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Following a number o years o trial deployments
and experiments, 2011 was a big year or 100G optical
networking as more and more service providers are
fnding that its more economical to migrate to 100G.
In considering a migration to 100G, service pro-
viders have had to juggle three ballsdeployment
strategy, technology and economics.
While port price was initially the main consider-
ation or 100G, a growing group o service providers
are now looking at how opex cost plays into the total
cost o ownership (TCO) o 100G versus 10G.
A growing group o service providers are fnding
that the Operations Administration and Maintenance(OAM) costs required to operate a 100G link are
lower than running 10 links o 10G each.
Evidence o the 100G adoption trend is taking
place in the networks o at least two large service
providers (Verizon and P&T Luxembourg) and one
R&D network provider (Internet2).
On the traditional service provider ront, Verizon,
arguably the most aggressive adopter o 100G
technology, recently upgraded additional routes
on its U.S. backbone network to 100G, while P&T
Luxembourg implemented 100G optical and 100
GigE technologies on the IP route between the
Frankurt and Luxembourg leg o its TERALINK
network.
Meanwhile, Internet2 is in the process o upgra
ing its major long-haul network routes to 100G to
serve its R&D customers.
In addition to seeing cost efciencies, the indu
has coalescence around coherent optics, an inno
tion that enables service providers to orgo the u
o modules to overcome dispersion compensatio
issues that become acute when service provider
deploy 100G networks.
Coherent optics became a must or 100G
because i you look at what was done as speed
moved up to 10G and past it, you just built ast
serial electronics without having to change you
technology, explains Jim Jones, President o t
Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF). But as ymove to speeds above that, to 40 and 100G, th
physical impairments such as chromatic dispers
and polarization mode dispersion really dominat
and get worse at a rate much aster than the bi
rate increase.
As 100G optical networks become a reality in
the telecom world, FierceTelecoms new eBook
will address how the service provider commun
is taking advantage o 100G optical networking
meet the bandwidth needs o their business an
consumer clients. l
SEAN BUCKLEY
Sen Et /// FeceTelecm
SpoNSorEd BY:
3100 Gbps Innovations Abound
5Q&A: Optical
Internetworking Forum
6100 Gb/s. Getting Up to
Speed*Sponsored Content*
8Solving Optical Impairments to
100G Transport*Sponsored Content*
9Internet2s 100 GbpsEra Is About to Begin
11100 Gbps MigrationStill in Early Stages
13The Analyst PerspectivThe Demand Drivers anEconomics o 100G Por
NeTworkee The LighT
100 Gbps
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Wide-scale deployment o
100 Gbps technology in long-
haul will happen in earnest
over the next two to three
years, according to many
industry sources. Generally, it
could take longer to get into
metro networks because theeconomics dont make sense
yet. It is oten more aord-
able or the carrier to relay on
40 Gbps or multiple 10 Gbps
links than pay or the upgrade.
Plus, the prices or 10 Gbps
links continue to decline.
Still, vendors are working on
the metro deployment case,
and one recent innovation
aimed at refning that case
came rom ADVA Optical Net-working, which just weeks
ago announced an alterna-
tive to the 100 Gbps optical
platorms that use dualpolar-
ization quadrature phaseshit
keying (DP-QPSK) modulation
and coherent signal detection.
DP-QPSK and coherent detec-
tion are considered the basis
o many uture long-haul 100G
systems, but they also represent
somewhat newer, and thus, more
expensive technology options.
The transponder announced by
ADVA instead uses DPSK-3ASK
modulation and non-coherent
detection, and relies on our 28
Gbps channels (the extra gigabits
are applied to error correction),
each inserted into a 50 Ghz
sub-channel, to achieve 100G
at distances o up to 500 km,
according to Jorg-Peter Elbers,
vice president o advanced tech-nology at ADVA.
This can be used in the data
center connectivity space or in the
service provider metro, where you
see distances o less than 500
km, or even less than 200 km, he
said. What we identifed was a
need over shorter distances. Core
100 Gbps solutions are not suited
or this.
Michael Kennedy, principal ana-
lyst at ACG Research, said ADVAsannouncement is an interesting
innovation or what right now
amounts to a niche market. At
this point, the economics o 100
Gbps only make sense in long
routes like in the service provider
core networks, he said. But,
some metros are moving beyond
the need or two or three 10 Gbps
E links. Now, 10 Gbps is actually a
small pipe in some cases, and this
is where this transponder might
come in. There is some efciency
to be gained in deploying that in a
metro environment where you are
already seeing a need or seven to
eight 10 Gbps links.
ADVAs development doesnt
dispute the need or DP-QPSK and
coherent detection in the long-
run. We do coherent as well, but
people are looking right now or a
lower-cost, lower-power solution
or the metro, Elbers said.In act, coherent detection will
be very important to the uture o
100 gbpsinnvatns
Abundby Da OSha
100 Gbps in all networks. Coher-
ent technology actually makes 100
Gbps cheaper than non-coherent,
though or now it is more costly
because its a newer technology,
Kennedy said. With coherent,
think o it as a light beam with all
o the light tightly aligned. With
non-coherent, the light would
be more diused. The coherent
beam would look like a pen light
i you shined it at the moon; the
non-coherent would be like a ash
light. Coherent reduces the need
or amplifcation and increasesthe distance. It reduces chro-
matic dispersion, so you can have
wavelengths set closer together,
and you would need ewer sub-
channels.
Rick Dodd, senior vice president
o global marketing at Ciena, said
the result is more capacity. With
coherent detection you can encode
more bits on a given amount o
spectrum, he said. You get m
capacity, perhaps 10-times mo
bits on the same spectrum, an
gives you a much simpler depl
ment model.
Many o these benefts mea
that coherent detection also
helps network operators to bet
ter plan and manage their route
Coherent gives you some new
possibilities in network archi-
tecture, Dodd said. It makes
provisioning and restoration ea
Were doing proo o concept someone using coherent to tu
receiver to a particular channe
Coherent detectio
already has been a
tor in some 40 Gbp
deployments, but it
expected to becom
dominant as long-h
100 Gbps deploym
become the norm.
Another manageme
related technology
innovation that cou
play a role in uture
Gbps networksso
decision orward er
correctionis a mu
newer developmen
Using a sot-decisio
algorithm allows m
dynamic allocation
correction or latencsensitive trafc. It i
not yet widely avail
in 100 Gbps equipm
but is expected to b
more common as m
vendors roll out 100
Gbps gear and eat
upgrades later this
and next year. l
At ts pnt, t cnmcs 100 gbps nly masns n ln uts l n t svc pvd cnts, But, sm mts a mvn bynd
t nd t t 10 gbps e lns.
MiChAEL KENNEdY, priNCipAL ANALYST AT ACG rESEArCh
wt cnt dtctnyu can ncd mbts n a vn amunt spctum.
riCK dodd, SENior viCE prESidENT
oF GLoBAL MArKETiNG AT CiENA
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Skyrocketing trafc demands
are a given. And most o todays
networks cant handle them. Typi-
cally, operators are just transporting
the rate theyre receiving10Gso
the network isnt efcient, service
turn-up is slow, and new service
oerings such as 40GE and 100GE
cant be supported.
Getting these networks up to
speed takes 40G or 100G coher-
ent systems. With the ability toscale, reduce CAPEX, and simpliy
network operations, coherent tech-
nology provides:
Reduced cost per transported bit
and use o existing fber plant and
line systems or our or 10 times
more trafc
Improved operational costs by
reducing space and power con-
sumption
Support or new higher speed
OTN and Ethernet services
Bs mveCheren eChngyBeore coherent detection, opti-
cal receivers simply sought the
presence or absence o light in
the transmitted signal. A coherent
receivers is ar more intelligent,
operating with a local oscillator to
tune into the exact requency itwants. In addition to the amplitude
o the signal, this receiver also
has access to phase and polariza-
tion inormation. Thereore, one
can apply advanced modulation
techniques to add more bits o inor-
mation per received symbol instead
o orcing equipment to work our or
10 times aster.
A coherent receiver also has
access, and is proportional to, the
optical electrical feld (E-feld), so
operators can more easily apply
advanced digital signal processing
techniques to electronically com-
pensate or linear impairments like
CD and PMD. The beneft is that
the engineering, cost, and added
equipment associated with trying to
manually correct or signal degrada-
tions due to fber impairments iseliminated, as its all handled via sot-
ware. Even more impressive, links
that could only handle 2.5G o trafc
because o high PMD or bad qual-
ity fber can now be repurposed or
40G and even 100G wavelengths.
mvng Beyn 100gUsing coherent technology, three
dimensions can be exploited to
increase system capacity, including:
1. inceasng bau symbl ate
An increased baud rate requires
dependence on higher speed
components. Ideally, these com-
ponents will have been available
or some time so they are quali-
fed, proven, and aordable.
2. inceasng numbe f bts e
symbl The more bits in the
constellation, the more trafc and
higher capacity that can then betransported. However, the more
bits that are introduced, the closer
they are to each other, decreasing
noise toleranceand the peror-
mance and reach o the solution.
3. inceasng numbe f subca-
es This enables a capacity
increase using more components
than increasing the baud rate, but
through the use o more relia
easily available and lower cos
components. The resulting s
channel permits the realizati
o next-generation systems a
400 Gb/s and 1 Tb/s with cur
technologies.
In order to optimize or spectr
efciency, perormance, cost an
reliability, each o the dimension
above need to be exploited app
priately.
Prmse FFeAs a whole, 40G coherent syste
have been widely deployed sinc
mid-2008, with 100G now mov
rom trial to deployment phase,
ing to the ollowing distinct ben
or service providers:
A tenold increase in trafc-
carrying capacity, with the ab
to leverage existing inrastruc
and fber
Faster services turn-up, resul
primarily rom larger-sized wa
length trunks, allowing quicke
deployment 10G services
Support or new, higher band
width OTN and Ethernet serv
Lower CAPEX, simpler engin
ing, and reduced latency resu
rom the electronic dispersion
compensation integrated in th
transponders
Coherent technology transorm
optical networks, and is essent
or scaling capacity to terabit le
and beyond while promising ne
advanced programmability and
planning capabilities. l
100 gb/s...gttn Up t pd
FeceTelecm: Lets start with
the OIF. What is your organization
driving in the emerging 100G
market segment?
Jnes: We have developed an initial
suite o implementation agreements
(IA) around 100G. We frst kicked
those o in 2008 and we fnished
them in 2010. We think we were
able to launch the industry strongly
into the 100G area because we
were able to agree on a specifc
modulation ormat. Thats the con-
sensus that, especially the deviceand component suppliers, were
looking or to give them the con-
fdence that the industry was not
ragmented so they could invest in
the integrated photonic components
to support that.
There were our or so major
pieces that led to that suite o
implementation agreements: there
was an overall ramework document
that laid out the modulation ormat;
photonics modules or transmit
and receive modules; and there
was a module multiservice agree-
ment (MSA) that went with it that
defned or DWDM some o the
mechanical, electrical and power
parameters as well as the basics
o a management interace. Then
there was analysis on Forward Error
Correction (FEC) that explored the
boundaries o the perormance you
can get with the dierent codingschemes and a channel model that
would go along with that. At the
same time, we were updating our
set o Common Electric Interace
(CEI) implementation agreements,
which OIF originally had taken rom
six to 10G and then more recently
to 28 Gbps. That would defne
high-speed interaces internal to
the network element that would
support chip-to-chip and chip-to-
module applications. Since then, welaunched into other projects, includ-
ing a thermal management project
that addresses the power dissipa-
tion challenges because youre
putting a higher bit-rate and a higher
density o modules into a smaller
space.
FeceTelecm: What sorts of
requirements and concerns
do service providers have in
upgrading their routes to 100G?
Jnes: Theres a range o top-
ics because theres such a broad
spectrum o service providers. Fun-
damentally, it gets down to some
key actors: the timing on when they
think the jump to 100G will be right;
the technology they have to deploy;
and the economics. They also want
to get a balance o those actors
and are looking to be uture-prooedas possible. One shit that I think is
healthy is that a year or so ago you
heard a lot o arguments that were
based on simple economics as to
when some o the carriers would
move to 100G. Basically, those argu-
ments were tied to port price parity;
that is, when would 100G ports be
Q&A: optcal intntn FumOIF halS w OSISy I 100 GbpS
Theres certainly a lot of activity in the 100 Gbps segment with
major carriers, including Verizon and P&T Luxembourg, which have
been rolling out the technology on their own key network routes.
Underlying their activities are the standards efforts of the Opti-
cal Internetworking Forum (OIF). This past July, the OIF initiated
a Next Generation Interconnect Framework project to examine
various applications spaces for high speed optical and/or electri-
cal interconnect and identify the necessary elements for follow-on
implementation agreements (IA). Complementing that effort was
a 100G project to address next generation integrated coherentreceivers, targeting lower cost, higher density applications, as well
as a third project addressing multi-link gearbox (MLG) for 100G
client side signaling. FierceTelecom Senior Editor, Sean Buckley,
recently caught up with Jim Jones, President of the OIF, to talk
about about these initiatives and how they are benetting service
providers moving to 100G.
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Over the past 510 years, Inter-
net bandwidth requirements have
increased dramatically, driven by
high capacity business data servic-
es, 3G/4G wireless smartphones,
and video-intensive websites such
as Netix and YouTube. This is
stressing the capacity o carrier opti-
cal transport networks. In recentyears, most metro and backbone
optical transport networks have
been based on Wavelength-Division
Multiplexing (WDM) architectures,
which provided enormous capacity
by carrying multiple wavelengths
over a single fber. WDM oered
signifcant cost savings compared
to the cost o single-channel
networks, or overlaying multiple
networks or each service oering.
Carriers now need to urther
expand capacity and simultaneously
reduce cost. Many vendors have
developed 40 Gbps transponders
and muxponders or existing WDM
networks. However, continued
trafc growth requires even higher
capacity. Unortunately, as opti-
cal speeds increase, it becomes
increasingly difcult to achieve
acceptable perormance. Theindustry is starting to solve these
problems and develop the compo-
nents needed to deploy 100G.
svng eChngy ssesImpairments to optical signals in
a fber include Chromatic Disper-
sion (CD) and Polarization Mode
Dispersion (PMD), which distort
the signals and limit the dis-
tance they can be transported.
The industry has solved these
problems up to 10 Gbps, but as
speeds increase they become
much more challenging, as shown
in Figure 1.
modulatio Pui moBit at c
One remedy is to send multiple bits
o data down the fber simultane-
ously, reducing the overall symbol
rate. This is known as modulation.
Up to 10 Gbps, optical systems
use simple On-O Keying (OOK) to
represent the digital 1s and 0s.
Higher data rates require more
sophisticated modulation to
minimize the eects o optical
impairments. At 100G, the indus-
try has standardized on DP-QPSK
(Dual Polarization Quadrature
Phase Shit Keying), as shown in
Figure 2. A DP-QPSK modulator is
relatively complex and costly, but
it lowers the optical symbol rate,
making optical impairments easier
to overcome.
Cot rci
rcoi t Bit
100G optical receivers are also
more complex because o the mod-
ulation scheme. Up to 10 Gbps, a
simple photodetector converted the
incoming photons to a digital 1
and 0 signal, but 100G DP-Q
modulation requires a much mo
complex optical receiver, as sho
in Figure 3. The coherent receiv
high-speed Analog-to-Digital Co
verters (ADC) and Digital Signa
Processor (DSP) oer a larger r
o compensation and fner cont
than conventional receivers.
100g ms
The industry has also standard-
ized on a 100G transceiver mod
called an MSA (Multi-Source Ag
ment), defning physical size,
pinouts, perormance, and pow
This oers the benefts o large
industry volumes, lower pricing
and a wider choice o compone
suppliers.
CnCsnCarrier networks ace tremendo
increases in bandwidth demand
immense pressure to lower the
costs. The solution is to carry m
bits per wavelength using 100G
Advanced modulation techniqu
and coherent receivers have no
been implemented that overcomperormance penalties and ena
deployment o 100G technology
existing networks. Initial 100G
cations will likely include increa
backbone network capacity and
100G router interconnection. l
lvn optcalimpamnts t100g Tanspt
at price parity with 10G or be some
percentage cheaper than 10G? O
course, even the 10G price is a mov-
ing target.
The shit that I have noticed is that
theres more awareness to look at
the total cost o ownership (TCO),
which is much more revealing than
port price. Thats because the opex
plays a big actor in the TCO. Some
o the things we heard rom the
carriers in our carrier working group
are that the Operations Administra-
tion and Maintenance (OAM) coststhat it takes to turn up, monitor and
maintain a 100G link are consider-
ably lower than running services
over a link aggregation group with
10 links o 10G each. Its much
more scalable to run it over 100G
rom an opex standpoint. The other
major opex ingredient is space and
power. At the same time, service
providers have to be very mindul o
their existing inrastructure, includ-
ing existing fber, existing ROADMs
and other equipment. There can
be some dierences on whether
theres a Greenfeld application or
one where theyre upgrading an
existing network, but I think our
carrier members have been very
open and vocal in expressing those
as some o those actors and driving
them to the higher speeds.
FeceTelecm: While were on
the subject of economics, how
important are coherent optics to
driving the costs out of deploying
100G optical networks?
Jnes: Coherent optics is a revo-
lutionary new technology and is
the cornerstone to making 100G
economically viable. It became a
must or 100G because i you look
at what was done as speeds moved
up to 10G and past it, you just built
aster serial electronics without hav-
ing to change your technology. But
as you move to speeds above that,
to 40 and 100G, the physical impair-
ments such as chromatic dispersion
and polarization mode dispersion
really dominate and get worse at a
rate much aster than the bit rate
increase.
Coherent modulation and the rate
o optics and electronics under it
were an absolute must or the longhaul distances that we were looking
or as well as the act that theres
existing ROADM inrastructure that
we have to be compatible with. In a
DWDM system you have multiple
wavelengths tightly packed at every
50 GHz. I you have adjacent wave-
lengths that are not coherent, they
can interere with the 100G signal
i the 100G is not coherent. By
moving to coherent 100G coherent
you mitigate the intererence rom
adjacent signals.
The other issue with coherent is
that we addressed spectral ef-
ciency or being able to put as many
bits in any given wavelength. A
fber may be able to transmit 80-8 8
wavelengths, but i you can put
100 Gbps coherent into each one
o those wavelengths it gives you
the most available bit rate or thespectrum. Finally, because o coher-
ent, you dont need the dispersion
compensation modules that you did
at the lower rates that compensated
or the characteristics o the fber.
You can live with it or live without
it. At the same time, that minimizes
your network latency, which is key
or some o the service providers.
FeceTelecm: Looking beyond
100G, what are the next steps OIF
is taking in terms of driving new
specications and leveraging
those of other organizations such
as the ITU-T and IEEE?
Jnes: We try to position our-
selves in OIF to complement other
groups like the IEEE, which is in
charge o defning Ethernet and
the interaces that go with it as
well as ITU-T, which is responsible
or the Optical Transport Network
(OTN). We ocus on interaces and
devices within the system thathelp support those eorts. One
glimpse is through the three proj-
ects that were opened this past
summer around driving smaller
orm actor and lower power
consumption devices. There are
some more exploratory areas that
are looking at dierent ways o
achieving higher speed signaling
that are part o the interconnec-
tion project. Theres also this Multi
Link Gear Box thats looking at
applications or 100G. You might
have multiple 10G Ethernet links
that are transported over a 4x25
interace and the gear box helps
you do the speed translation
seamlessly throughout those pro-
cesses. Theres obviously a lot o
experimental work at rates beyond
100G, including super channels
with Orthogonal Frequency Divi-sion Multiplexing (OFDM) and
other technologies that will be
needed to go to the higher speeds.
Were trying to position ourselves
to be able address that indepen-
dently as to what specifc direction
it will take because we know there
are undamental building blocks
we have to put together. l
Figure 1 OpticalImpairments atIncreased SpeedsClck t enlage
Figure 2 100GModulator Basedon DP-QPSKClck t enlage
Figure 3 100G Coherent
ReceiverClck t enlage
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the consortium is also leverag-
ing Level 3 Communications or
transport connectivity, Juniper core
routers and Infnera ramed circuits
and other gear.
The ongoing 100 Gbps upgrade is
part o a broader vision by Inter-net2 to eventually build 8.8 Tbps
o capacitythe equivalent o 88
100 Gbps wavelengthsinto its
network, an eort that brings the
group a long way rom a revised
strategic plan that it announced just
our years ago.
The evolution over the last our
or fve years has been interesting,
Vietzke said. We frst saw 100Gbps tested in 2007 and it was in a
box that was about twice the size
o a double toaster. The technology
has come a long way since the
and our adoption o it has gone
ter and aster than we expecte
a new technology.
He noted that or 100 Gbps to
become dominant outside the
transport network, it still needs
achieve lower pricing to be con
ered as efcient as using multi
10 Gbps links, but it is primed n
to take over the transport side.
Having 100 Gbps technolo
has allowed us to think about
strategic plan and accelerate
to deliver new services, as was being able to meet the glo
aspirations o our members,
Vietzke said. l
Chicago and Washington, D.C., and
between Washington, D.C. and
Sunnyvale, Cali.
The rest o our national ootprint
will have 100 Gbps by this time
next year, said Rob Vietzke, execu-
tive director o network services
or Internet2. By that time we
will have more than 17,000 route
miles.
In most cases, the consortium
is upgrading rom existing deploy-
ments o multiple 10 Gbps Ethernet
links, and though new 100 Gbps
routes will not be flled to the brimwith trafc right away, Vietzke said,
We think at least 30 Gbps to 40
Gbps will be used on every 100
Gbps wavelength on Day 1, and
soon there will be some Internet2
members ready to have one 100
Gbps wavelength themselves.
Were not sure how it
will all be used, but we
are certain that it will be
used.
As network operators
industry-wide move to
100 Gbps, the primary
drivers or the upgrades
are oten the need or
more capacity to handle
rapidly growing video trafc, or the
need or greater efciency in trans-
porting that trafc. The user profle
and the usage case are both a bit
dierent or Internet2. The not-or-proft consortium has among its
members 221 universities in the
United States, and works with 45
leading corporations, 66 govern-
ment agencies, laboratories and
other institutions, 35 regional and
state research and education net-
works and more than 100 national
research and education network-
ing organizations in more than 50
countries.
A lot o what they do would call
or two university supercomputing
centers to be tied together with
one big pipe, said Rick Dodd,
senior vice president o global mar-
keting at Ciena, one o Internet2s
primary vendor partners. He added,
They would also, in some c ases,
be using 100 Gbps to directly test
what happens when you put more
trafc on that network layer, a sort
o sel-ulflling exercise that could
provide guidance to other networkoperators looking to deploy 100
Gbps.
Scientifc experiments using a
large discreet channel
drive a lot o what we
do, but there will be
other things, including
telepresence meet-
ings between member
organizations and
other video applica-
tions, Vietzke said.
The 100 Gbps upgrade
has helped Internet2
draw new member
interest, and develop
new projects, such as
a 100 Gbps prototype
scientifc network the
consortium is building
with Berkeley Lab.
What our memberssee in our network is
a national asset and a
skill set that you cant
fnd anywhere else,
Vietzke said.
In addition to Ciena,
which is supplying
packet optical trans-
port gear to Internet2,
The 100G network evolu-
tion is just beginning, and will
likely take on a more defnitive
shape over the next two to
three years as carriers invest
in more 100 Gbps gear orboth long-haul and metro
upgrades. However, one net-
work operator is already at the
oreront o the movement,
driven by the particular needs
o a very advanced group o
constituents.
Internet2, the 15-year-old
nationwide IP and optical
network or the research
and education community, is
among the frst U.S. networkoperators upgrading its major
long-haul network routes to
100 Gbps. The consortium
that runs that network frst
announced the plan almost 11
months ago, and as autumn
began this year, Internet2 was
about to complete its frst
100 Gbps routesbetween
intnt2s100 gbpsea is Abut
t Bnby Da OSha
Jackson
Seattle
Los Angeles
Houston (2)
KansasCity
Atlanta
Washington DCSalt Lake
City
Chicago (3)
New
York (2)
Sunnyvale
Cleveland
Boston
Albuquerque
Denver
Indianapolis
Louisville
Nashville
Baton Rouge
Jacksonville
Charlotte
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Madison
Minneapolis
Fargo
Bismarck
Dickinson
MilesCity
Bozeman
Billings
Missoula
Spokane
Memphis
Cincinnati
Portland
BoiseTionesta
Sacramento
Reno
Phoenix
El Paso
SanAntonio
Detroit
BualoSyracuse Albany
Dallas
Echo Springs
Goodland
Tulsa
Pensacola
Raleigh
St. Louis
Eugene
Las Vegas
I l I l
IP router node
Optical regeneration facility
Optical add/dropfacility
Draft Last updated 01/26/11
U.S.UCAN
I N SUP P O RT
PA
N E TWO RK
RTN E RS
cntfc xpmnts usn a la dsct cannldv a lt at d, but t ll b t
tns, ncludn tlpsnc mtns btnmmb anzatns and t v d applcatns.
roB viETzKE, ExECUTivE dirECTor oF NETworK SErviCES For iNTErNET2
w fst sa 100 gbpststd n 2007 and t as na bx tat as abut tc
t sz a dubl tast.
roB viETzKE, ExECUTivE dirECTor oF
NETworK SErviCES For iNTErNET2
I l I l
nerne2 Pnne 100 ggB nFrsrCre Pgy (rF)
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FcTlcm.cm
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The telecom industrys
migration to 100 Gbps optical
networks got a nice boost in
mid-September when Verizon
Communications announced
it had installed 100 Gbps on aportion o its backbone net-
work, and planned to have it on
10 more routes by the end o
this year.
The move came at the same
time that research and educa-
tion network Internet2 was
completing deployment or 100
Gbps on two o its routes.
However, or the most part,
the industry is still awaiting its
100 Gbps tipping point. Four
years ater initial 100 Gbps
technology demonstrations,
the transition to live 100 Gbps
wavelengths remains a gradual
one, despite what seems like
an unstoppable explosion o
bandwidth demand related to online
video, cloud computing and other
applications.
Thats because economic real-
ity and network reach trump pure
speed in the optical game when you
actually have other cheaper, long-
distance options or handling that
bandwidth demandnamely 40
Gbps or multiples o 10 Gbps.
Pieter Poll, senior vice president o
network planning, engineering and
construction at CenturyLink, believes
the 100 Gbps tipping point will not
come until around the ourth quartero 2012, when high perormance,
longer reach and aordability will
crystallize in the latest generation o
equipment.
When you look at the 100G
equipment that has been out there,
the frst generation was about how
you get 100G onto a card, Poll said.
The second added coherent detec-
tion, but the reach wasnt there or
it to put 100G in the long-haul. With
the third generation, vendors have
been working on their ASICs, and
youll see the reach and have the
[aordability] to push 100G right to
the routers.
Poll said CenturyLink started to
make its network 100 Gbps-capable
about two years ago (then as Qwest
Communications) with a new over-
lay to its ultra-long-haul network,
a project it completed this year.
Around the industry, there is plenty
o evidence o carriers having made
similar progress, making networks
100 Gbps ready.
However, network investment in
10 Gbps and 40 Gbps systems still
exceeds spending on 100 Gbps, a
situation that is unlikely to change
until 2014, according to Andrew
Schmitt, directing analyst at Inonet-
ics Research.For some network operators,
more aordable 40 Gbps has at
least temporarily staved o band-
width demand pressure. Schmitt
said one o the gating actors or
100 Gbps us that it has to get down
to the price point o being maybe
twice the cost o 40G, something
he said probably wont happen until
2013. Schmitt said more vendors
also need to have 100 Gbps sys-
tems generally available, a situation
that should start to improve late this
year into next year.
Meanwhile, 10 Gbps systems
continued to be granted longer lie
by their increasing aordabilityhav-
ing several 10 Gbps links on some
routes still makes more economic
sense to some carriers than upgrad-
ing to high-speed technology.
10G port pricing is dropping ast,and so theyll still be out there or
some time to come, said Randy
Eisenach, 100G product planner at
Fujitsu. 100G deployments are still
a small sliver o the 10Gs that are
out there, but you will still need to
do the 100G upgrades or reasons o
spectral efciency.
100 gbpsMatntll n ealytasby Da OSha
Think
forward.
Transition seamlessly.Are you read y to meet future ne eds fo r bandwi dth in residen tial, c ommercial , and
mobile services? Do you have the agility and flexibility to seize new opportunities
while staying efficient and keeping control of your costs?
Fujitsu optical networks are powering 100G transport to meet escalating demand
for bandwidth. Make us your solution partner and lets transition seamlessly to the
next-generation network by thinking forward.
Fujitsu Network Communications 2801 Telecom Parkway, Richardson, TX 75082 Tel: 800.777.FAST (3278) us.fujitsu.com/telecom
Copyright2011 Fujitsu NetworkCommunicationsInc.FUJITSU(and design) andshapingtomorrow with youaretrademarksof Fujitsu Limitedin theUnitedStatesandother countries.All RightsReserved.
w dnt av a MsLa t ptcal ndus-
ty, s i dnt n yu ll t t ac 400g anytm sn.
piETEr poLL, SENior vp oF NET-
worK pLANNiNG, ENGiNEEriNG &
CoNSTrUCTioN AT CENTUrYLiNK
continued on ge 13
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mentsresidence, mobile and
enterprise. Residential service
usage will be the biggest con-
tributor to overall IP trafc growth.
Residential trafc growth is driven
by the widespread acceptance o
broadband service and the rapid
adoption o Over-The-Top (OTT)
video content. OTT video has a
major impact on network trafc or
three reasons. First, video content
requires much more bandwidththan other media. For example,
traditional voice telephony requires
64 Kbps while Verizon FiOS HDTV
service requires 18 Mbps. Sec-
ondly, OTT video as well as Video
on Demand are unicast services
each viewer receives a unique
ow o video content. In contrast,
broadcast TV is multicastall
A broad spectrum o rout-
ing, switching and transport
vendors is now adding 100
Gbps ports to their product
lines. These high speed
ports are arriving just in
time to meet the capacity
requirements o large service
providers core networks. In
addition, 100G technology
will help to drive down both
CapEx and OpEx, whichwill help service providers
to control their costs in an
environment where revenue
growth is not keeping up with
trafc growth.
IP network trafc is grow-
ing in a range o 35% to 85%
per year across the world. It
is growing in all market seg-
viewers are connected to the same
ow o video content. This has
an overwhelming impact on net-
work trafc. Video is expected to
comprise over 90% o total trafc
within the next three years.
Many video data streams do
not require the 18 Mbps cur-
rently used by FiOS HDTV. Video
downloads, or example, do not
require as much bandwidth as
video streaming and newer video
compression algorithms will reduce
the bandwidth or video stream-
ing. On the other hand, residentialTV sets continue to get larger
models in excess o 100 inches
are being introduced. This will
create demand or video ormats
with higher inormation density
and emerging 3D video requires
substantially more bandwidth than
current video ormats.
Mobile trafc also is driving tra-
fc growth and, thereore, the need
or 100 Gbps ports. Rapid growth
in mobile subscribers and especial-
ly use o Smart Phones accounts
or much o this growth. Video
content is the biggest contributor to
bandwidth growth as in the resi-
dential market. During the period
2008 to 2010, mobile video usage
grew 52%. It will grow much
more rapidly over the next several
years as true 4G wireless technol-
ogy is deployed. These serviceswill deliver 5 to 12 Mbps down-
stream data rates and 2 to 5 Mbps
upstream with 30 ms roundtrip
times. According to the FCC, this
is a bit better than what the cur-
rent generation o fxed broadband
systems is delivering today. This
will dramatically increase network
trafc.
Mobile trafc enters service pro-
vider regional and core networks as
wireless backhaul. Each carrier on
each cell site tower will require 100
to 300 Mbps o cell site backhaul
capacity. With two to our carriers
sharing each tower the roll out o
true 4G service will require 1 GE
backhaul service rom each tower.
However, it is worth considering
that a typical Central Ofce that
supports 5,000 to 20,000 resi-
dences and hundreds o enterprise
establishments only supports
between 5 to 20 cell site towers.Thereore, mobile trafc seems
unlikely to overtake residential tra-
fc demands.
Enterprise trafc also will grow
strongly. V ideo content will
increasingly dominate enterprise
Internet access bandwidth require-
ments just as in the residential
and mobile markets. The move to
cloud computing and networking
will add a urther boost to network
trafc requirements. Computing
and storage resources are more
extensively connected over the
wide area network using cloud
solutions than they were under
legacy client/server solutions. This
interconnection combined with
high percentages o video content
will dramatically increase enterprise
trafc requirements.
The service providers dilemmais that revenue growth is not keep-
ing up with trafc growth. As one
extreme example, consider that 1
KB o text content contributes $20 to
a wireless operators revenue while
1 KB o video content contributes
$0.003 to the operators revenue.
100 GE ports help resolve the
service providers dilemma in that
they reduce both CapEx per b
and OpEx per bit as compared
to the current generation o 10
GE technology. An industry ru
o thumb is that each new gen
eration o networking technolo
provides ten times the bandw
at three times the cost. There
ore the unit cost ($/bit) o eac
new technology is much more
cost efcient than the previou
generation. (I believe that the
introduction o 100 GE techno
does even better than the 10:3
rule o thumb.) The rule o ththereore implies that i new t
nology is introduced in three t
fve year cycles than unit cost
decline by 45% to 26% per ye
respectively. This is good new
or service providers in that it
helps make video content deli
economically viable. This is n
necessarily good news or sys
tems vendors since it implies
trafc demand must grow at m
than 26% to 45% per year jus
maintain sales at current level
Michael Kennedy is a regular FierceTelec
columnist and is Principal Analyst at ACG
Researchwww.acgresearch.net. He c a
reached at [email protected].
T Analyst Pspctv: TDmand Dvs and ecnmcs 100g Ptsby mIhal KDy, aG rSarh
For now, some carriers may be
doing some 100G wavelength activ-
ity, thanks to 100G line cards, which
can be an expensive option. Also,
mixing o dierent wavelengths is
like to become more common during
the transition. Bert Buescher, Direc-
tor Product Management, Transport
Products, at Tellabs, said the vendor is
helping some carriers mix 10G, 40G
and 100G wavelengths, partitioned,
on the same network. The carrier
doesnt want to have to put in new
inrastructure until it has to, he said.The timing o many carriers 100
Gbps transitions also plays in with
their migration to OTN switching. Rick
Dodd, senior vice president o global
marketing at Ciena, described 100
Gbps as being a tail wind or the OTN
migration, because it will allow carri-
ers to explore new ways o switching
services.
Eisenach echoed that sentiment,
saying, OTN would take over or
gear that now grooms trafc rom the
long-haul to the metro. Most carriers
will want to deploy OTN switching at
some point.
And though the 100 Gbps era may
eel like it is just beginning, the indus-
try is already starting to size up the
next bandwidth destination400
Gbps. It may not become a actor or
at least three to fve years, though
CenturyLinks Poll is already wonder-ing i the issues dictating the 100 Gbps
tipping point will aect 400 Gbps.
We dont have a Moores Law or
the optical industry, so I dont know
how you will get the reach or 400G
anytime soon, Poll said. You will
have to use it over shorter distances
or a while. Thats where you run into
Shannons Law.l
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Figure 1 Optical
Impairments at
Increased Speeds
Figure 2 100G
Modulator Based
on DP-QPSK
Figure 3 100G
Coherent Receiver
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