-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
1/22
Topic:
Factor of Effective Production of Wheat
Prepared By:
Shamila Ali
ID: shamilaali2003
Submitted To:
Sir, Mustafa Haider
Dated: June 13, 2011
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
2/22
Table of ContentsLetter of Authorization ..................................................................................................... 3
Letter of Transmittal ........................................................................................................ 4
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 6
2 Factors of Wheat Production .................................................................................... 6
2.1 Land Preparation ................................................................................................ 7
2.2 Soil requirement: ................................................................................................ 7
2.3 Irrigation: ............................................................................................................ 8
2.3.1 Types ........................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Seeds ................................................................................................................. 9
2.5 Mechanization .................................................................................................... 9
2.5.1 Terminology ................................................................................................. 9
2.5.2 Agriculture usage ....................................................................................... 10
2.6 Fertilizers.......................................................................................................... 10
2.6.1 Benefits of Organic Fertilizer ..................................................................... 11
2.6.2 Organic Fertilizer Sources ......................................................................... 11
2.7 Weeding ........................................................................................................... 112.7.1 Weed control ............................................................................................. 12
2.8 Harvesting ........................................................................................................ 12
3 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 13
4 Findings of the Study ............................................................................................. 13
5 Summary ................................................................................................................ 19
6 Suggestions / Recommendations........................................................................... 19
Appendices ................................................................................................................... 20
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
3/22
Letter of Authorization
Dated: June 13, 2011
Department of Public Administration
University of Karachi
Subject:Letter of Authorization
Refer to initial proposal for understanding the study of Factors of effective
production of wheat, I hereby authorize Miss. Shamila (Regd ID: Shamilaali2003) to
conduct a research on the topic.
Regards,
_______________________
Mr. Mustafa Haider
Supervisor/Teacher
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
4/22
Letter of Transmittal
Dated: June 13, 2011
Mr. Mustafa Haider
Supervisor /Teacher
Department of Public Administration
University of Karachi
Respected Sir,
Enclosed is the project report regarding Factor of Effective Production of wheat.
This report is the summary of my findings from the study which I have completed during
the spring semester 2011 of BSPA Second Year Program.
I have tried to cover all the aspects and requirements that you demanded, and those
that were essential for compilation of this report. As per your advice, this report includes
introduction, Findings, Summary, Recommendations and Suggestions.
I have completed this report with my best knowledge and capabilities. I hope this report
will come up to the mark.
Yours Sincerely,
Shamila
ID: Shamilaali2003
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
5/22
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
6/22
1 Introduction
Wheat is a type of grass grown all over the world for its highly nutritious and useful
grain. It is one of the top three most produced crops in the world, along with corn and
rice. Wheat has been cultivated for over 10,000 years and probably originates in the
Fertile Crescent, along with other staple crops. A wide range of wheat products are
made by humans, including most famously flour, which is made from the grain itself.
Today, wheat is a grass that grows between two and four feet ( to 1 meters) tall.
The physical appearance of the grain is familiar to most consumers, with a long stalk
that terminates in a tightly formed cluster of plump kernels enclosed by a beard of bristly
spikes. Wheat is an annual, which means that at the end of each year, fields must be
plowed and prepared again to grow the grass.
Ancestral wheats probably looked very different, with much smaller kernels. The early
domesticators of wheat obviously wanted to select for plants with particularly largekernels, since more nutrition could be eked out from each stalk. Because wheat is
generally a self pollinating plant, each plant tends to produce clones of it. When farmers
want to hybridize a wheat strain, they must physically pollinate the different plants.
Farmers blending wheat for various purposes usually combine different seeds at
harvest time and spread them evenly over the field.
2 Factors of Wheat Production
Land Preparation
Soil Condition
Seeds
Irrigation Water
Fertilizers
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
7/22
Mechanization
Management Practices
Weeding
Harvesting
2.1 Land Preparation
Land preparation typically involves plowing, harrowing, and leveling the field to make it
suitable for crop establishment. Draft animals, such as buffalo and oxen, 2-wheel
tractors or 4-wheel tractors can all be used as power sources in land preparation. The
initial soil tillage can also be performed with a rotovator instead of a plow.
The land can actually be prepared by using a rototiller, a spade, or a tractor. Regardlessof the method used, the soil should be turned at least 6 - 8 inches deeppreferably
deeper if the equipment will do it. The land should be left smooth with all clods
eliminated and should be free of non-decomposed litter so that the seed can germinate
without interference from the clods or other lumps of material
A well-leveled field is a prerequisite for good water and crop management. When field
are not level, water may stagnate in the depressions whereas higher parts may fall dry.
This results in uneven crop emergence and uneven early growth, uneven fertilizer
distribution, and possibly additional weeds. Effective land leveling will improve crop
establishment and care, Reduce the time and water required to irrigate the field, andEnsure more uniform distribution of water in the field Land preparation for dry seeding
typically involves consists of plowing or rotovating followed by harrowing and leveling of
dry and friable soil. The crop is established by broadcasting or drilling seed that has not
been pre germinated.
Farmers can reduce water use by shifting from puddled to non-puddled land
preparation. Large amounts of water (2040% of total water use) are consumed during
land preparation of flooded soils because of the need to initially soak dry and cracked
soil, and to keep the field continuously flooded. Most of the wasted water is lost by
drainage through soil cracks. Dry land preparation does not require irrigation waterbecause it can be done when the soil has the correct water contact and is friable for
plowing or rotovating and harrowing.
2.2 Soil requirement:
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
8/22
Loamy soil with high organic matter, this soil is also called medium texture soil. Loamy
soil consists of clay 30 percent, silt 40 percent, and sand 30 percent. Wheat grows well
in neutral soil which pH is 7 but it can grow in slightly alkaline soil and saline soil.
2.3 Irrigation:
Irrigation may be defined as the science of artificial application of water to the land or
soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes,
and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate
rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which
include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grain fields and
helping in preventing soil consolidation. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on directrainfall is referred to as rain-fed or dry land farming. Irrigation systems are also used for
dust suppression, disposal of sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together
with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water
from a given area. Irrigation is also a term used in medical/dental fields to refer to
flushing and washing out anything with water or another liquid.
2.3.1 Types
2.3.1.1 Flood Irrigation
When the irrigation results in flooding or near flooding of the cultivated land. Historically,this has been the most common method of irrigating agricultural land.
2.3.1.2 Localized irrigation
It is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, ina pre-determined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to
it.
2.3.1.3 Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, functions as its name suggests. Water is
delivered at or near the root zone of plants, drop by drop. This method can be the most
water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed properly, since evaporation and runoff
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation_%28soil%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryland_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_suppressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_leachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_leachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_suppressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryland_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation_%28soil%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revegetationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science -
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
9/22
are minimized. In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with plastic
mulch, further reducing evaporation, and is also the means of delivery of fertilizer. The
process is known asfertigation.
2.4 Seeds
Seed is mean of dispersal for plant population in space and time, representing
continuity and change, and thus adaption to the local environment. Seed has played a
critical role in agriculture development since prehistoric humans domesticated the first
crops. In modern agriculture, seed is vehicle to deliver almost all agriculture-based
technological innovations to farmers so that they can exploit the genetic potential of new
varieties. The availability, access and use of seed of adaptable modern varieties is,therefore, determinant to the efficiency and productivity of other packages(irrigation,
fertilizers, pesticides) in increasing crop production to enhance food security and
alleviating rural poverty in developing countries.
Seed crops must b meet specific quality standards prescribed by the national seed
regulations. The seed quality control and certification agency is responsible for ensuring
variety, purity, identity and other seed quality attributes, such as physical purity,
germination and health.the3 official seed quality control agency carries out inspection in
the field and tests the seed in the laboratory to conform that seed meets national
certification standards.
2.5 Mechanization
Mechanization or mechanization (BE) is providing human operators with machinery that
assists them with the muscular requirements of work. It can also refer to the use of
machines to replace human labor or animal labor. A step beyond mechanization is
automation. Even the use of manually powered tools is an example of mechanization as
it reduces the work of screwing, drilling, inserting nails, punching, or even washing a
surface.
2.5.1 Terminology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_mulchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_mulchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_mulchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_mulch -
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
10/22
The term is most often used in industry. The addition of powered machine tools, such as
the steam powered lathe, dramatically reduced the amount of time needed to carry out
various tasks, and improved productivity.
2.5.2 Agriculture usage
Similarly refers to the replacement of manual labor or animal labor and simple hand
tools with electrical, steam, or internal combustion enginepowered machinery. This can
be as simple as foot-powered open-drum threshers, to more complex two-wheel
tractors, to larger four-wheel tractors, to GPS-guided combine harvesters.
Mechanization of agriculture has been so prolific and ingenious that the percentage of
the population employed in producing a country's food plummeted over the course of
the 20th century in developed nations, and a comprehensive list of agriculture.
2.6 Fertilizers
Fertilizer (or fertiliser) is any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin
(other than liming materials) that is added to a soil to supply one or more plant nutrients
essential to the growth of plants. A recent assessment found that about 40 to 60% of
crop yields are attributable to commercial fertilizer use.
Mined inorganic fertilizers have been used for many centuries, whereas chemicallysynthesized inorganic fertilizers were only widely developed during the industrial
revolution. Increased understanding and use of fertilizers were important parts of the
pre-industrial British Agricultural Revolution and the industrial Green Revolution of the
20th century.
Inorganic fertilizer use has also significantly supported global population growth it
has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed as a result
of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use.
Fertilizers typically provide, in varying proportions:
six macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca),
magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S); six micronutrients: boron (B), chlorine (Cl), copper
(Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-wheel_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-wheel_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-wheel_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-wheel_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool -
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
11/22
Organic fertilizers include naturally occurring organic materials, (e.g. manure, worm
castings, compost, seaweed, guano), or naturally occurring mineral deposits (e.g.
saltpeter).
2.6.1 Benefits of Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizers have been known to improve the biodiversity (soil life) and long-term
productivity of soil, and may prove a large depository for excess carbon. Organic
nutrients increase the abundance of soil organisms by providing organic matter and
micronutrients for organisms such as fungalmycorrhiza, (which aid plants in absorbing
nutrients), and can drastically reduce external inputs of pesticides, energy and fertilizer,
at the cost of decreased yield.
2.6.2 Organic Fertilizer Sources
Animal:
Animal-sourced and human urea, are suitable for application organic agriculture, while
pure synthetic forms of urea are not.
Plant:
Leguminous cover crops are also grown to enrich soil as a green manure through
nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere; as well as phosphorus (through nutrient
mobilization) content of soils.
Mineral:
Mined powdered limestone, rock phosphate and sodium nitrate, are inorganic (not of
biologic origins) compounds which are energetically intensive to harvest and are
approved for usage in organic agriculture in minimal amounts.
2.7 Weeding
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_castingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_castingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_manurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_manurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_castingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_castingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manure -
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
12/22
Weeds are unwanted plants which affects the crop production process. They are harm
because they taking all the nutrients, up taking water and occupying space. To increase
yield we have to control on them.
2.7.1 Weed control
Weed control is the botanical component of pest control, using physical and chemical
methods to stop weeds from reaching a mature stage of growth when they could be
harmful to domesticated plants and livestock. In order to reduce weed growth, many
"weed control" strategies have been developed in order to contain the growth and
spread of weeds.
The most basic is ploughing which cuts the roots of annual weeds. Today, chemical
weed killers known as herbicides are widely used. The effects of weeds on other plants
Weeds can compete with productive crops or pasture, or convert productive land into
unusable scrub. Weeds are also often poisonous, distasteful, produce burrs, thorns or
other damaging body parts or otherwise interfere with the use and management of
desirable plants by contaminating harvests or excluding livestock.
Weeds tend to thrive at the expense of the more refined edible or ornamental crops.
They provide competition for space, nutrients, water and light, although how seriously
they will affect a crop depends on a number of factors.
2.8 Harvesting
The process of cutting and gathering of crop after it is matured, is called harvesting. In
agriculture, the harvest is the process of gathering mature crops from the fields.
Reaping is the cutting of grain or pulse for harvest, typically using a scythe,sickle, or
reaper. The harvest marks the end of the growing season, or the growing cycle for a
particular crop, and this is the focus of seasonal celebrations of many religions. On
smaller farms with minimal mechanization, harvesting is the most labor-intensive activity
of the growing season. On large, mechanized farms, harvesting utilizes the mostexpensive and sophisticated farm machinery, like the combine harvester. Harvesting in
general usage includes an immediate post-harvest handling, all of the actions taken
immediately after removing the cropcooling, sorting, cleaning, packingup to the
point of further on-farm processing, or shipping to the wholesale or consumer market.
Important factors:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_%28agriculture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_%28agriculture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_%28legume%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-harvest_handlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-harvest_handlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_labourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_%28legume%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_%28agriculture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_%28agriculture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_control -
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
13/22
Harvest timing is a critical decision that balances the likely weather conditions with the
degree of crop maturity. Weather conditions such as frost, rain (resulting in a "wet
harvest"), and unseasonably warm or cold periods can affect yield and quality. An
earlier harvest date may avoid damaging conditions, but result in poorer yield andquality. Delaying harvest may result in a better harvest, but increases the risk of
weather problems. Timing of the harvest often amounts to a significant gamble.
3 Methodology
To conduct this study I developed a Questionnaire containing 10 different questions. By
the help of this survey I have collected the information about the effective methods and
processes of wheat production. This questionnaire was developed under the guidance
of supervisor. To collect the data I used convenience method and all the data has been
collected from the 25 university students of agricultural department.
4 Findings of the Study
To represent the finding of our survey, I have used different graphs. In below I have
presented all questions and results of the survey for a specific question.
Qs1: How the land can be prepared for the production of wheat?
a) Irrigation
b) Plowing
c) Weeding
d) Fertilizers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_yieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_yieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost -
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
14/22
Qs2: Which type of soil is best suitable for wheat?
a) Saline soil
b) Dry soil
c) Fertile soil
d) Wet soil
Qs3: should different varieties of seeds be best to have yield difference?
a) Yes
b) No
Irrigation Plowing Weeding Fertilizer
7
19
2 2
2
0
23
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Saline soil
dry soil
fertile soil
wet soil
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
15/22
Qs4: is the irrigation water available in Pakistan is enough for wheat cultivation?
a) Yes
b) No
Qs5: What steps governments take to make irrigation system better?
a) Constructions of dams
b) Proper channel system
c) Drip irrigation
d) All above
88%
12%
Yes3 No3
Yes4
52%
No4
48%
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
16/22
Qs6: how the fertilizers can promote the growth of wheat?
a) By applying it proper time
b) By giving it in bulk quantity
c) By applying according to recommendation
d) Both a and c
Qs7: what government can do for farmers to provide farm mechanization?
a) Low cost machineries
b) Latest machineries
c) Long run machineries
d) All above
0
2
4
68
10
12
14
16
Constraction
of Dams
Proper
Channel
System
drip
irrigation
All Above
9
1 1
15
By Applying accorrding to
recommendation
By giving it in bulk
By applying it according to
recommendation
Both B & C
1
2
0
22
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
17/22
Qs8: Should the management practices be changed to have good yields?
a) Yes
b) No
Qs9: how the weeds (unwanted plants) can be harm for wheat crop?
a) By up taking nutrients
b) By up taking water
c) By occupying space
d) All above
2 21
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
Low cost
machineries
Latest
Machineries
long run
machinesries
All Above
23
2
0 5 10 15 20 25
YES8
No8
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
18/22
Qs10: how damage could be minimized during harvesting?
a) Harvesting practices
b) By improved harvesting practices
c) By proper management
d) By mechanical harvesting
By Up taking nutrients
By Up taking Water
By Occupying Space
All Above
4
0
2
20
1 4
14
7
02468
10121416
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
19/22
5 Summary
Our study is to find out what are the best practices or effective methods to enhance the
production of wheat in Pakistan. During this study we have found different opinions of
different peoples. This survey was given to 25 university students of agriculture
department. According this study we can enhance wheat production in the country by
preparing land with new developed methods. For preparation land of wheat production,
plowing is the best suitable way. In this study I have found that 88% students are
agreed, that the different varieties of seeds be best to have yield difference.
In this study I have found that the government should take serious steps of constriction
of dams, proper channel systems, drip irrigation to make better systems. Also according
to this study the government can do for farmers by providing different facilities such as
Low cost machineries, Latest machineries, Long run machineries to farm
mechanization.
One another factor that is management practices, which badly effect wheat production
in the country. 92% agrees that these practices should be change and new developed
methods can be beneficial to enhance the production of the wheat in the country.
6 Suggestions / Recommendations
This study is based on questionnaire on the topic of factors of wheat production. All the
information has been collected by surveying 25 university students of agriculture
department. To get best result on the topic this study can be conducted by collecting
the data from field of work, agriculture specialist and concern companies.
Some of suggestions for further research on the topic can be as under.
To get best results from the study the sample of survey should be increased.
To get best and reliable results from the study it should be conducted survey
through specialist of agricultures and from field of work.
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
20/22
Appendices
QUESTIONNAIRENAME: ________________________GENDER: ______________________AGE: __________________________QUALIFICATION: ______________
OBJECTIVE:The main purpose of this questionnaire is to study the main factors that effect the
wheat production/or the factors through which we can improve our wheat production.
QUESTIONS:
Qs1: How the land can be prepared for the production of wheat?a) Irrigationb) Plowingc) Weedingd) FertilizersQs2: Which type of soil is best suitable for wheat?a) Saline soilb) Dry soilc) Fertile soild) Wet soil
Qs3: should different varieties of seeds be best to have yield difference?a) Yesb) NoQs4: is the irrigation water available in Pakistan is enough for wheat cultivation?
a) Yesb) No
Qs5: What steps governments take to make irrigation system better?
a) Constructions of dams
b) Proper channel systemc) Drip irrigationd) All aboveQs6: how the fertilizers can promote the growth of wheat?a) By applying it proper timeb) By giving it in bulk quantityc) By applying according to recommendationd) Both a and c
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
21/22
Qs7: what government can do for farmers to provide farm mechanization?a) Low cost machineriesb) Latest machineriesc) Long run machineriesd) All above
Qs8: Should the management practices be changed to have good yields?a) Yesb) No
Qs9: how the weeds (unwanted plants) can be harm for wheat crop?a) By up taking nutrientsb) By up taking waterc) By occupying spaced) All aboveQs10: how damage could be minimized during harvesting?a) Harvesting practices
b) By improved harvesting practicesc) By proper managementd) By mechanical harvestinge) By old
-
7/31/2019 Factors of Effective Wheat Production in Pakistan
22/22
Data of the Study
Irrigation 7
Plowing 19Weeding 2
Fertilizer 2
Saline soil 2
dry soil 0
fertile soil 23
wet soil 0
Yes3 22
No3 3
Yes4 13
No4 12
Construction of Dams 9
Proper Channel System 1
drip irrigation 1
All Above 15
By Applying according torecommendation
1
By giving it in bulk 2
By applying it according torecommendation
0
Both B & C 22
Low cost machineries 2
Latest Machineries 2
long run machineries 1
All Above 20
YES8 23
No8 2
By Up taking nutrients 4
By Up taking Water 0
By Occupying Space 2
All Above 20
Harvest practices 1
By Improved HarvestingPractices
4
By Proper Management 14By Mechanical Harvesting 7