Download - Explaining the Will to Kill
Explaining the Will to Kill
Higgins O’BrienSpring 2012
The Devil Made Me Do It Early explanations for crime were
supernatural or spiritual -Demons, evil spirits, and witches Wasn't until mid-18th century that
classical school of thought came about, the idea of “free will”
Current approaches to violence come from scientific criminological theories
Back to the Classics Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham laid
the groundwork for “classical criminology” States that crime is a rational choice made
by the offender, who has free will to decide -Weigh the pros and cons of the situation, risk/reward Also believed that different offenses
warranted different punishments
Critics of classical criminology argue that most crime is irrational
Using Science to Explain Violence “Positivism” using scientific observation and
measurement to explain criminal behavior Shifts away from rational choice towards
determinism External factors cause crime -Biological -Psychological -Sociological
It is difficult to create an all encompassing theory, explaining crime is a “soft science”.
Biology Then and Now Early biological theory focused on body type,
heredity, and intelligence -Physiognomy: Study of facial features -Phrenology: Study of bumps on the head Cesare Lombroso studied Italian prisoners,
and believed certain physical features linked to crime
-His research was discredited, but was influential In the 1940's and 50's more body type and
physique study was done in the United States -Males with XYY chromosomes were believed to be linked with
crime, later proved false
Biology Continued Biological explanations for crime were
considered taboo for many years Advances in technology and brain scans have
brought the topic up again in recent years Rising rates of medication to deal with
childhood disorders are bringing focus to brain development
Thrill seeking, impulsivity, and negative temperament can lead to violence
Levels of testosterone, cortisol, adrenalin
Psychological Causes of Violence Early childhood could play role in antisocial
behavior Abuse or neglect can make it difficult to
develop bonds with other human beings -Psychopathy -Sociopathy -Antisocial personality disorder (APD) The field of ethology believes aggression and
violence is simply part of animal nature Instrumental Aggression- Violence as a means Expressive Aggression- Violence for its own
sake
Psychology Continued Some believe aggressive behavior is a way
to relieve boredom or stress Daly and Wilson believe we are still
influenced by ancient roots (dominance, infidelity)
Difficult to determine “violent personality” -Many aggressive and disadvantaged people, not everyone
becomes a criminal Some believe mental illness is correlated
with violence or substance abuse
Psychology Continued Paraphilia- sexual attraction to unusual or
bizarre objects, oftentimes individuals have more than one
Not all are linked to murder, but some (necrophilia, pedophilia) necessitate criminal behavior
Low intelligence and its link to crime is a controversial but continuing topic
Difficult to gauge IQ through tests
The Social Sources of Murder Characteristics of the neighborhood,
poverty, subcultural values, learning, social bonds and their relation to crime.
Social Disorganization Theory: weak communities have higher crime rates (Broken Windows)
Income equality has further distanced the very rich from the very poor
Strain, Frustration, and Murder Frustration Aggression: failure to achieve goals
can lead to strain and criminal behavior Being dumped, losing a job, and school troubles
can all lead to stress, and some react with violence
Robert Agnew's “General Strain Theory” -Presence of negative stimuli (abuse, rejection) -Removal of positive stimuli (loss of a loved one, house) -Relative deprivation (peers are better off) -Failure to achieve goals (missing out on success) Some believe the economy is linked with crime
rates
Cultural Deviance Subcultural Theories: believe criminals
are simply obeying the norms they were taught
Have a different belief in what is right and wrong than the law's definition
The “Subculture of Violence” present in the South or in urban environments makes fighting a norm
Homicide offenders have learned a set of values that promotes the use of violence
Learning to Kill Some believe offenders learn from one
another Social Learning Theory: aggressive behavior
contains skills that must be learned Role models are imitated Differential Association Theory: criminal
behavior learned in adolescence from peers, family, or friends
Data supports this for groups that reinforce violence and punish law abiding behavior
Self-Control, Social Control, and Murder Control theories believe it is the controls or
bonds that work to limit criminal behavior Attachment to institutions, beliefs, activities,
and groups. Individuals don't want to lose that.
Self control stems from parental love, supervision and discipline
Having “nothing to lose” can help explain why one would steal a candy bar, or even commit murder
A Word of Caution About Cause Every theory has limitations Correlation does not imply causation -Q: When ice cream sales increase, homicide rates increase.
Does this mean ice cream sales affect homicide? -A: No! Homicide increases in the hot summer months. Hot
summer months also increase ice cream sales. The two variables are not related.
Some theories explain only certain types of crime