the lure of imperialism. imperialist activity imperialism: the extension of a nation’s power over...
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The Lure of Imperialism
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Imperialist Activity
• Imperialism: the extension of a nation’s power over other lands
• Reasons for imperialism:– Economic interests– Military needs– Ideology– The scramble for
territory
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Economic Interests
• Industrial Revolution brought great prosperity
• World powers needed new customers and new investments
• Looking for new resources for raw materials– Africa, Latin America,
Asia
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Military Needs
• Navies strengthened to protect countries
• Navies needed bases to refuel and make repairs
• Foreign territory used to build bases in strategic locations
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Ideology• Strong sense of
nationalism• Territorial conquests
increased a nation’s power and prestige
• Cultural superiority• Cultures seemed
“backward” due to less industry
• Missionaries spread religion
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Scramble for Territory
• European powers and conquered most of Africa and Asia
• U.S. thought it was time to stake their claim
• Manifest Destiny was to keep spreading American territory
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Taking Control of Hawaii
• Hawaii was ideal spot for naval base between the U.S. and Asia
• 8 major Hawaiian islands under one monarch
• Christian missionaries came in 1800s
• Settled down and raised crops, particularly sugarcane
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Taking Control of Hawaii• Population of Hawaii
dramatically declined due to diseases brought by foreigners
• American investors in the sugar industry increased
• Few Hawaiians led to need for workers
• Workers brought from China, Japan and the Philippines
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Taking Control of Hawaii
• Hawaiians resented American influence and control
• Treaty negotiated to allow Hawaiian sugar to enter the U.S. tax free
• Treaty boosted the Hawaiian sugar industry
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Taking Control of Hawaii
• Hawaiian League created by American interests
• Purpose was to overthrow the monarchy and establish a democracy in Hawaii
• U.S. wanted the port of Pearl Harbor in exchange for renewing the sugar treaty
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Taking Control of Hawaii
• King forced to sign bayonet constitution at gunpoint
• Deprived most Hawaiians of the vote
• U.S. placed permanent warships at Pearl Harbor
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Taking Control of Hawaii• Sugar treaty revoked to
benefit producers on the mainland
• Sugar producers in Hawaii wanted annexation to protect their interests
• Hawaiian king died and sister took over
• She planned to restore the power of the monarch
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Taking Hawaii
• U.S. Marines surrounded the royal palace
• The queen was forced to surrender
• Rebel leaders formed a new government
• Sanford Dole named president (sugar tycoon)
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Taking Hawaii
• President Cleveland ordered an investigation
• Ordered the queen restored to throne
• Dole refused to step down
• Annexation left in limbo until President McKinley favored annexation in 1898
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Influence in China• American traders had
traveled to China since 1784
• China was very isolated• European powers forced
their way into Chinese ports
• Japan, Russia, France, Germany and Great Britain carved out spheres of influence
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Influence in China
• Sphere of influence: a geographic area where an outside nation exerts special or political control
• America too late to secure a sphere of influence
• Proposed the Open Door Policy in 1899
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Open Door Policy in China
• Aim was to give all nation equal trade in China
• Notes sent to other countries, none objected
• 1900 U.S. announces Open Door Policy was approved
• Nationalism increased in China
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Boxer Rebellion
• Nationalist group retaliated against foreign missionaries
• Laid siege to Beijing in 1900
• 20,000 Western troops sent in
• Rebellion stopped
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Influence in Japan
• Seized Taiwan from China in 1895
• Japanese had not industrialized
• Awed by American steamships
• Japan opened to trade with U.S.
• Rapid industrialization and militarization
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Russo-Japanese War
• 1904• Fought over Chinese
province of Manchuria• TR helped negotiate a
peace treaty• TR received the Nobel
Peace Prize as a result• Japan was the victor• Strongest power in East
Asia
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Russo-Japanese War• Japan wanted to expand
to get natural resources• Also wanted to
outbalance U.S. influence• TR sent Great White Fleet• 4 squadrons of
battleships• 43,000 mile journey
around the world• Led by Adm. Sperry• Stopped on 20 ports on 6
continents
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The Spanish-American war
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Learning Targets
1. I can analyze how unrest in Cuba led to rebellion.
2. I can explain why Americans got “war fever.”3. I can outline the main events of the Spanish-
American War.4. I can explain why the annexation of the
Philippines was controversial.
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Unrest in Cuba
• By the 1890s, Cuba and Puerto Rico were the last of Spanish empire
• Cubans unhappy under Spanish rule
• Jose Marti became one of Cuba’s greatest heroes
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Unrest in Cuba
• Spain sent General Wyler to Cuba
• Cubans placed in reconcentration camps so they could not aid rebels
• 1/3 of prisoners died in camps due to starvation and disease
• Mistreatment of civilians shocked Americans
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Americans Get War Fever
• Americans saw Cuban struggle as similar to their own
• Most Americans got news from newspapers
• William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer were newspaper publishers
• Competed for readers with scandalous stories
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American Gets War Fever
• Yellow Journalism: reporting sensational stories
• Newspapers supported Cuban rebels
• No Spanish sources used
• Stories were biased, but sold more newspapers
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The Explosion of the Maine
• Stories of Spanish cruelty fueled Americans call for war
• President McKinley reluctant to go to war
• de Lome letter: letter written by Spain’s minister to the U.S.
• Criticized McKinley for being weak
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The Explosion of the Maine
• USS Maine sent to Cuba to evacuate American citizens
• The ship mysteriously blew up
• Killed 260 sailors• Americans blamed Spain• Was actually caused by a
fire in the coal storage room
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The Explosion of the Maine
• Investigation blamed a Spanish mine
• President McKinley demanded the Spanish declare Cuba independent
• Spain refused• The U.S. declared war
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The Course of War
• Lasted 4 months• Fought on 2 fronts• Spain had owned the
Philippines since the 1500s
• TR ordered navy to attack the Philippines in the event of war
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War in the Philippines
• Americans had advantage of modern ships with iron and steel hulls
• Superior weapons• Spanish had wooden
ships• Spanish fleet destroyed• No loss of American
lives
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War in the Philippines
• Dewey then attacked city of Manila
• Found ally in Emilio Aguinaldo
• Filipino patriot who had been fighting Spain for independence
• Navy remained in the harbor, Aguinaldo’s troops battled on land
• Spain surrendered the Philippines
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The War in Cuba
• Teller Amendment• Adopted before the war• Stated that once Cuba was
free, it would be left to govern itself
• American soldiers ill-equipped– Had wool uniforms– Supplies left from the
Civil War– Food was not edible
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The War in Cuba
• Soldier included the Rough Riders
• Regiment organized by TR after he left the navy
• Normally fought as a cavalry, but couldn’t transport horses
• Buffalo soldiers led the charge
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The War in Cuba
• Battle of San Juan Hill won several Buffalo Soldiers and Rough Riders Medals of Honors
• Battle of Santiago: entire Spanish fleet sunk
• Spanish surrendered in Cuba and were then defeated in Puerto Rico
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Consequences of War
• Spain had to give up Cuba, Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S.
• Also turned the Philippines over to the U.S. for $20 million
• The war cost the U.S. $250 million
• 2,000 soldiers died, mostly from yellow fever
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Consequences of War
• The U.S. now became an imperialist nation
• It now had more bases for trade and resupplying its navy
• America was split on its support for territorial expansion
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Annexing the Philippines
• Some thought the US had a duty to spread values overseas
• McKinley wanted to help our “little brown brothers”
• Some wanted to keep the Philippines for economic value
• Thought US should keep the Philippines so other countries didn’t gain control
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Opponents of Annexation
• Thought annexation violated the ideals of the Constitution
• Feared flood of new immigrants
• Philippine officially annexed in 1899
• Filipinos were infuriated
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American Rule
• Aguinaldo had set up a government and named himself president
• He threatened military action
• Filipino and American forces battled for 3 years
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American Rule
• U.S. stated goal was to prepare the islands for independence
• Filipinos were given the right to vote under an appointed governor
• The Philippines were granted full independence in 1946