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Imperialism
European Conquests in Southeast Asia
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imperialism: the extension of a nation’s power over other lands◦ includes political, economic & military power
1. economic motives◦ markets for raw materials & the sale of manufactured goods
2. competition for global power & influence◦ colonies were a source of national pride & prestige
3. belief in cultural & racial superiority◦ Social Darwinism
4. moral responsibility (humanitarian goals)◦ spread Christianity◦ spread the benefits of Western democracy & capitalism◦ the “white man’s burden” - Kipling
I. Justifications for Imperialism
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Take up the White Man’s burden—Send forth the best ye breed—Go send your sons to exileTo serve your captives' needTo wait in heavy harnessOn fluttered folk and wild—Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half devil and half child
Take up the White Man’s burdenIn patience to abideTo veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;By open speech and simpleAn hundred times made plainTo seek another’s profitAnd work another’s gain
Take up the White Man’s burden—And reap his old reward:The blame of those ye betterThe hate of those ye guard—The cry of hosts ye humour(Ah slowly) to the light:"Why brought ye us from bondage,“Our loved Egyptian night?”
Take up the White Man’s burden-Have done with childish days-The lightly proffered laurel,The easy, ungrudged praise.Comes now, to search your manhoodThrough all the thankless years,Cold-edged with dear-bought
wisdom,The judgment of your peers!
Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden: The United States & The Philippine Islands, 1899.” Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1929).
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review – the Age of Discovery◦ in 1800, only the Philippines (Spain) & the Dutch East Indies
were colonized; by 1900, the entire region was under Western control
◦ see map, p. 649 Great Britain
◦ colonized Singapore in 1819; became a major trade port◦ also gained control of Burma (Myanmar)
France◦ began to colonize Vietnam by the mid-19th century; the process
was complete by the 1880s◦ French Indochina – the name for Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos,
Annam & Tonkin◦ Vietnam was a French protectorate: a political unit that depends
upon another govt. for its protection
II. Target – Southeast Asia
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United States◦ the U.S. joined the race for imperialism rather late
during most of the 19th century, the Americans concentrated on conquering their own continent
◦ gained control of the Philippines in 1898 as a result of the Spanish-American War
◦ important for trade with China & the Far East Thailand (Siam) remained independent
◦ maintained friendly relations with the major European powers in the region
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indirect rule: local rulers maintained their positions of authority and status within the new colonial setting◦ cooperation with the local political elites◦ a cheaper form of colonial control◦ less effect on local culture
direct rule: officials (brought in from the mother country) controlled the local government◦ used when local elites actively resisted foreign control
economic control over the production of raw materials◦ did not want colonies to develop their own industries
III. Types of Rule
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dissatisfaction with the loss of local control revolts at all levels of society
◦ upper class◦ middle class◦ peasant revolts
role of nationalism?◦ developed in the early 20th century◦ by the 1930s, began to push for national
independence
IV. Resistance