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Concept of Expert Systems .Appearing of Expert System.Areas of Success and Failure.Examples.Advantages and disadvantages.What have been planned for it in the future.References.
Contenent
An expert system definition, generated from the concept of artificial intelligence, is a computer program that simulates the knowledge and judgment of humans.
What are expert systems?
a program that gives answers, solutions, or diagnoses, based on available information, by following procedures that apply the knowledge of an expert in some particular field.
Appearing of Expert SystemFifty years ago, before the modern era of computation began, Turing’s theorems gave hint of the idea that the computer could be used to model the symbol-manipulating processes that make up the most human of all behaviors thinking.
work began in earnest about intelligent behavior at very high levels of competence.
through the reasoning in science, began work on building a programs that would solve engineering,medical and molecular biology problems
Therefore, MYCIN program was the prototype of the
expert-level advisory system. The core of MYCIN was its knowledge base of
rules for diagnosis and therapy of infectious diseases.
Appearing of Expert System
In the late 1970s an explosion of expert systems applications created a new type of professional expert systems industry.
Appearing of Expert System
Expert systems was taking place in fields such that:
Medicine.Engineering.Manufacturing.Geology.molecular biology.Financial services.Diagnostic servicing of machinery.Military signal processing.
Areas of Success and Failure
The knowledge is concept of intelligent system, simply
says that if a program is to perform well or won’t help.
It must know a great deal about the world in which it
operates.
Therefore, Expert System may not be applicable for political and social system
Areas of Success and Failure
Expert System may failure If :A company or industry change focus.The task domain size was too large and could not be
reasonably represented.The users do not perceive the problem as critical.The solutions are incorrect or inaccurate.User resistance.No one is willing to provide maintenance for the
system.Loss of key development personnel.The maintenance costs are too expensive.The system is not upgraded to continue to work with
the computing environment.
Areas of Success and Failure
MYCIN :It performs a task normally done by a human expert.It attempts to recommend appropriate therapies for patient
with bacterial infections.It uses LISP structures for writing internally rules.It uses these rules to reason backward to the clinical data
available from its goal of finding disease-causing organism.
Example : Medicine.
PXDES :It is a lung disease, X-ray diagnosis.It takes our lungs picture from upper side of body
which looks like a shadow.The shadow is used to determine the type and degree
of harm.
Example : Medicine.
ADVANTAGES:-1. It has ability to simulate human thinking.
2. It makes modification of knowledge very convenient.
3. It has ability to handle uncertain information
4. Expert advice available all the time 5. Knowledge of expert staff can be captured to some extent
before they move on.6. Can be used as a training aid to increase the expertise of staff 7. Makes rational decisions without any emotional overhead8. Does not get tired or overworked.9. Efficient way of getting answers as it does not involve
additional help staff e.g. 10. automated help systems 11. Natural language interface would make the expert system
more human
Advantages and disadvantages.
DIS-ADVANTAGESUsually only covers a narrow range of knowledgeA lot of effort and cost has to go into making a good expert
system.Not as good as having human experts to hand.Most expert systems are menu driven which does not deal
very well with ambiguous problems.Advanced interfaces such as natural language processing still
has some way to go before they are truly effective.Does not learn from mistakes unless user feedback and
human maintenance is part of its ongoing development.Unlikely to come up with creative solutions.
Advantages and disadvantages.
What have been planned for it in the future
One fear that has been expressed occasionally in science
fiction is that human society will become decadent and
infantile; that we will leave off the pursuit of knowledge
as soon as it seems like a machine can do it better, and let
the machines do all our thinking for us. While it is less commonly expressed than the
theory that
ROBOTS WILL PHYSICALY TAKE OVER THE WORLD!
http://www.teach-ict.com
http://searchhealthit.techtarget.com/definition/expert-system
http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=21959
References