research report on shortage of wheat in pakistan

Causes of wheat Shortage in Pakistan

Researched By; Group # 04

Najam- us- Sehar 10 Muhammad Anis 15Sajjad Hussain 24

Shakir Rashid 27Waseem Iqbal 33Sadia Zahoor 38Muhammad Ramzan 43

M.Com 2nd

(2007-2009)

Business Research Method 1


Presented to

Mr.

Azhar SheikhBusiness Research Method 3


TO OUR

PARENTS

& TEACHERS

Our kind Teacher Mr. Azhar Sheikh

By virtue of who’s Prayers, We have been able to reach at this position and

whose hands always rose for prayers and wellbeing.

We feel proud by having guideline from our teacher. Mr. Azhar Sheikh. We

cannot forget their cooperation.



We certified that our group session 2008-2010 has carried out this report

titled “Causes of Wheat Shortage in Pakistan”.

Under the supervision of Sir Azhar Sheikh Department of Commerce The Islamia

University of BWP.

Name of Group

Group # 4

Roll No.

(10, 15, 24, 27, 33, 38, 43)

M. Com (2nd Morning)

The Islamia University BWP



The supervisory committee certificates the contents and corms of report

submitted by group # 4 Roll no. 10, 15, 24, 27, 33, 38, 43 have been found

satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation, by the 3

external examiner for the award of passing BRM.

Supervisor ______________.



All praises for ALLAH, the Almighty, who guides us in the darkness and

help in difficulties and all respect, and for Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad

(Peace Be Upon Him) who enables us to recognize our creator, who enlightens

our minds to choose the right path of life.

The words are meaning less to express our heartful to Mr. Azhar Sheikh

for his outstanding suggestions and kind help at each and every step. It was

very difficult we want to say impossible to complete this research report in such

a good manner.

We feel honor to express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Azhar Sheikh for

this supervision, guidance and encouragement throughout this research. We

always found him very much alive, full of zeal, vitality and intellectual curiosity.

With out his ideas, remarks and endless interest out and completed and

thanks to all teachers.

Special ovation to our parents they cherished us from our childhood and

reminded a source of strength during our studies. We want to thanks our

parents for there prays valuable guidance, suggestion and assistance in every

moment of life.



In the Business environment before putting any decision regarding any

thing into action, one must have conduct research to anticipate the strength

and weaknesses of business. In our M.com programme, theory with practical is

like body with soul. As the part of our subject “Business research Methods” We

selected the topic “Causes of Wheat Shortage in Pakistan” for research

purpose. Conducting research on this topic has broadened our horizons of

knowledge about subject of business research.

We come across different problems why conducting the research and

also when analyzing the data, but this develop our ability to handle the

problems effectively and efficiently. Please keep in view our impulses of

passion, quest and enthusiasm consisting behind this publication. We people

have made best of our efforts to design the final report of research complete,

concise and comprehensive.

We presented the material in such a form that can easily be grasped. We

accept that the information provided in this report is not final; there may be

some deficiencies in this research report. But we have expectation from our

Teachers that they will ignore our deficiencies as it our first fieldwork

experience. However we will appreciate all suggestions for the improvement of

our report from our respectable teachers as well as from our senior fellows.

Researchers….



CHAPTER NO DETAIL PAGE No.

Chapter no. 1 Executive Summary 12

Chapter no. 2 Introductions 15

2.1 What is research? 16

2.2 Selection of topic 16

2.3 Selection of area 17

2.4 Purpose of study 17

2.5 Objectives 17

2.6 Scope of study 18

2.7 Problems faced during survey 18

Chapter no. 3 Literature Review 24

3.1 History 24

3.2 Wheat Shortage in Pakistan 26

3.2.1 1st Time 26

3.2.2 2nd Time 26

3.2.3 3rd Time 27

3.2.4 4th Time 27

Chapter no. 4 Data Analysis 28

4.1 Methodology 28

4.2 Sample size 28

4.3 Sampling techniques 28

4.4 Problem statement 29

4.5 Primary data collection 29

4.6 Secondary data collection 29



4.7 Data processing 29

4.8 Questionnaires 29

Chapter no. 5 Variables 43

5.1 Independent variable 43

5.2 Dependent variable 43

5.3 Moderating variable 43

Chapter no. 6 Findings 44

Chapter no. 7 Conclusions 45

Chapter no. 8 Suggestions & Recommendations 46

Chapter no. 9 Limitations 47

Chapter no. 10 References 48



Chapter

Executive Summary

Wheat is a staple food of people of Pakistan and the largest grain crop

of the country. The average yield of wheat in Pakistan is far less than the

potential yield and yield realized by the progressive farmers and research

stations. The purpose of present study is to estimate the average wheat yield

and forecast the future wheat production in Bahawalpur (Pakistan).

Pakistan is an agricultural country and almost 70% of its population living

in rural areas. Pakistan is a nation of over 170 million people who consume 25

million tones of wheat every year. Government of Pakistan is trying to

overcome this shortage but all the acts are going in vain. Our research will

comprise to find out the reasons for this shortage of flour in Pakistan.

To cover the shortfall the government has resorted to importing wheat from

Australia and Russia at 70% higher prices.


1


We have collected the data from two tehsils (Yazman & Ahmed pur East)

of district Bahawalpur and finding the reasons for wheat shortage in Pakistan.

The data used in the present study were collected from 2 tehsils of Bahawalpur

district i.e. 1st Ahmed pur East & 2nd Yazman of the Punjab province. We have

interviewed 100 farmers from above mentioned tehsils and have taken 2

villages from each tehsil and interviewed 25 farmers from each village.

We have used SPSS software for data analysis and also took help from

excel. We used z-test, arithmetic mean for data analysis. According to our

research most of the farmers were facing so many difficulties such as high

prices of pesticides, fertilizers and shortage of canal water.

There are two main problems, which the farmers are facing now days

such as unavailability of quality seeds and Government does not provide any

information related to ploughing and cultivation. Due to low prices of wheat,

farmers are discouraged and are using less area for wheat production.

According to the FAO survey, Pakistan ranks 9th in wheat production among

121 wheat producing countries.

In most of the cases such as new diseases Government does not provide

any up-to-date information and if they do so it is done of that stage when the

crops are totally destroyed. Rising inputs prices for farmers has also added to

escalating foods prices. The previous Government has also reduced wheat

subsidies that had a negative impact on farmers. Farmers always produce

commodities that have an attractive price with the reduced subsidies; they

switched to others cash crops such as sunflowers etc.



The previous Government blames the wheat shortage on illegal smuggling to

Afghanistan, Central Asia and Russia. However the black market is a weak

excuse by the Pakistani Government. Nevertheless, all is not lost. Pakistan is a

rich land. Currently the Punjab province 17 million tones of wheat annually. So

Government should takes steps to overcome such obstacles and reduce the

wheat shortage in Pakistan.



Chapter

Introduction

Agriculture sector is the backbone of Pakistan economy. It

provides livelihood for the population and raw material for agro-based

industries. The most important role of agriculture in the national economy is to

generate surpluses for export to earn the much –needed foreign exchange.

Agriculture accounts for 24% of the GDP and employs 48.4% of the total work

force. Almost two third of the country’s population is living in rural areas and

directly or indirectly linked with agriculture for the livelihood (Government of

Pakistan, 2008).

In Punjab, agriculture is dominated by the crop sector. The value

added of major crops accounts for 41% of value added in over all agriculture.

Agriculture in Punjab is not entirely subsistent; there are farmers who grow

crops at the commercial level. They sell a part of their product and purchase

the required inputs. They are, therefore, affected by the changes in prices of

agricultural products received and by technological and marketing

developments. Wheat is an important food crop of the world. It was grown in

121 countries on 215 million hectares in 2008 representing 15% of the world’s


2


cropped area. Over 583 million tons of wheat was harvested in 2008, which

constituted 28% of the world food supplies of which 17% was traded in the

world market (FAO 2008).

Global wheat consumption was up for the fifth year in a row and is

exceeded wheat production. Consequently, wheat stocks tended to deplete,

particularly among the importer (FSA, 2008). Developing world’s share of all

wheat imports amounted to 60% and had been increasing for 25 years and was

expected to continue unabated (FAO 2008).

Out of the 121 wheat growing countries, Pakistan ranks 8th in terms of yield per

unit area (FAO 2008).

2.1 What is research?

A systematic and scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific

problem undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it.

2.2 Selection of topic

Pakistan is an agricultural country and agriculture sector

contributes 48% of total GDP of Pakistan. In spite the fact that agriculture

sector is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy but it faces flour shortage every

year. That is why we select this topic to investigate the root causes of this

shortage.



2.3 Selection of area

The data used in the present study were collected from 2 tehsils of

Bahawalpur district i.e. 1st Ahmed pur East & 2nd Yazman of the Punjab

province. We have interviewed 100 farmers from above mentioned tehsils and

have taken 2 villages from each tehsil and interviewed 25 farmers from each

village.

2.4 Purpose of study

As the study analysis includes the qualitative data analyses so our

research will also base on the qualitative data that includes interviews,

questionnaire and market survey and analysis the existing variables.

2.5 Objectives

The main objective of our research will be to find out the:

Reasons for the shortage of wheat.

What is Government role?

To study the agricultural environment

To solve the shortage problems.

To see the problems faced by different researchers attached to wheat.



2.6 Scope of study

We will conduct our research in Bahawalpur for the purpose to know the

reasons behind this shortage of wheat. So it will be our applied research

because the shortage of flour prevails only in Pakistan. It will be not applicable

to other country facing the same shortage of flour. Because the variable may

totally differ from Pakistan.

2.7 Problem facing during survey

We have less time to investigate

Sample size was too small

Some farmers don’t cooperate with us

Farmers were not easily accessible

Some farmers don’t provide accurate and satisfactory information

Some farmers excuse to give their time



AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF WHEAT IN PAKISTAN

Year Area (m. ha)

Production (m. tones)

Yield (kg/ha)

1999-00 8.463 21.079 2491 2000-01 8.261 19.018 2302 2001-02 8.058 18.226 2262 2002-03 8.034 19.183 2388 2003-04 8.216 19.500 2375 2004-05 8.358 21.612 2586 2005-06 8.303 21.700 2614 2006-07 8.459 23.031 2723 Average 8.219 19.879 2420

Source: Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Federal Bureau of Statistics



EXPORT / IMPORT

Pakistan's economy has taken a new turn with the country for the first time

entering the wheat export market with the shipment of 35,000 tons to Iraq in 2002.

Depending upon production and inland consumption, export quantity varied from year

to year.

Source: Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 2006-07


Export (Wheat + Wheat Flour)

Import Per Capita availability (kg/year) Quantity Value Quantity Value

2002-03 80.5 671.7 - - 113.8

2003-04 642.6 4361.6 - - 115.0

2004-05 1535.6 10713.3 - - 119.2

2005-06 334.7 2833.6 - - 119.3

2006-07 521.7 5413.3 1368.0 - 113.4


FAO survey 2008

Pakistan falls in top ten wheat-producing countries of the world and ranks

at No. 9 in terms area under wheat cultivation. We are No. 5 in terms of yield

per hectare and stand at No. 8 in terms of production. However, it is very hard

to compare the yield of different countries due to differences in climate, crop

management in various cropping systems, and type of wheat (winter / spring

wheat). Major wheat producing countries of the world are given below:

S #Country

Area (m. Ha)

Yield (kg/ha)Production (m.

Tones)1 India 27.300 26,39 72.0602 Russian

Federation22.200 19,00 42.200

3 China 21.730 42,02 91.3304 United States of

America20.317 28,98 58.881

5 Australia 12.200 18,44 22.5006 Kazakhstan 10.500 9143 9.6007 Canada 9.906 24,69 24.4628 Turkey 9.400 22,34 21.0009 Pakistan 8.176 24,18 19.767

10 Argentina 7.000 21,14 14.800



Importance of the study:

This research has been assigned to us an academic activity with the view

to throw us into the practical world. This report will complement our educational

and learning process from practical side; certainly this report will extend and

enhance our abilities to cope with the actual situations, while we were

preparing the research proposal, developing and designing the questionnaire

filled in analyzing the results and presenting the findings and

recommendations.

The results of this research report can be used to explore the hidden

reasons behind the shortage of wheat in Pakistan.



Chapter

Literature review

3.1 History

1953 Apr 11, 1953 - KARACHI, Pakistan, April 10Following his

announcement yesterday that the nation had to get 1500000 tons of wheat

immediately to prevent starvation, Khwaja Nazimuddin, Prime Minister,

1974 Oct 19, 1974 - Moslem sect; border troubles with the neighboring

Afghans, some potential wheat shortages and an annual inflation

rate of 25 Per cent.

1997 Apr 19, 1997 - KARACHI, Pakistan - A national wheat shortage has

caused people to line up for hours to buy flour, and yesterday a mob looted a

truck carrying flour to market. The shortage has caused food riots around the

country in recent weeks.

2001 Apr 21, 2001 - Fishing has been decimated, farmland is parched,

and rioters have smashed windows and overturned cars to protest

water shortages in Karachi, ... "The wheat production in Sindh has


3


fallen by almost 40 percent," said Qamaruzzaman Shah, chairman

of Pakistan Chamber of Agriculture.

2004 Jan 11, 2004 - By Rizwan Malik - Pakistan Times Staff

Correspondent. ISLAMABAD: There is no shortage of wheat in any

part of the country,

2005 Mar 11, 2005 - Members of opposition, Pakistan Peoples Party

Parliamentarian (PPPP) Syed Naveed Qamar, Barrister Ch. Aitizaz

Ahsan and Raja Pervez Ashraf and ... The minister reiterated that

there is no shortage of wheat in the country as sufficient stocks are

available to meet the requirements.

2007 Sep 26, 2007 - It is most regrettable that in this wheat shortage

scandal the government is behaving in exactly the same manner: refusing to

take action against the hoarders, whose identity it must surely be in

knowledge of.

2008 Jan 9, 2008 - Wheat flour is a staple foodstuff in Pakistan, where

rotes or unleavened bread are eaten with almost every meal.

2009 Mar 14, 2009 - LAHORE: the Pakistan Agricultural Storage and

Services Corporation (PASSCO) on Tuesday opened tenders for the import of

150000 metric tons of wheat scheduled to be shipped into the country by mid

February to avert any wheat shortage.

3.2 Wheat Shortage IN Pakistan

Wheat shortage in Pakistan has taken place four times Causes of the shortage

have been the same that is smuggling to neighboring countries. But none of

those shortages were as acute as now.



3.2.1 1st Time

First time acute food shortage hit the country it happened in 1953

during Khawaja Nazimuddin’s Prime Minister Ship. We borrowed $ 10 million

from the World Bank and purchased wheat from Canada on loan. The total cost

of wheat imported from Canada was $ 35 million.

3.2.2 2nd Time

Second time wheat shortage took place in 1967 during Ayub

Khan’s days, when we purchased wheat worth Rs 110 million (in those days,

one crore Rupees used to be equal to $ two million, whereas now one million

dollar is equal to Pak Rupees three million).

3.2.3 3rd Time

Third time it hit Pakistan in Ziaul Haq’s Presidency. Smuggling

out of our wheat to India, Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia was the cause of

this wheat shortage.

3.2.4 4th Time

Fourth time wheat shortage took place during Musharraf’s presidency. A

government decision in early 2007 to export a half-million tones of Pakistani

wheat, after it over-projected the national harvest, has contributed to the

shortfall.



Chapter

Data analysis

4.1 Methodology


4


Primary data on cost, returns and yield of wheat were collected

using prescribed questionnaire. The questionnaire was pre-tested in the

field and modified accordingly. Simple random technique was used to

select the respondent farmers. Data were collected by personal interview

method.

4.2 Sample size

The data used in the present study were collected from 2 tehsils of

Bahawalpur district i.e. 1st Ahmed pur East & 2nd Yazman of the Punjab

province. We have interviewed 100 farmers from above mentioned tehsils and

have taken 2 villages from each tehsil and interviewed 25 farmers from each

village.

4.3 Sampling techniques

We have randomly selected the farmers for primary data collection.

4.4 Problem statement

We have stated our research problem that” Why the shortage of

wheat is happening”. In order to have a clear understanding of the topic, here

we define some terms used in our research problem statement.

4.5 Primary data collection

Apart from the individuals who provide information when

interviewed, administered questionnaires or observed discussed at length

under data collection method.



4.6 Secondary data collection

Secondary data is collected through Internet, journals, newspapers

and scholarly research articles.

4.7 Data processing

Data has processed through SPSS and excel software.

4.8 Questionnaires

Our research is the qualitative type of research. We have taken the

interviews from the PA of the PASSCO centre Food inspector and honors of

two mills and take the questionnaire from the Land lords and the formers.

Q. How much wheat you can store in this warehouse?

The storage capacity of the NASIR FLOUR MILLS is 50,000

Bags of 100 kg.

ASIA FLOUR MILLS is 1, 00,000 bags of 100 kg of Bahawalpur.

253,368 bags are covered and 1, 00,000 are open in

PASSCO Bahawalpur.

Q. How much area covered by you?

All the PASSCO only their district area, but the four mills are free

to purchase the wheat from the open market even from PASSCO.



Q Is it more than last year or less than last year?

It is analyze that the wheat received this year from the PASSCO and

Flourmills are less than last year.

Q If more than or less than then what factors you think behind this?

Because the farmer do not want to cultivate the wheat and feel

Hesitation.

Q To whom farmer prefer to sold their crops passco or private sectors?

They prefer to sell out their crops in private sector than Govt. sectors.

Q. What is target of Govt. for this year purchasing the wheat from farmers?

According the sample of Bahawalpur PASSCO centre is 1,400,000

Bags of 100 kg.

Q. Either Govt. has success to achieve that target or not?

No Government is not able to achieve the target this year.

Q. If can not achieve the target then what factors behind this?

It involves the wrong Govt. policies due to wrong reports from

Survey teams and the arrogation system of Pakistan.

Q. Has Govt. made any new policies to control this shortage?

Agriculture ministry is busy to form new policies and methods to Business Research Method 29


Control this shortage like giving subsidies to the agriculture sectors

and banned the export of wheat.

Q. Is these policies are beneficial for every one i.e. rich and poor?

If policies made by the Govt. are giving some benefits to the farmers

in one sector then it put a lot of loss in the other sector. Due to

this policies the rich becomes richer and the poor become poorer.

Q. How much the hoarding affecting the wheat?

Hoarding is the big reason for the shortage of wheat. In the open

market the commission agents purchase the wheat at the lower

price and sale out at high price after some period. Some farmers

are also involved making the hoarding.

SA=Strongly Agree, A=Agree, U=Uncertain, D=Disagree, SD=Strongly Disagree

Section-A

1. My age is in between:



20-3020%

31-4039%

41-5030%

51-above11%

20-30 31-40 41-50 51-above

.

For the answer of the 1st Q more of our farmer is belonging to 31-40

age groups, which shows that our farmer is in average age.

2. Land Ploughed by me this year is:

1-10 acres

12%

11-20 acres

59%

21-30 acres

21%

31-more

8%

1-10

acres 11-20 acres 21-30 acres 31- above



This shows that more of our farmer is poor and their income level is

low.

3. It is ___________ last year:

(A) Less than (B) More than (C) Equal to

The graph is presenting that less wheat is cultivated by the farmer

this year as compared to last year.

4. If more than. It is due to:

(A) Rates of out put (B) Rates of input (C)any other reasons


Less75%

More10%

Equal15%

Rates of out put43%

Rates of input18%

any other reasons

39%


Some of the farmers who cultivate more are due out puts but there

are many other reasons like some have invested more and hire

more land for cultivation.

5. If less than, it is due to:

(A) Rates of out put (B) Rates of input (C)any other reasons

People hesitate to cultivate more wheat due to the low rate of out

put.

Section-B

6. I am satisfied with irrigation system in our region.

SA A U D SD


Rates of out put

70%

Rates of input24%

any other reasons

6%


Farmer is not satisfied with the irrigation system of Pakistan.

7. Quality and quantity of pesticides is according to my requirement.

SA A U D SD

41% of the farmer has said that they are according to our

requirement. But many of the others have replied that we are this

agreeing to it.

8. The prices of pesticides according to my paying capacity.


SA2%

A8%

U10%

D65%

SD15%

SA6%

A30%

U8%

D41%

SD15%


SA A U D SD

Huge number of farmer have replayed that it’s higher then their

paying capacity because they are belonging to lower income class.

9. I can easily sell out my crop to retailers or any other institutions.

SA A U D SD

There is no restriction on farmer to sale their wheat.

10. I prefer to sell out my crop to private sectors rather than Govt.


SA33%

A38%

U4%

D14%

SD11%

SA6%

A30%

U8%

D41%

SD15%


SA A U D SD

SA49%

A21%

U10%

D16%

SD4%

Farmer is happy to sale his wheat to open market due to price of

open market.

11. I can get seeds at right time and at reasonable prices.

SA A U D SD

Poor farmer can’t get the required seeds at right time and quality.

12. I can easily get the quality seeds.


SA4% A

17%

U10%

D58%

SD11%


SA A U D SD

Quality of seeds is not too good.

13. Govt. provides extra facilities in case of natural calamities and

disasters.

SA A U D SD

No is not compensated by govt. in case of natural climate.


SA0%

A4%

U8%

D20%

SD68%

SA16%

A15%

U24%

D37%

SD8%


14. I can avail the loan at easy terms and conditions.

SA A U D SD

Equal likely cases of loans are appeared. Poor said that loans are

only given to rich farmer or the person who has some approach.

15. Guidelines provided by the Gov’t in case of new diseases.

SA A U D SD

SA0%

A6% U

13%

D44%

SD37%

None of the person of govt. come to farmer to guide them and if

come they are not trained.

16. I can easily access to the latest technology. Business Research Method 38

SA16%

A25%

U16%

D28%

SD15%


SA A U D SD

SA4%

A19%

U10%

D48%

SD19%

Some land lords have said that they can avail the new technology

17. Gov’t provides training programs for better cultivation.

SA A U D SD

SA0%

A8% U

7%

D64%

SD21%

No training programs for better cultivation are haled by the govt.

18. I can easily access to the market to sell out the crop.



SA A U D SD

SA29%

A41%

U8%

D17%

SD5%

Yes they can easily access to the market to sell out the crop

19. I can purchase latest tools for cultivation easily.

SA A U D SD

SA2%

A2% U

13%

D46%

SD37%

Poor farmer can not purchase latest tools for cultivation easily



20. I am satisfied with prices of crop announced by the Govt.

SA A U D SD

SA5%

A18%

U14%

D24%

SD39%

Farmer is not satisfied with prices of crop announced by the Govt.

ChapterBusiness Research Method 41

5


Variables

5.1 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES:1. RATE OF OUTPUT

2. HIGH RATE OF IN PUT.

3. HOARDING.

5.2 DEPENDENT VARIABLES

1. CULTIVATION OF WHEAT.

5.3 MODRATE VARIABLES

1. EXPORTS

Business Research Method

EXPORTS

Cultivation of wheat

42

RATE OF OUTPUTHIGH RATE OF IN

PUTHOARDING


Chapter

Findings

It is analyzed that the production of wheat is enhance by the hoarding.

At very initial stages the farmer after cultivation hoards some of its wheat

for future sale. After that the commission agents do this activity and take

part in the shortage of wheat. Flourmills also hoard the crop.

High rate of inputs also causing the shortage of wheat. Farmer has

limited resources to meet the increasing the rate of input like fertilizers

seeds, pesticides.

Relationship is also influenced by the export which is Moderate variable it

enhance the relationship in both the senses.

The survey teams give the wrong reports to the Government and made

the policies on basis of false reports, due to which they give the

permission to export the wheat, which becomes another reason of the

shortage of wheat.

The farmers are not satisfied with the irrigation system in their region.

The farmers are not satisfied with the prices of wheat announced by the

government.

ChapterBusiness Research Method 43

6


Conclusion

The production of wheat is enhancing by the hoarding.

At very initial stages the farmer after cultivation hoards some of its wheat for

future sale. After that the commission agents do this activity and take part in

the shortage of wheat. Flourmills also hoard the crop.

Rate of inputs also causing the shortage of wheat. Farmer has limited

resources to meat the increasing the rate of input.

Wheat is also influenced by the export which is Moderate variable it enhance

the relationship in both the senses.

Wrong reports given by the survey teams to the Government and made

the policies on basis of false reports, due to which they give the permission

to export the wheat, which becomes an other reason of the shortage of

wheat.

Chapter


7

8


Suggestions & Recommendations

Hoarding should be control by the Government by taking the actions like Khasra

Gardawari.

The rates of inputs should be control.

The subsidies should be given to the farmers.

The survey team should provide the actual results, which should be based on real facts

and figures.

There should be check and balance over the survey teams, the reports given by the

survey team should be audit whether it is true or false.

The irrigation system should be improved.

Government should provide extra facilities in case of natural calamities and disasters.

Agriculture loans should be given at easy terms and conditions.

Gov’t should provide training programs for better cultivation.

Export should be banned in case of shortage.

Chapter



Limitations

We have less time to investigate

Sample size was too small

Some farmers don’t cooperate with us

Farmers were not easily accessible

Some farmers don’t provide accurate and satisfactory information

Some farmers excuse to give their time

Our research result is based on limited area

Chapter



References

Source: Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Federal Bureau of

Statistics

Source: Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 2004-05

www.infoplease.com

Source: ICARDA. 2002. WANA Catalogue of Field and Seed Standards.

Third Edition. No. 25/02. Aleppo, Syria

Source: MINFAL

Source: FAO Stat. 2004

www.bsp.gov.pk

: http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/pakistan-to-import-wheat-from-

india_10046071.html


9


http://www.thepigsite.com/swinenews/16675/backdrop-for-current-wheat-

shortage

Source: http://www.naitazi.com/2008/01/17/pakistan-faces-wheat-shortage/

Source:http://rememberjenkinsear.blogspot.com/2008/01/wheat-shortage-not-

cause-of-pakistan.html

PASSCO Bahawalpur

ASIA & NASIR Flour Mills Bahawalpur.

Pakistan Development Review. 32(1):69-86.


research report on shortage of wheat in pakistan

Documents