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Dr. VeipuSeptember 2014
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Nutrition
Process by which organisms obtain and utilize their food.
There are two parts to Nutrition:1. Ingestion- Process of taking food into the digestive system so that it may be hydrolized or digested.
2. Digestion- The breakdown of food (either chemically or mechanically) in order to utilize nutrients
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Types of Nutrients Micronutrients- vitamins, minerals, & water
Macronutrients- proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc…
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Breakdown of the nutrients requires the coordination of several “enzymes” secreted from specialized cells within the mouth, stomach, intestines, and liver.
Major organs that coordinate digestion within the human body include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and liver.
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Human Digestive System
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Oral CavityMechanical biting and chewing of food using
Incisors (8), Canines (4), Premolars (8), Molars (12)
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Oral Cavity / Mouth“Saliva” moistens the food by acting as
lubrication and source of enzymes
Three pairs of salivary glands help secrete saliva into the mouth1. Parotid Glands 2. Submandibular glands 3.
Sublingual Glands
Parotid gland drain saliva through its tubesSubmandibular gland secrete under the tongueSulingual secrete through many ducts in the floor
of the mouth
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Oral Cavity / MouthSaliva contains an enzyme called “Amylase”
that helps digest Starch molecule into disaccharides and monosaccharides
Tongue moves food around manipulating it into a mass called “Bolus” or a ball-like structure to allow swallowing
Bolus is pushed into the throat ( pharynx) and into the esophagus
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Ingestion
Mouthmechanical digestion
teeth breaking up food
chemical digestion saliva
amylase enzyme digests starch
mucin slippery protein (mucus) protects soft lining of digestive system lubricates food for easier swallowing
buffers neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay
anti-bacterial chemicals kill bacteria that enter mouth with food
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mouthbreak up fooddigest starchkill germsmoisten food
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MouthChemical and mechanical digestion.
Food is chewed (masticated) mechanically.
A bolus (lump) is formed with saliva and the tongue.
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Which type of digestion is the following?
1. Chewing a saltine? -
2. Saliva breaking the saltine down into molecules of glucose? -
3. Your tongue breaking pieces of a hamburger apart?
4. Pepsin (an enzyme) in your stomach breaking the hamburger into amino acids?
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Alimentary TractPharynx --- Function in swallowing
Esophagus --- Transport of bolus
Esophagus is thick-walled muscular tube that transport the food by “Peristalsis” or muscular contractions that propel the food from pharynx to stomach
Located behind or posterior to the trachea (windpipe)
Epiglottis --- Flap of cartilage that closes the airways or trachea when swallowing
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PharynxThe back of the throat.
Larynx- passage for air, closes when we swallow.
Is approximately 15cm long.
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Swallowing (& not choking)
Epiglottis flap of cartilagecloses trachea (windpipe) when swallowingfood travels down esophagus
Peristalsis involuntary muscle contractions to move food
along
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series of involuntary wave-like muscle contractions which move food along the digestive tract
Peristalsis
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Stomach“Storage and churning of food”
Storage of digestive enzymes
Esophagus joins the stomach at “ Cardiac Sphincter”, a muscular valve
As food or bolus passes through, the cardiac sphincter relaxes and then closes
Structure Layers of stomach muscle contract and churn
food with gastric juices to form “Chyme”
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StomachCells lining the stomach secrete three important
substances:
1. Mucus2. Hydrochloric acid3. Pepsin
Mucus protects the stomach lining from acids and enzyymes
Hydrochloric acid secreted by “Parietal cells” in the stomach lining. Produces acidic environment for Pepsin
Pepsin digests large proteins into amino acids
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StomachPepsin:
Gastric glands called “Chief Cells” secrete Pepsinogen
Pepsinogen is converted to Pepsin in the presence of hydrochloric acid
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StomachFood is temporarily stored here.
Gastric juices are secreted.
Has layers of muscle that line the inside.
Mechanically and chemically breaks down food.
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StomachFunctions
food storagecan stretch to fit ~2L food
disinfect foodHCl = pH 2
kills bacteria
chemical digestionpepsin
enzyme breaks down proteins
But the stomach is made out of protein!What stops the stomach from digesting itself?
mucus secreted by stomach cells protects stomach lining
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stomachkills germs break up fooddigest proteinsstore food
sphincter
sphincter
mouthbreak up fooddigest starchkill germsmoisten food
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Gastric JuicesSecreted by the stomach.
Acidic (pH 1.5-2.5) (HCl).
Pepsin- an enzyme that breaks down large proteins into amino acids.
Food is further broken down into a thin liquid called chyme.
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Liver Multiple Functions
Produces bile Bile stored in gallbladder until needed Breaks up fats
act like detergents to breakup fats into small dropletsStores glucose as glycogen & breakdown of
glycogen to glucose when needed (Blood glucose regulation)
Detoxifies toxic materials (E.g. drugs)Stores vitamins and mineralasAmino acid metabolism in which ammonia is
produced and converted to less toxic substance, urea
Destroys old red blood cells, converting hemoglobin from RBC into bilirubin and biliverdinbile contains colors from old red
blood cells collected in liver =iron in RBC rusts & makes feces brown
bile contains colors from old red blood cells collected in liver =iron in RBC rusts & makes feces brown
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Accessory Organs
PancreasGall Bladder
Spleen
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Gall Bladder Pouch structure located near the liver which
concentrates and stores bile
Bile duct – a long tube that carries BILE. The top half of the common bile duct is associated with the liver, while the bottom half of the common bile duct is associated with the pancreas, through which it passes on its way to the intestine.
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BILEBile “emulsifies” lipids (physically breaks
apart FATS)
Bile is a bitter, greenish-yellow alkaline fluid, stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids the process of digestion
Bile consists of water, bile salts, phospholipids, cholestrol, bilirubin
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Pancreas An organ which secretes both digestive enzymes
(exocrine) and hormones (endocrine)
** Pancreatic juice digests all major nutrient types.
Nearly all digestion occurs in the small intestine & all digestion is completed in the SI.
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Pancreas Exocrine Gland (Acinar cells)Digestive enzymes (Breakdown fat,
protein and carbohydrates Digest proteins
Trypsin, ChymotrypsinDigest starch
amylase
Buffers == Sodium Bicarbonateneutralizes acid from stomach
Endocrine Gland (Islets of Langherans) -Produces Insulin and Glucagon that maintain sugar level in blood
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pancreasproduces enzymes to digest proteins & starch
stomachkills germs break up fooddigest proteinsstore food
mouthbreak up fooddigest starchkill germsmoisten food
liverproduces bile
- stored in gall bladderbreak up fats
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Pyloric Sphincter
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Small IntestineMost chemical digestion
takes place here.Simple sugars and
proteins are absorbed into the inner lining.
Fatty acids and glycerol go to lymphatic system.
Lined with villi, which increase surface area for absorption, one cell thick.
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Small intestineFunction
chemical digestion major organ of digestion & absorption
absorption through lining over 6 meters! small intestine has huge surface area = 300m2
(~size of tennis court) Structure
3 sections duodenum = most digestion jejunum = absorption of nutrients & water ileum = absorption of nutrients & water
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Duodenum 1st section of small intestines
acid food from stomach mixes with digestive juices from: pancreas
liver gall bladder
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stomachkills germs break up fooddigest proteinsstore food
mouthbreak up fooddigest starchkill germsmoisten food
pancreasproduces enzymes to digest proteins & starch
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Absorption in the Small Intestine Much absorption is thought to occur directly
through the wall without the need for special adaptations
Almost 90% of our daily fluid intake is absorbed in the small intestine.
Villi - increase the surface area of the small intestines, thus providing better absorption of materials
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Absorption by Small IntestinesAbsorption through villi & microvilli
finger-like projectionsincrease surface area for absorption
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Large intestines (colon)Function
re-absorb water use ~9 liters of water every
day in digestive juices > 90% of water reabsorbed
not enough water absorbed diarrhea
too much water absorbedconstipation
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Large IntestineSolid materials pass
through the large intestine.These are undigestible
solids (fibers).Water is absorbed.Vitamins K and B are
reabsorbed with the water.Rectum- solid wastes exit
the body.
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You’ve got company!Living in the large intestine is a
community of helpful bacteriaEscherichia coli (E. coli)
produce vitamins vitamin K; B vitamins
generate gases by-product of bacterial metabolism methane, hydrogen sulfide
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AppendixVestigial organVestigial organ
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Rectum Last section of colon
(large intestines)eliminate feces
undigested materialsextracellular waste
mainly cellulose from plants
roughage or fiber masses of bacteria
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Digestive Homeostasis DisordersULCERS – erosion of the surface of the
alimentary canal generally associated with some kind of irritant
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Digestive Homeostasis Disorders
CONSTIPATIONCONSTIPATION – a condition in which the large intestine is emptied with difficulty.
Too much water is reabsorbed
and the solid waste hardens
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Digestive Homeostasis DisordersDIARRHEA – a gastrointestinal
disturbance characterized by decreased water absorption and increased peristaltic activity of the large intestine.
This results in increased, multiple, watery feces.
This condition may result in severe dehydration, especially in infants
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Digestive Homeostasis Disorders
APPENDICITIS – an inflammation of the appendix due to infection
Common treatment is removal of the appendix via surgery
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Digestive Homeostasis Disorders
GALLSTONES – an accumulation of hardened cholesterol and/or calcium deposits in the gallbladder
Can either be “passed” (OUCH!!) or surgically removed
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Digestive Homeostasis Disorders
ANOREXIA NERVOSA - a psychological condition where an individual thinks they appear overweight and refuses to eat.
Weighs 85% or less than what is developmentally expected for age and height
Young girls do not begin to menstruate at the appropriate age.
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Digestive Homeostasis Disorders
HEART BURN – ACID from the stomach backs up into the esophagus.
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Disorders of the Digestive System
Intestinal obstruction Mechanical obstructions
Adhesions, tumors, or foreign objectsNonmechanical obstruction
Halt in peristalsis TraumaIntestines touched during surgery
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Disorders of the Digestive SystemInflammatory bowel disease
Inflammation of intestinal wall Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis
Viral hepatitisJaundice and flu-like symptoms Major types – A, B, C, and G
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Disorders of the Digestive SystemCystic Fibrosis and the Pancreas
Pancreatic ducts become blocked with mucus Clogged ducts prevent pancreatic juices from
entering small intestine Leads to malabsorption of fats and other nutrients
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Embryonic Development of the Digestive System
Alimentary canal formed in week threeEncloses tubular portion of yolk sac
Vitelline ductLandmark dividing into three regions
Forgut Midgut Hindgut
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Embryonic Development of the Digestive System
Figure 22.30a, b
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The Digestive System in Later Life
Middle age – gallstones and ulcers Old age – activity of digestive organs decline
Fewer digestive juices and enzymes producedAbsorption is less efficientDehydration of fecal mass leads to constipationDiverticulosis and cancer of digestive organs