CELLULAR PROCESSES

Cellular Energy

ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS autotroph • “auto” = self• “troph” = nourishment

heterotroph• “hetero” = others• “troph” = nourishment

What are you?

a. an autotrophb. a heterotroph

AUTOTROPHS make their own food (organic,

energy-containing substance) from an inorganic source

also called producers• Examples include plants, algae, and some bacteria.

Two types• photosynthetic• chemosynthetic

HETEROTROPHS depend on other organisms

for their energy sourceExamples include humans, animals, fungi, and most bacteria.

also called consumers

SYNTHESIS

PHOTO

PHOTOSYNTHESISthe process of taking

light energy and converting it into stored chemical

energy

WHAT IS THE ULTIMATE

SOURCE OF ENERGY?

the ultimate source of

energy for living things

SUN

PHOTOSYNTHESIS kinetic energy from the sun

potential energy in the form of a chemical (glucose)

A glucose molecule stores more than 90 times the energy in an ATP molecule

Glucose is a

a. monosaccharide.b. disaccharide.c. polysaccharide.

adenosine triphosphate

adenosine 1 2 3

ATP

phosphates

Energy can be stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule.

a. trueb. false

adenosine triphosphateATP

adenosine diphosphate

adenosine 1 2

ADP

phosphates

ATP adenosine triphosphate represents stored energy easily converted to ADP

ADP adenosine diphosphate represents released

energy(exothermic reaction) easily converted back to ATP

adenosine

adenosine 1 2 3

ATPtriphosphatediphosphate

ADP

adenosine

adenosine 1 2 3

ATPtriphosphatediphosphate

ADP

adenosine

adenosine 1 2 3

ATPtriphosphatediphosphate

ADP

USABLE ENERGY ADP + P + energy =

ATP (stored energy) ATP – P =

ADP (released energy)

Making a bond- stores energyBreaking a bond- releases energy

ATP IS USED FOR:

ACTIVE TRANSPORT• SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP

MUSCLE CONTRACTION BUILDING POLYMERS LIKE

RNA CELLULAR MOVEMENT AND

LOCOMOTION

SYNTHESISPHOT

O

HISTORY van Helmont

A plant's substance does not come from the soil.

PriestleyPlants take in CO2 and give off O2.

HISTORY Ingenhousz

Plants require sunlight and water for proper growth.

CalvinPhotosynthesis occurs in phases.

CHLOROPHYLL

primary catalyst of photosynthesis

green pigment in the grana of chloroplasts

produced by plant cells (requires iron and sunlight)

becomes activated by light energy

OTHER PLANT PIGMENTS different types of chlorophyll

(a, b, c, d) other pigments also chlorophyll a: the primary

catalyst for photosynthesis

http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html

http://son.nasa.gov/tass/images/cont_emspec2.jpg

Visible light is made up of many different_______________of light

Your eyes “see”different sizes ofwaves as different ___________

http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg

wavelengths

colors

Bill Nye video

Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis,

BUT . . . .

Myth:

Image from: http://oogletutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/photoshop-lesson-green-leaf-design26.gif

BUT… WE “SEE” REFLECTED LIGHT

Light wavelengths that are ___________off of objects bounce back to our eyes .

That is the ___________ we “see”

Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html

REFLECTED

COLOR

This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in this cover _______________ of the wavelengths of light _________ blue.

_______ light is ____________ to your eyes and itlooks BLUE

http://www.michaelhyatt.com/fromwhereisit/bluebook.jpg

exceptabsorbs ALL

BLUEreflected

The dye in this T shirt absorbs all of thecolors __________________________

Red wavelengths are_________________ to your eyes and theshirt looks RED

http://jacksbear.com/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=9

except red

reflectedGO CATS!

Objects “look BLACK” because blackdye ________________ of thewavelengths of light.

When wavelengths are absorbed so is the_____________ of the wave.

That is why wearing a blackT-shirt in the summer feelswarmer than wearing a white t-shirt.

http://www.eventsonline.ca/events/vowsa/black_shirt.jpg

http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif

absorbs ALL

ENERGY

The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light.

_______ energy is ABSORBED so wearing whiteclothing is “cooler”.

REFLECTS ALL

LITTLE

http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gifhttp://www.12stitch.com/shop/images/options/Blank-White-Shirt.jpg

LIGHT-DEPENDENT

PHASE1. Chlorophyll is energized.2. Photolysis occurs.3. Oxygen from split water

is released.

LIGHT-DEPENDENT

PHASE4. The hydrogen & electrons from split water bind to a compound to be used later.NADP+ NADPH

5. Remaining energy is used to change ADP into ATP.

Light Dependent Reaction

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Light-Dependent Reaction

Light-Independent Reactions

Light & Water

oxygen

ATP

NADPH

Carbon Dioxide (CH2O)n

Calvin Cycle

LIGHT-INDEPENDENT PHASE also called the Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of

chloroplasts

LIGHT-INDEPENDENT

PHASE1. Carbon dioxide binds to a

chemical called RuBP. 2. The resulting compound

is unstable and breaks into two molecules of PGA.

LIGHT-INDEPENDENT

PHASE3. PGA is converted to

PGAL using the hydrogen and electrons from NADPH. The energy comes from ATP changing to ADP.

LIGHT-INDEPENDENT

PHASE4. PGAL is used in two

ways.– to form RuBP– to synthesize glucose

CALVIN CYCLE ANIMATIONS

CONDITIONS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS

proper wavelengths of light

carbon dioxide proper temperatures water supply

6 H2O

BALANCED EQUATION

chlorophyll

+6 CO2 +

C6H12O6 +

light energy

6 O2

What happens during photolysis?

a. Water is split.b. Light is split.c. Energy is stored.d. Energy is released.

What is the catalyst that captures the light energy?

a. RuBPb. glucosec. chlorophylld. water

In which phase does photolysis occur?

a. light-dependent phaseb. light-independent phase

Which chemical is a CO2 acceptor?

a. PGALb. NADPHc. H2Od. RuBP

ADP is converted to ATP in the

a. light-dependent phase.b. light-independent phase.

CELLULAR RESPIRATI

ON

the breakdown of a food substance into

usable cellular energy in the form of

ATP

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

kinetic energy stored chemical energy (C6H12O6)

CELLULAR RESPIRATIONstored chemical energy (C6H12O6)

usable chemical energy

CELLULAR RESPIRATION aerobicrequires oxygen

anaerobicdoes not require oxygen

AEROBIC CELLULAR

RESPIRATIONC6H12O6 + O2

H2O + CO2 + energy (ATP)

MITOCHONDRIA

GLYCOLYSIS beginning for both types of

cellular respiration does not require oxygen occurs in the cytoplasm

which contains the enzymes necessary for the series of reactions

GLYCOLYSIS breakdown of glucose into

pyruvic acid, H+, and electrons

products are sent to the mitochondria

two net ATP Two NADH molecules

AEROBIC RESPIRATION citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)• pyruvic acid into citric acid• also produces H+ and electrons

• two net ATP• CO2 diffuses out of mitochondria and leaves the cell

AEROBIC RESPIRATION hydrogen and electron

transport system• occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria

• forms ATP as electrons pass from one enzyme to another

AEROBIC RESPIRATION hydrogen and electron transport system–ends as the hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to form water

–32 net ATP

ENERGY FACTS Aerobic cellular respiration

stores 50–60% of the energy from glucose in molecules of ATP.

Aerobic cellular respiration results in the net gain of 36 molecules of ATP.

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION cellular fermentation• breakdown of food (glucose) without oxygen

Two main pathways of fermentation• Alcoholic fermentation• Lactic acid fermentation

CELLULAR FERMENTATION Glycolysis forms pyruvic acid.

Pyruvic acid is converted into either alcohol or lactic acid.

CELLULAR FERMENTATION alcoholic fermentation- 2 step process• bacteria• yeasts

lactic acid fermentation- 1 step• bacteria• many animal cells

ENERGY FACTS Cellular fermentation

supplies no ATP energy beyond glycolysis.

Cellular fermentation results in the net gain of two molecules of ATP.

What is cellular respiration?

a. enzymatic breakdown of substances

b. exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment

c. breakdown of food to release usable energy for the cell

d. synthesis of organic compounds

Glycolysis is anaerobic.

a. trueb. false

How many net ATP are produced during glycolysis?

a. 2 ATPb. 4 ATPc. 32 ATPd. 36 ATP