Download - Feminism Maam
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Baylis, Smith & Owens:
The Globalization of World Politics 5e
Chapter 16
Gender in World Politics
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Too often the great decisions are originated
and given form in bodies made up wholly of
men, or so completely dominated by them
that whatever of special value women have tooffer is shunted aside without expression.
Eleanor Roosevelt
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Representation of the world, like the world
itself, is the work of men; they describe it from
their own point of view, which they confuse
with absolute truth.
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Introduction
Over the last decade, feminism has emerged
as a key critical perspective within the study
of international relations.
The initial impetus of this critique was tochallenge the fundamental biases of the
discipline and to highlight the ways in which
women were excluded from analyses of the
state, international political economy, andinternational security.
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Feminist Theory
Feminism: a movement dedicated to
womens political, social, economic
equality.
The most important goal for feminist
theory is to explain womens
subordination which exist to varying
degrees in all societies and seek waysto end it.
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Feminist theory: goal is to explain why
women are subordinated
No separation between knowledge and
political practice -> should help improve
womens lives
A simple definition of feminism means the
study of and movement for women not asobjects but as subjects of knowledge
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Introducing Feminist Theory
Types of feminist theory: different
explanations for womens subordination
Liberal
Marxist
Socialist
Post-modern
Postcolonial
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Gender
A set of socially constructedcharacteristics that define masculinityand femininity
A structure that signifies unequal powerrelationships between women and men
A system of social hierarchy in which
masculine characteristics are morevalued than feminine ones
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Why gender important inIR?
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(1) Gender in IR Theory
Gender-sensitive lenses
Build on other theories but incorporategender as category of analysis
Liberal feminists:
Womens equality can be achieved throughremoval of legal obstacles
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Liberal Approach to Equality
Equality of Opportunity Model
Freedom to chose education and career.
Need a level playing fieldeveryone should have
equal access to opportunities. No legal or social barriers to economic
opportunities.
Education, hiring, promotions based on
achievement.
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Liberal feminists
Investigated problems of refugee woman,
income inequalities, human trafficking, rape in
war etc.
Observe how women affects and is affectedby international policy making.
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(2) Gendering Security
i- Challenging the myth of protection.
90% suggest we should be questioningthis story.
Women and children majority of theworlds refugee populations.
In wartime, women are subject to rape
and prostitution.
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Rape is not just an accident of war but often
is systematic military strategy.
Estimated 20,000 to 35,000 women were
raped during the war in Bosnia Herzegovina-ethnic cleansing-strategy forced pregnancies.
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ii- GENDERING WAR
Masculine image of the soldier challenged
by increasing numbers of women in themilitary worldwide
Role of militarized masculinity in policymaking
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iii- FEMINIST DEFINITIONS OF SECURITY
Feminist theory broadens security
conceptions beyond the masculine state.
define security as: the diminution of all formsof violence, including physical, economic and
ecological
They suggest security should be from thebottom up instead from the top down.
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(3) Gender in the
International Political Economy
Gendered division of labour
disadvantages women
Dates back to 17th century
Public-private division
Women are home-based, or work in
garment, service or agricultural fields
Double burden of household labour
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Why is it the feministmovement is so fragmented
in International Relations
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1) Issues of Secularism
- Feminist movement is often misunderstood
as a breach of Eastern culture and religion ofIslam because the origin of the so-called
Western countries are considered too
secular.
- However, the feminist movement still fightingin the Middle Eastern countries such as Iran
and Egypt, where discrimination against
women is the norm of society. There are
many who think that feminism is an elitist
movement, comprising educated members of
the upper class western.
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(2) Problems with Feminist Ethics
Some philosophers argue that the ethic of
care is based on traditional women's values
in a quest for new virtues. Beings other than women may not agree
because humans often only understand what
they can relate to. Thus ethics of care could
not serve to resolve conflicts involving people
who do not relate to the orientation of caring.
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Gender free morality may be impossible,
according to Nel Noddings.
Traditional philosophers believed thatwomen were inferior to men and female
goddesses were involved in silence,
obedience and service.
These female roles can be shaped into anethic of care according to many women
philosophers. In so doing ethics becomes
gender based and the ethic of care would not
be applicable to those who are not of the
female gender.
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Policy and Practice
NGOs and social movements have
facilitated gender equality
UN and Gender Development Index
Theory informed by belief in
emancipatory effect of knowledge
Gender mainstreaming: how will a
policy impact gender equality?
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The United Nation (UN) held its first official
conference on women in Mexico City in 1975-
launched the UN Decade for Women (1976-
85). Put womens issues on its agenda.
Development Alternatives with Women for a
New Era (DAWN)- engaged with political,
analyses of the impact of global economic
policy on Southern countries.
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About Child/ Forced Marriages
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Case Study
Microcredit: empowering women through
investment
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Case Study
The self-employed womens movement