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Early World History:The Expansion of Civilization
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Major Themes
1. Migration of people and ideas
2. Political consolidation & complexity
3. Organized religion develops
4. Technological/Intellectual development
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What causes people to migrate?
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Indo-European Migrations
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Hittite Empire (c.1750-1160 BCE)
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Aryan Migration into India
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Diffusion of Indo-European Languages
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Indo-European Language Tree
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Phoenician Colonization(1500-300 BCE)
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Phoenician Alphabet
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Bantu Migrations(1500 BCE-500 CE)
Began with the drying of the Sahara
Introduced agriculture, iron, and cattle herding
Become dominant ethnic and language group of Sub-Saharan Africa
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African Language DistributionBantu words borrowed by
Western culture
Banjo
Bongos
Gumbo
Jumbo
Safari
Conga
Rumba
Zombie
Kwanzaa
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Polynesian Migration(3000 BCE -500 CE)
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The Expansion of Civilization
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Zhou Dynasty in 500 BCE
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Warring States Period
Zhou feudalism began to breakdown around 500 BCE– Regional warlords began to fight each other for
control and territory
Widespread use of iron
Horrible atrocities against the Chinese people
Hundred Schools of Thought
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Persian Empire in 525 BCE
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Cyrus the Great
Created the Persian Empire (550-539 BCE)
Used kindness and tolerance to rule conquered peoples
Allowed Jews to return to their homeland
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Darius the Great
Ruled 522-486 BCE
Administrative Genius– Provinces & Satraps
Built the Royal Road
Used metal coins– 1st government to use
standard currency
Zoroastrianism– Idea of Heaven & Hell
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The World: 500 B.C.
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What is the purpose of religion?
Consider spiritual and practical purposes.
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Hinduism
Began in India c.1500 BCE
One God in many different forms– Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
– Krishna
Sacred Texts– Vedas, Bhagavad Gita,
Upanishads
Shiva, the Destroyer
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Basic Beliefs of Hinduism
Atman
Major Ideas– Dharma (duty)
– Karma (action)
– Samsara (cycle of life)
– Moksha (liberation)
Yogas– Paths or practices
– Several different typesKali, goddess of death and destruction
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Social Impact of Hinduism
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Modern Untouchables
Modern India has 160 million untouchables or approximately 15% of India’s population.
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Buddhism
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE)– Born into kshatriya caste
Reform movement of Hinduism– No specific deity?– Rejects the atman– Believes in spiritual
equality• No caste system
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Basic Beliefs of Buddhism
Four Noble Truths– Life is suffering
– Desire causes suffering
– End suffering by ending desire
– To end desire follow the Eightfold Path
• Right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration
Buddhist Wheel of Life; the eight spokes represent the Eightfold Path
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Spread of Buddhism
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Judaism
Monotheistic– Yahweh (Yhwh)
Abraham considered “father” of the Jews
Hebrews are the chosen people of God & Canaan is the chosen land
Messiah will create God’s kingdom on Earth
Abraham and Issac by Rembrandt
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Basic Beliefs of Judaism
Death is not the end of human existence– Focus on life instead of
afterlife
Believe dead will be physically resurrected
One is saved through commitment to being moral to God.– 614 Rabbinical lawsMoses by Rembrandt
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Social Impact of Judaism
Short lived kingdom in the Middle East
Heavy emphasis on tradition & culture– Language, diet,
holidays, etc.
Matrilineal
Jewish Diaspora
Israel as a united monarchy lasted from 1050-930 BCE. Eventually it was divided into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom of Israel would last until 720 BCE. The southern kingdom of Judah would last until 586. The fall of the two kingdoms led to Jewish Diaspora.
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The Diaspora
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Confucianism
Started by Confucius (551-479 BCE) during the Warring States Period in China
Offers solutions to the problems plaguing China– Focus on life rather than the afterlife
Does not advocate a specific deity– Emphasizes worship of ancestors
Drawing of Confucius
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Basic Beliefs of Confucianism
Emphasizes li– the “rituals” of
everyday life
Goal is to promote harmony on Earth through relationships– Five Relationships
Filial Piety
Dacheng Temple in Confucius’ hometown of Qufu in China.
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Social Impact of Confucianism
Becomes foundation of Chinese government
Reinforced importance of patriarchal relationships
Reinforced family as the center of Chinese society
Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore are influenced by Confucian ethic
Family altar in Malaysian Chinese home. Family is inviting ancestors to partake in the Hungary Ghost festival
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Daoism (Taoism)
Founded by Laozi (6th cent. BCE?) during the Warring States Period
Everything revolves around the Dao
Goal: Create societal harmony by living according to the natural laws of the universe
Wu Wei “without action”
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Impact of Daoism
Encourages respect for nature
Heavily influenced Chinese art and literature– Landscape paintings
Yoga and meditation
Hygiene and cleanliness
Medicine
Balance between Yin (feminine, dark) and Yang (masculine, light)