes with water only. Also Gate valve is provided to
control the flow depending upon the head available in the overhead tank. Whenever all students
complete their washing then the Ball valve is closed. There is a provision for separate use provided by
a push tap. Whenever the Ball valve remain closed and one has to go to toilet wash his/her hands then
this push taps plays a role as a point of source of water. This push has to be pushed by feet and then
water will come out from the outlet of pipe and you can wash your hands.
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Layout of different parts of HWS at Samali FP School:
Fig-6.10: Completed Hand Washing Station installed at Samali F. P. School
Fig-6.11A: Different Components of Hand Washing Station of Samali F. P. School
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Fig-6.11B: Different Components of Hand Washing Station of Samali F. P. School
Fig-6.11C: Different Components of Hand Washing Station of Samali F. P. School
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Fig-6.11D: Different Components of Hand Washing Station
Fig-6.11E: Different Components of Hand Washing Station
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Fig-6.12A: Hand washing practice in Samali F.P. School
Fig-6.12B: Hand washing practice in Samali F.P. School
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Table-3: Expenditure of HWS installed at Samali F.P. School
Subject Description Cost(Rs.) Hand Wash Basin 6’L*18”W*8”H 1200
7’L*18”W*8”H 1800
M.S. Bracket Made of 19mm*5mm thick
M.S. flat(8nos.)
3200
Soap dish Made of PVC(5nos.) &
Bakelite (4nos.)
705
Water meter (optional) ¾” dia Capstan 3100
Plumbing materials and
labour charges
From Overhead tank to Hand
Wash Basin
8724
From Hand Wash Basin to
drainage facility
6660
Flooring (130 sq ft) Tiles (10”*10” area) 6300
Sand, Cement etc 2875
Painting of walls and Wall
writing
Paint , Brush 2450
Transportation of
materials
1500
Total = Rs. 38514
Merits and Demerits of Hand Washing Station installed at Samali School:
Merits:
1. The main advantage of our design type (hand wash basin associated with supporting brackets) is
that it can be withdrawn and reinstalled to a suitable place in future if wanted.
2. The wash basins are installed with a suitable slope for drainage of waste water in a proper way and
also to suit the different grade of students.
3. One Gate valve and Ball valve is set for each line to supply water to the basin (left and right). Thus
usage of basin can be selected depending on number/availability of students.
4. No separate tap is installed in the main water carrying pipe for each student for separate usage at
the time of hand washing to avoid the wastage of water as one(student) may not operate the tap
properly.
5. There is a pipe arrangement system to hold the dishes at the time of hand washing to facilitate the
ease of proper hand washing and not to worry about the dish holding.
6. A separate Push Tap operation is provided for single use mainly after using toilet which reduces
the wastage of water if performed on the hand washing point.
7. As the area was not adequate to install a design type of face to face hand washing facility, we have
to install one sided design type, though the cost of this design type is less.
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8. Soap tray is provided in a 2:3 ratio, i.e. two soap trays are provided for three persons’ use.
9. The design of Hand Wash Basin is a modular type and it can be put in a multiple numbers.
10. The fabrication and installation can be done very quickly compared to brick-cement design type.
Only five to six hours is enough for the installation.
Demerits:
There are two perforation of 3mm dia. In the water carrying pipe each for water outlet which is
done based on an assumption not theoretically.
Discharge rate is lower in the nearest perforation from the water entry point.
The wash basin is made of “22 standard wire gauge G.I. sheet”. Thus its strength and durability
prior to proper handling by the students at the time of hand washing is an important factor for long
lasting.
Corrosion of G.I. material exposed to weather also in contact with water at hand washing duration
is an important factor for durability.
Someone from the school has to take care of opening and closing the master valve in time.
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6.2. Chatta Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls High School
Fig-6.13: Chatta Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls’ High School
Address of the school: Chatta Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls High School, Chatta Kalikapur, P.O.:
Maheshtala, Dist.: South 24 Pargana
Headmistress: Smt. Anjana Ghosal
Number of students: 1800
Number of teachers: 22
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SWOT analysis in the context of installation of Hand Washing Station in Chatta
Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls High school
Previous practice of Hand Washing:
Four taps is there for hand washing purpose.
At the time of hand washing liquid soaps is used by push-soap arrangement.
HELPFUL HARMFUL IN
TE
RN
AL
O
RIG
IN
STRENGTHS
Highly motivated teachers
Well-disciplined students
Water supplied by PHE &
supply is regular
Electricity supply is regular
Sufficient space for
construction is available
Hand washing activity closely
monitored by teachers
4 hand washing taps installed
with overhead shade
One water storage tank
available in the roof
One hand pump installed near
the mid-day meal cooking area
9 toilets and 9 urinals in total
WEAKNESSES
Sufficient number of teachers
not available
Grey water disposal to rear side
pond
4 hand washing point not
sufficient for such huge number
of students
One tank of 1000 litres is not
sufficient for 1800 students
dependent on the PHE supply
as supply time is fixed for a day
Incinerator is not in working
condition
EX
TE
RN
AL
OR
IGIN
OPPORTUNITIES
Mass hand washing station can
be installed Another storage tank can be
placed Guardians of the students are
cooperative
Mason, workmen and
equipment available locally
Chances of theft is less as the
security of the school is very
good
THREATS
Maintenance cost to be
arranged for proper service
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Long queue observed at the time of hand wash.
Dish washing also done in these four taps.
Fig-6.14: students washing their hands from four taps and others are waiting in a queue
Our interventions for HWS:
Hand washing stations can be constructed in the school premise near the existing incineration
area as water pipe line can be easily drawn there as well as adequate area is available.
Face to face washing arrangements can be done as enough space is available.
Individual tap connected to a common pipe line can be installed for separate usage as
monitoring of huge students is problematic.
Usage of individual tap for hand washing will minimize the wastage of water.
Design of hand washing station for Chatta Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls High
School:
Commissioned on: 3rd December, 2015
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Fig-6.15:Design Layout of Face to Face Hand Washing Station at Chatta School
Fig-6.16: Elevation view of Hand Washing Station at Chatta School
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Fig-6.17: Hand Wash Basin and Bracket type Pedestal
Fig-6.18: Side view of Hand Washing Station at Chatta School
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Present practice of Hand washing:
When the bell rings for tiffin period and students start to come to the HWS to wash hands, then 16
students stand at 16 taps and remaining students wait in a queue. Someone from the school opens up
the Ball valve to make flow of water in the water supply pipe, then students open taps and wash their
hand putting their dishes at the dish holding pipe. After washing hands with soap taking from soap tray
they wash their dishes also. After completion of hand washing of all students ball valve is again closed.
Layout of different parts of HWS at Chatta Kalikapur SubidAli Girls High
School:
Fig-6.19: Different Components of Hand Wash Basin of Chatta School
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Fig-6.20A: Different Components of Hand Washing Station of Chatta School
Fig-6.20B: Different Components of Hand Washing Station of Chatta School
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Fig-6.21: Waste Outlet of Hand Wash Basins of Chatta School
Table-4: Expenditure of HWS installed at Chatta Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls High school
Subject Description Cost(Rs.)
Hand Wash Basin( made of
FRP material)
7’3”L*2’3”W*10”H
(2 nos.)
19730
G.I. Pedestal with M.S.
Bracket
Made of 2” dia. G.I. pipe
and 19mm*5mm thick M.S.
flat(6nos.)
4530
G.I. Post ½” dia.* 3½’ ht. G.I. pipe
(3nos.)
750
Water meter (optional) 1” dia. Capstan(1 piece) 5255
½” dia. Bibcock(PVC) 16 nos. 288
Soap Tray Made of PVC (12 nos.) 1620
Plumbing materials and
labour charges
From Overhead tank
to drainage facility
11010
Flooring (207 sq. ft.) Tiles (10”*10” area) 4500
Brick, Sand, Cement etc. 30100
Transportation of materials 1900
Total = Rs.79683.00
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Merits and Demerits of Hand Washing Station installed at Chatta Kalikapur Subid
Ali Girls High School:
Merits:
The main advantage of our design type (hand wash basin associated with supporting brackets) is
that it can be withdrawn and reinstalled to a suitable place in future if wanted.
Face to face hand washing practice is facilitated in this type of design. Thus the involvement of
students to achieve proper hand washing practice can be assured seeing the other person at the time
of washing their hands.
The wash basins are made of “FRP (Fiber-reinforced Polymer)” material, which is so much hard
compared to G.I. sheet and also durable in nature.
The wash basins are installed with a suitable slope for drainage of waste water in a proper way and
also to suit the different grade of students.
There is a pipe arrangement system to hold the dishes at the time of hand washing to facilitate the
ease of proper hand washing and not to worry about the dish holding.
Water is fed to the water carrying pipe for hand washing from both ends. Thus discharge of water
required for washing hands will be adequate.
A discharge rate of 2L/min from the taps was set by providing half opening of Gate Valve to
convey adequate amount of water which will not be less for hand and dish washing or very high to
splash outside and make wet students’ dress.
One Gate valve and Ball valve is provided to control the flow and to open/close the flow
respectively.
Separate taps are installed for separate usage at the time of hand washing. Thus wastage of water
can be minimized providing “Use only that amount of water what is required and then close the
tap”.
Soap tray is provided in a 3:4 ratio, i.e. three soap trays are provided for four persons’ use.
The design of Hand Wash Basin is a modular type and it can be put in a multiple numbers.
The fabrication and installation can be done very quickly compared to brick-cement design type.
Only one an d half day is enough for the installation.
Demerits:
Inadequate amount of taps are provided compared to 1800 students usage by installing only two
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6.3. Purnachandra Free Primary School
Fig-6.22: Purnachandra Paharpur Free Primary School
Address of the school: Purna Chandra Paharpur Free Primary School, Maheshtala West, Ward No 10,
Dist.: South 24 Pargana
Headmistress: Smt. Kajal Sarkar
Number of students: 202 (Girls: 102 And Boys 100)
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SWOT analysis in the context of installation of Hand Washing Station in Purna
Chandra F.P. School
Previous practice of Hand Washing:
Two taps for children for short height and two for normal and tall children.
At the time of hand washing liquid soaps is used.
Dish washing also done in these three taps.
HELPFUL HARMFUL
INT
ER
NA
L O
RIG
IN
STRENGTHS
Highly motivated teachers
Well-disciplined students
Water supplied by PHE &
supply is regular
Electricity supply is regular
Hand washing activity closely
monitored by teachers
4 hand washing taps installed
within shed (3 are in use
mostly)
Two water storage tank
available in the roof
4 toilets and 6 urinals in total
for boys and girls
WEAKNESSES
Inadequate space
EX
TE
RN
AL
OR
IGIN
OPPORTUNITIES
Mass hand washing station
can be installed Guardians of the students are
cooperative
Mason, workmen and
equipment available locally
Chances of theft is less as the
security of the school is very
good
School is looking forward to
“Jamini Roy” award as it has
been awarded “Shishu Mitra”
and “Nirmal Mitra” already
THREATS
Maintenance cost to be
arranged for proper service
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Fig-6.23: Previous practice of hand washing of students of Purnachandra School
Our interventions for HWS:
Running water facility was already available in the school.
Hand washing stations can be constructed in the school premise near the existing hand
washing area.
Face to face washing arrangements can be done.
Separate taps can be installed so that water wastage can be minimized.
Fig-6.24: Area under the shade is selected for installation of HWS
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Design of hand washing station for Purnachandra Paharpur F. P. School:
Commissioned on: 9th January, 2016
Fig-6.25:Design Layout of Face to Face Hand Washing Station at Chatta School
Fig-6.26:Elevation view of Face to Face Hand Washing Station at Chatta School
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Fig-6.27:Side view of Face to Face Hand Washing Station and Pedestral of Chatta School
Fig-6.28A: Different components of Hand washing station at Purnachandra F. P. School
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Fig-6.28B: Different components of Hand
washing station and Shower type cap
arrangement at Purnachandra F. P. School
Fig-6.29: Shower type arrangement
Table-5: Expenditure of HWS installed at Purnachandra F. P. School
Subject Description Cost(Rs.) Hand Wash Basin( made of
FRP material)
7’3”L*2’3”W*10”H
9865.00
G.I. Pedestal with M.S.
Bracket
Made of 2” dia. G.I. pipe
and 19mm*5mm thick M.S. flat(3nos.)
2265.00
G.I. Post ½” dia* 3½’ ht. G.I. pipe (1no.) 410.00
½” Dia. PVC Bibcock 8 nos. 144.00
Water meter (optional) 20mm ID Capstan(1 piece) 3640.00
Soap tray Made of PVC (6 nos.) 690.00
Shower type uPVC
cap(including drilling)
8 nos. 560.00
Plumbing materials and labour
charges
From existing pipe connection to
drainage facility
6706.00
Flooring (75 sq ft) Tiles (10”*10” area) 5390.00
Brick, Sand, Cement etc 3260.00
Transportation of materials 1600.00
Total = Rs. 34530.00
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Merits of Hand Washing Station installed at Purnachandra F. P. School:
The main advantage of our design type (hand wash basin associated with supporting brackets) is
that it can be withdrawn and reinstalled to a suitable place in future if wanted.
Face to face hand washing practice is facilitated in this type of design. Thus the involvement of
students to achieve proper hand washing practice can be assured seeing the other person at the time
of washing their hands.
The wash basins are made of “FRP (Fiber-reinforced Polymer)” material, which is so much hard
compared to G.I. sheet and also durable in nature.
The design of Hand Wash Basin is a modular type and it can be put in a multiple numbers.
The wash basins are installed with a suitable slope for drainage of waste water in a proper way and
also to suit the different grade of students.
There is a pipe arrangement system to hold the dishes at the time of hand washing to facilitate the
ease of proper hand washing and not to worry about the dish holding.
We used G.I. pipe as water carrying pipe which facilitates more strength than PVC pipe used in
case of Chatta School design.
Shower-type caps have been put with the mouth of the taps which spread the water helping to wash
hands with less amount of water.
One Gate valve and Ball valve is provided to control the flow and to open/close the flow
respectively.
Separate taps are installed for separate usage at the time of hand washing. Thus wastage of water
can be minimized providing “Use only that amount of water what is required and then close the
tap”.
Soap tray is provided in a 3:4 ratio, i.e. three soap trays are provided for four persons’ use.
The fabrication and installation can be done very quickly compared to brick-cement design type.
Only one an d half day is enough for the installation.
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7. OPTIMUM TIME, WATER AND SOAP REQUIREMENT
Optimum time and water requirement:
Different flow rates have been tried and a minimum flow rate of 2 L/min was found to be adequate
for washing hands by the students conveniently. Higher flow is unnecessary as it will lead to more
wastage/consumption and moreover, chances of water splashing upon the students’ body from the
basin increase. The flow rate is adjusted within suitable gate valves. Students were observed in
three schools when they were washing hands with proper techniques instructed to them. An
average time of 20 seconds will be good enough to allow adequate hand washing systematically.
Each tap can allow 3 students for hand washing per minute. MDM recess is normally for 40
minutes in schools and the students may utilize first 10 minutes and last 10 minutes for washing
their hands and dishes before and after MDM (leaving 20 minutes for food being served and eaten).
Thus, within 10 minutes about 100 students can wash their hands before MDM from the 4 taps
provided in one module. The water necessary for washing hands will be 400 L considering hand
and dishwashing before and after MDM. For running water facility with an overhead tank, the
capacity of overhead tank should be at least 500 L considering same tank for supplying water to
toilet facilities.
Optimum soap requirement:
In general school authorities arrange commercially available soap (Rs. 5/- piece). We observed that
on an average basis, 8 soaps were totally used by 150 students of Samali School and 6 soaps were
used up by 135students of Purnachandra School only in three days. But later on when the same
soaps were cut into smaller pieces (1 soap cut into 2 pieces), and the same number of students were
washing with the half portion of the soap, then two portions were found to last for one additional
day. Smaller piece of soap allows less wastage of soap and becomes economical. So it can be
stated that for an average attendance of 150 students or 135 students, cost related to soap
consumption per month (24 days) will be by Rs. 240/- and Rs. 180/- respectively
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8. BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY: EXTENT OF HAND AND DISH
WASHING
Review of the literature indicates that there are many pathogens in hand surfaces which really have the
potential to harm our health. The focus of the study was to find out the removal of bacteria from hand
surfaces achieved by hand washing among young school students. During taking food, different
surfaces of palms like the front and back side, tips of fingers and also surfaces in between fingers come
in touch with food and therefore, cleanliness of all these surfaces in equally important for hygiene.
Bacteriological assessment of all these surfaces was done before and after washing with water/soap.
For mid-day meal system in schools, the students normally carry dishes from their home and
cleanliness of these dishes before and after cleaning with water was also assessed. Among those
pathogenic bacteria it was decided to perform study on selected bacteria like enteric bacteria
(Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis) and Staphylococcus aureus. These three bacteria have
potential to harm our health by causing food -borne diseases. These bacteria are transferred through
different paths like person to person contact, contaminated water, by improper handling of
contaminated foods. In general these bacteria are found to be present on human skin surfaces like in
infected cuts, pimples, noses etc. and thus by touching one another these are transferred from one
person to another. If we get affected by these pathogens then they can cause a number of diseases like
diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea.
A study was conducted about the presence of bacteria in hand surfaces and also in dishes used for
MDM by the students in two schools namely Purnachandra Paharpur F.P. School and Samali F. P.
School, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal were identified for this study. In these two schools
appropriate hand washing stations have been installed (discussed earlier) and suitable awareness and
sentitisation drive towards hand washing before MDM and after use of toilet was also undertaken. Ten
students from each school (studying in classes II, III and IV, both girls and boys) were randomly
chosen. Two samples were collected for each student; one from front surface of palm and finger tips,
and another sample from back of fingers and surface in between fingers to analyse for presence of
bacteria before any kind of hand washing. Samples from same surfaces were collected again for each
student after they were allowed to wash their hands. In addition, samples from top surfaces of the
dishes that they will use for MDM were also collected before and after washing with water. To find
the effectiveness of hand washing with soap in comparison to with only water, one set of students
(students of Purnachandra School) washed their hands with soap and water as usually practiced;
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whereas students of the other school (Samali School), washing of hand was allowed with water only
(no soap).
The samples were taken from the surfaces by sterile cotton swabs and preserved in 8ml solution of
sterile 0.85% saline water in a test tube. Then these samples were transferred to laboratory for
inoculation in specific agar medium. For the inoculation of enteric bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus,
HiCrome Escherichia coli agar (HiMedia Lab-M1295) and HiCrome MeReSa agar Base (HiMedia
Lab-M1674) were used, respectively. 1.0 ml and 0.5 ml of the saline solution mixed with the samples
were used for the inoculation on the specific agar media. Incubation was done in 35°C for 24 hours for
Staphylococcus aureus and in 30 °C for 4 hours then in 44 °C for 18-24 hours for enteric bacteria.
Identification of Escherichia coli bacteria was done by the formation of bluish green colonies where
other enteric bacteria were identified by white colonies and identification of Staphylococcus aureus
bacteria was done by the development of bluish green colonies on specific agar media (Fig-49). After
the completion of incubation, number of bacterial colonies were counted in CFU unit. Assuming 100%
collection of bacteria by the swabs, 100% transfer of bacteria from the swabs to the saline solution and
amount of saline solution (0.2 mL) soaked by swabs, number of bacteria present on the particular
surface (palm or dish) was estimated.
The results of the bacteriological analysis are presented in Table-6 to Table-8 and Figures-9.2 to 9.14.
The students were identified by numbers from S1 to S20, where S1 to S10 are from Purnachandra
School and the others from Samali School. It is observed from Tables 6, 7 and 8 and Figures 9.2 & 9.3
that significant number of both bacteria (Enteric and S. aureus) were present in palm surfaces (front
and back). Upon the palm surfaces, the number of S. aureus ranged from 40 to 1920 CFUs whereas
upon the back of palm surfaces, the number varied from 76 to 1344 CFUs. The number of enteric
bacteria present on front and back of palm sur