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Energy In Living Systems
• Autotroph- Make their energy from inorganic compounds and sunlight.
Ex. PlantsPhotosynthesis- The process by
which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
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• Heterotrophs- Consume plants and animals, and break them down by a process known as cellular respiration.
• Cellular Respiration is similar to burning fuel, except, cellular respiration makes ATP which is needed by cells to carry out activities of the cell.
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Organisms and Energy Use
• All living organisms use energy for all biological functions
• Cells do many activities.– Transport molecules across the cell
membrane– Make proteins– Copy DNA– Divide
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• In order for a cell or a group of cells to perform any task Energy is needed
• Energy by definition is the ability to do “work”
• Thermodynamics is the study of how energy moves and changes form
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Laws of Thermodynamics1. The law of conservation of energy
• Energy can not be created or destroyed only converted from one form to another.
• We eat food and our bodies convert the food to energy;
• The gas transfers the heat of the stove top then to the water in the pot causing it to boil.
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Metabolism
• All chemical reactions within a cell are part of the cell’s metabolism
• A chemical reaction that produces a product that will be used in another chemical reaction is called a metabolic pathway. 2 types:
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–An catabolic pathway – releases energy by cutting down or breaking down large molecules
–anabolic pathway builds new larger molecules.
–Both pathways result in a flow of energy
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Photosynthesis
• Energy flows between organisms in an ecosystem as well as within individual organisms
• Photosynthesis is an anabolic pathway – Plants use light energy, carbon dioxide and
water to form glucose and oxygen– The glucose is a source of food for many
organisms – The oxygen is also used by a multitude of
organisms.
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Photosynthesis (Autotrophs)
Stage 1: Energy is captured from sunlight.
This occurs in the chloroplasts of:
• Plants
• Algae
• Membrane of certain prokaryotes
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Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Plants use the sugar:
• To make and store starch.
• Later the plant breaks down starch to make ATP
• Proteins and nucleic acids are assembled from
components of these sugars.
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Stage One Absorption of Light
Referred to as “Light Reactions” or “Light Dependant”
Light is a form of radiation- Energy that travels through space.
Different types of radiation:
• Light & heat
• Different wavelengths are seen as different colors. See fig 5 page 98.
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Visible light
• How does the human eye or a leaf absorb light?
• By using light absorbing substances called pigments.
• A pigment will absorb a certain wavelengths and reflect all others.
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Pigments Found in Plants
• Chlorophyll a & b- Absorbs blue and red and reflects, green and yellow. This pigment is found in leaves and stems.
• Carotenoids- Absorbs the violet, blue and green. And reflect orange and yellow. This is why you see yellow , orange and red leaves in the fall. And the different colors in fruits.
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Questions
1. What are the reactants in photosynthesis? What are the products?
2. Why is stage one in photosynthesis called the light reaction?
3.Name two pigments found in plants?
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4. When we see colors, we are see those colors that are absorbed or reflected?
5. Do plants used absorbed energy or reflected energy to power photosynthesis?
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Monday, December 5, 2011
• Do Now: It has been elucidated that plants contain chloroplasts a and b as well as, carotenoids. What is the advantage of containing more than one pigment?
• Objective: Analyze the light dependent reactions.
• Homework: 5.3 quiz.
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Stage 1:Production of Oxygen
• The energy that is absorbed by the thylakoid in the chloroplasts heats up or “excites the electrons in the chlorophyll.
• The e- are used to power the second stage of photosynthesis.
• The e- have to be replaced in the chlorophyll so water is split producing H+ and O2
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Stage 2 The Electron Transport
Chain• Electrons are passed back and forth
causing water molecules to split.• The splitting of water causes H+ ions to
accumulate in the thylakoid.• When they increase H+ increase inside
they flow with there concentration gradient (diffusion) creating a proton pump.
• The energy from this pump is used to add the third phosphate to ATP.
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Electron Transport Chain
ATP is an energy storing molecule produced by the ETC.
At the same time ETC is producing another energy storing molecule.
A chemical known as NADP combines with the high energy H+ ----NADPH.
By the end of Stage two, ATP and NADPH both contain stored energy.
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Questions
1. How do the e- in the thylakoid pigments get excited?
2. Once these e- move down the ETC how are they replaced?
3.Where is the energy in ATP stored?
4.How does NADP gain a H?
5. Where is the energy in NADPH stored?
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Photosynthesis
• Done only by autotrophs
• Two phases
– Light reaction –
• Chloroplasts use pigments to capture (or absorb) light energy from the violet-blue section of the light spectrum and reflect green.
• The light reaction results in the production of 2 different energy storing molecules.
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Stage 3
–The Calvin Cycle
•The 2 energy storing molecules (ATP & NADPH) produced in the light reaction are used to form the organic compound glucose
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Carbon Fixation• CO2 Molecules are split and combine
with 6 five carbon molecules.This is known as carbon fixation.
• See p. 212. The cycle starts with 6 five carbon molecules and 6 one carbon molecules( from CO2)
• Uses 12 ATP and 12NADPH to make 1 six carbon sugar. The other carbons go back to the system.
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Rate of Photosynthesis
• Water – Must adapt.
• Temperature for most plants (0-370C)
• Light intensity – light goes up photosynthesis goes up. When it reaches its maximum, increasing light does not affect the rate.
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Cellular respiration
• Cellular respiration – catabolic
–Glucose is broken down
–Pyruvate and 4 ATP are made
–NADH and FADH are used to make ATP
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Cellular Respiration
• Uses molecules such as glucose to make energy in the form of ATP
• Two stages– Glycolysis is anaerobic (does not require
oxygen)– Krebs cycle is aerobic (requires oxygen)
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• The products cell respiration (carbon dioxide & water) are the reactants for photosynthesis.
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Cellular Respiration
• In order to obtain energy from the food you eat. You convert the macromolecules to ATP this is known as cellular respiration.
• If you do this using oxygen you are performing aerobic respiration.
• If you do this without oxygen you are performing anaerobic respiration.
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Chemical Formula
• Example: Breakdown of glucose.
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
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Glycolysis- Stage 1
• Stage 1 does not use oxygen.
• 2 ATP molecules are used to power…….. ……
• The breakdown of (1) six Carbon molecule into (2) three carbon ions.
• Each of the (2) three carbon molecule contains 1 of the phosphates.
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See fig. 11 on page 105
• The break up of this carbon compound releases some energy which adds an H+ to NAD making it NADH.
• This NADH uses it energy to bring two more phosphates to the party.
• Those 4 phosphates are now stored as 4 ATP molecules.
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• So far, Cellular respiration seems to be efficient.
• You start out with 2 ATP molecules and end up with 4 ATP molecules.
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• The purpose of glycolysis is to make two three carbon molecules called pyruvate.
• When oxygen is present the pyruvate moves into the mitochondria.
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Questions
• 1. A metabolic process that requires oxygen is called?
• 2. The breakdown of glucose in the first stage of cellular respiration is known as ?
• 3. Stage one Starts out with _____ATP molecules and through a series of reactions ends up with ______. This is a net gain of _______.
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Electron Transport Chain
• This next step occurs only when oxygen is present.
• The energy in NADH and FADH pass e- down the ETC. Very similar to the ETC in Photosynthesis.
• The H+ ions are pumped in and out of the inner mitochondrion membrane.
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Thursday, December 16th
• Do Now: Examine figure 12 on page106. What part of photosynthesis does the Krebs's cycle resemble? How do the two cycles differ?
• Objective: Examine how ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration.
• Homework: Page 110 #1&2.
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Krebs's Cycle – Stage 2
• Recall in stage one there were two three carbon molecules (Pyruvate).
• These substances enter the mitochondria and perform a series of reactions:
6 C → 5 C→ 4 C
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• The purpose of the Krebs's cycle is to store energy in two molecules
• FAD + H2 → FADH2
• NAD +H → NADH
• All the energy that was in the glucose is now in these two molecules.
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Aerobic Respiration
• This H+ action adds a P to ADP making ATP.
• This action is repeated and up to 34 ATP molecules are created in one event.
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Questions
• 1. What is the second stage of cellular respiration called?
• 2. At the end of stage 2 where is the energy that was originally in the glucose molecule?
• 3. What step comes after stage 2 only if oxygen is present?
• 4. How many ATP molecules are made as the end result? How?
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Friday, December 17th
• Do Now: Read page 109 Muscle Fatigue and Endurance Training. What happens to muscles when they run out of oxygen?
• Objective: Identify the role of fermentation in the second stage of cellular respiration.
• Homework: None
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Fermentation
• When oxygen is not available to accept the electrons from NADH. The Pyruvate accepts the electron instead.
• When NAD gets rid of electrons it becomes NAD+ and is recycle to begin glycolysis again.
• This process allows 2 ATP molecules to be made instead of 34 in aerobic respiration.
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1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
• By using pyruvate to accept the electrons instead of oxygen. The byproduct lactic acid is produced.
• Lactic acid is what causes burning in a runners muscles.
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Alcohol Fermentation
• Occurs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)
• Byproduct is Ethanol
• Also occurs in wine, beer , etc….
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