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Environmental Benefits of In-Place Pavement Recycling
VAA Environmental/Safety WorkshopDecember 1, 2011Brian Diefenderfer, Ph.D., P.E.
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Green House Gas Emissions
• Pew Center for Global Climate Change (2/11)– Saving Oil and Reducing Greenhouse Gas
Emissions through US Federal Transportation Policy
• Policies should be developed to reduce petroleum usage and GHG emissions in construction– Pavement research mentioned
as a means to accomplish this goal
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5 Key Solutions
• Increase state agency leadership• Promote sustainability in infrastructure• Implement statewide infrastructure plans that
coordinate with regional and national plans• Address life-cycle and ongoing maintenance
costs• Increase and improve investment in
infrastructure from public and private sources
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In-Place Pavement Recycling
• Reuses existing materials– Incorporates a stabilizing additive
• Can address deep deterioration
• Hot in-place recycling (HIR)
• Cold in-place recycling (CIR)– Cold central (mobile) plant
• Full-depth reclamation (FDR)
increasing depth and level of deterioration
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Cold In-Place Recycling
• Portion of the existing bound layers are pulverized, stabilized, and compacted
• Typically 3 to 6 inches Image courtesy of Wirtgen
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Full-Depth Reclamation
• Bound layers plus a portion of the unbound materials are pulverized, stabilized, and compacted
• Typically up to 12 inches
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Potential Benefits of In-Place Pavement Recycling
• Economic– Nevada DOT saved $600 million over last 20 years– Reduced project backlog with level funding
• Environment (and economic)– MTO (Ontario) compared CIR to traditional methods
and found that it emits 50% less green-house gases and costs 40-50% less
Bemanian et al. (2006) TRR 1949Alkins, Lane, and Kazmierowski (2008) TRR 2084
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VDOT In-Place Recycling ProjectsFDR• 2008: SR 6, 13, 40• 2010: U.S. 60FDR and CIR• 2011: U.S. 60, SR 35, I-81• 2012: U.S. 17
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I-81 Project, Summer 2011
• Right lane– 10-inch mill– 12 inches FDR (lime-kiln dust + portland cement)– 6 inches CCPR (foamed asphalt)– 6-inch asphalt overlay– 4 lane closures, total of 17 days
• Left lane– 2-inch mill– 5 inches CIR (foamed asphalt)– 4-inch asphalt overlay– 1 lane closure, total of 3 days
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FDR
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Millings
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Central (Mobile) Plant
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CCPR Paving
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CIR
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Environmental Savings
• Existing material recycled on-site– Decreased fuel consumption/emissions from
materials production and construction
• Recycling at ambient temperatures– Only asphalt binder is heated
• Central-plant recycling should have application to existing RAP stockpiles
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Quantifying Environmental Savings
• Estimated material quantities– Traditional vs. recycling
• Estimated carbon dioxide equivalent– Production of raw materials, transportation,
production of final materials, and placement
• Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq)– Includes: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
nitrous oxide (N2O)– Does not include, CO, NOx, sulfur dioxide, PM-10
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CO2-eqEmissions by Material
Operation Representative CO2-eq (lb/yd2-in)
CO2-eq range(lb/yd2-in)
Pavement milling 1.730 0.080-3.500Hot-mix asphalt 5.900 5.600-5.900CIR (partial depth) 0.711CIR (full depth) 1.354 0.900-4.100Aggregate base 1.553 1.400-1.600Treated subgrade (lime/cement)
1.645 1.421-1.868
Robinette and Epps (2010) TRR 2179
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Right Lane Processes
• Traditional process– Deep milling– Reconstruction with hot-mix asphalt
• Recycling process– Deep milling (same as above)– Subgrade stabilization (FDR)– Cold in-place recycling
• no values for CCPR
– Hot-mix asphalt overlay
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Left Lane Processes
• Traditional process– Milling– Repaving with hot-mix asphalt
• Recycling process– Milling (same as above)– Cold in-place recycling– Hot-mix asphalt overlay
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CO2-eq By Process
47% reductionConsistent with other
published estimates
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Summary
• In-place pavement recycling offers the potential for significant environmental savings
• Example from I-81 project– GHG emissions (CO2-eq), 47% reduction
• Application to existing RAP stockpiles