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Protein Synthesis
By: Alex Eberhart
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Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
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RibosomesNucleus
Cytoplasm
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Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACGTACATAATATC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGCATGTATTATAG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACGTACATAATATC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGCATGTATTATAG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RNA Polymerase
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACGTACATAATATC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGCATGTATTATAG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACGTACATAATATC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGCATGTATTATAG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACGTACATAATATC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGCATGTATTATAG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
mRNA Strand
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACGTACATAATATC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGCATGTATTATAG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
mRNA Strand
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACGTACATAATATC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGCATGTATTATAG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
mRNA Strand
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACGTACATAATATC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGCATGTATTATAG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
mRNA Strand
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACGTACATAATATC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGCATGTATTATAG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
mRNA Strand
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACGTACATAATATC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGCATGTATTATAG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
mRNA Strand
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACGTACATAATATC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGCATGTATTATAG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
mRNA Strand
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACGTACATAATATC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGCATGTATTATAG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
mRNA Strand
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Ribosomes
Nucleus
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RibosomesNucleus
Cytoplasm
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Nucleus
Ribosomes
Nuclear Pore
Cytoplasm
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Nucleus
Ribosomes
Nuclear Pore
Cytoplasm
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Nucleus
Ribosomes
Nuclear Pore
Cytoplasm
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Nucleus
Ribosomes
Nuclear Pore
Cytoplasm
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Nucleus
Ribosomes
Nuclear Pore
Cytoplasm
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Ribosome
Large Subunit
Small Subunit A U G C A U G U A U U A U A G
U A C
StartCodon
Codon Codon Codon StopCodon
tRNA Molecule
Anti-Codon
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Ribosome
Large Subunit
Small Subunit A U G C A U G U A U U A U A G
U A C
StartCodon
Codon Codon Codon StopCodon
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Ribosome
Large Subunit
Small Subunit A U G C A U G U A U U A U A G
U A C
G U A
StartCodon
Codon Codon Codon StopCodon
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Ribosome
Large Subunit
Small Subunit A U G C A U G U A U U A U A G
U A C
G U A
C A U
StartCodon
Codon Codon Codon StopCodon
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Ribosome
Large Subunit
Small Subunit A U G C A U G U A U U A U A G
U A C
G U A
C A U
A A U
StartCodon
Codon Codon Codon StopCodon
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Ribosome
Large Subunit
Small Subunit A U G C A U G U A U U A U A G
G U A
C A U
A A U
StartCodon
Codon Codon Codon StopCodon
Peptide Bond
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Ribosome
Large Subunit
Small Subunit A U G C A U G U A U U A U A G
C A U
A A U
StartCodon
Codon Codon Codon StopCodon
Peptide Bond
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Ribosome
Large Subunit
Small Subunit A U G C A U G U A U U A U A G
A A U
StartCodon
Codon Codon Codon StopCodon
Peptide Bond
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Ribosome
Large Subunit
Small Subunit A U G C A U G U A U U A U A G
StartCodon
Codon Codon Codon StopCodon
Peptide Bond
Amino Acids
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Ribosome
Large Subunit
Small Subunit A U G C A U G U A U U A U A G
StartCodon
Codon Codon Codon StopCodon
Peptide Bond
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Ribosome
Large Subunit
Small Subunit A U G C A U G U A U U A U A G
StartCodon
Codon Codon Codon StopCodon
Final Protein
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Protein Synthesis Summary
The information on DNA is copied onto an mRNA strand as RNA Polymerase is synthesizing it. This strand then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome, where it starts the process of translation. Here, tRNA molecules bring amino acids with anti-codons that are complementary to the codons on the mRNA strand. The amino acids fall off and join together with a peptide bond. These amino acids then form a tertiary structure so they can fully function.
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACGTACATAATATC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGCATGTATTATAG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~