Download - Dna protein synthesis_ppt
lipids
carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids
EnzymesEnzymes are are proteins which proteins which
function to function to control the rate control the rate
of chemical of chemical reactions.reactions.
complex organic compounds made up of amino acids,
needed for the body to function properly
examples: examples: muscles, hair, muscles, hair, cartilage, nailscartilage, nails
contain C, O, H, contain C, O, H, N N and usually Sand usually S
image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif
3D protein structure
anan aminoamino groupgroup
are made up of
and an “and an “RR” group ” group which varies in the which varies in the
different amino different amino acidsacids
a a carboxylcarboxyl group groupH
HN C
H
R
O
OHC
CH
H H
H
HN C
H O
OHC
COH
H H
H
HN C
H O
OHC
Alanine Serine
What is the name of these monomers?
To what organic compound group do they belong?
N
H
H
H
O
R
C C
O
H
N
H
H
H
O
R
C C
O
H
amine group
variable R group
carboxyl group
carboxyl groupamine group
What does the chain of amino acids represent?
Threonine
Arginine
GlycineGlycine
Proline
Asparagine
Proline Alanine
Polypeptide Chain – A Protein
What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?
What are the functions of protein?
Name examples of proteins.
amino acids
structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions
muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
TRY THIS!Create a concept map using the 4 organic compounds.
Include: monomer, functions and examples.
Protein Synthesis VocabularyProtein Synthesis is when DNA’s code is used by the cell to make proteins. Protein Synthesis is also called gene expression.The genes “express themselves” when the proteins they code for are made.VOCABULARY:GENECODONAMINO ACID
Protein Synthesis VocabularyProtein Synthesis is when DNA’s code is used by the cell to make proteins. Protein Synthesis is also called gene expression.The genes “express themselves” when the proteins they code for are made.VOCABULARY:GENECODONAMINO ACID
Gene ExpressionGENE: sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a traitCODON: nucleotide triplet that codes for a specific amino acidAMINO ACIDS: amino acids make up proteinsACG
GGAGGC
CCA
AAC
CCG
GCCCGC
Threonine
Arginine
GlycineGlycine
Proline
Asparagine
Proline
Alanine
Amino Acid
protein
Chromosome
DNA
Gene
Sections within a gene
CODONS
TACCodes for protein
Codon base triplets
Examples ATC CCG
Stop Codon Start Codon
ATT, ATC, or ACT
Codons, Amino Acid & ProteinOne codon codes for one amino acid
EX: ACG = amino acid (threonine)CGC = amino acid (arginine)GGA = aminio acid (glycine)
A sequence of amino acids is a protein
ACG
GGAGGC
CCA
AAC
CCG
GCCCGC
Threonine
Arginine
GlycineGlycine
Proline
Asparagine
Proline
Alanine
Amino Acid
Protein
DNA has the code but RNA is needed to make proteins.
There are major differences between DNA and RNA….
DNA vs RNAContains deoxyribose sugarIs double strandedBonds A-T and C-GNever leaves the nucleus
Contains ribose sugarIs single strandedBonds A-U and C-GCan leave the nucleus
How Does RNA Help?DNA - contains the master code
tRNA towing
Amino acid
mRNA
Proteinfactory
tRNA, transfer RNAcarries amino acids
rRNA, ribosomal RNAguides the process in the
ribosome
mRNA, messenger RNAcopies/carries the DNA code
How Does RNA Help?DNA - contains the master code
tRNA towing
Amino acid
mRNA
Proteinfactory
tRNA, transfer RNAcarries amino acids
rRNA, ribosomal RNAguides the process in the
ribosome
mRNA, messenger RNAcopies/carries the DNA code
Chromosome DNA
The Role of ENZYMES
To what organic compound group do enzymes belong?
Enzymes are necessary in making a protein by controlling different parts of the reactions.breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogen basesbrings new nucleotides and bonds them to existing strands
TranslationProtein is made by mRNA and tRNAInformation is “deciphered” to build a protein.
TranscriptionmRNA is made by copying DNA’s code for a proteinInformation in DNA is “rewritten” as a molecule of mRNA
DNADNA contains the code for all traits/ proteins
Overall Process of Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression)
DNA
Transcription Translation
mRNAProtein
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION: mRNA is made copying DNA’s code
Uses enzymes
Makes mRNA from DNA template
Occurs in the nucleus
click to play animation
A
T
T
C
C
G
TRANSCRIPTION1. Enzymes help a gene portion of the DNA to unzip.enzymes break the bonds between the nitrogen bases
A
A
G
G
C
T
T
C
C
A
A
T
A
G
G
C
G
TRANSCRIPTION1. (continued) a gene portion of the DNA strand separates
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
2. mRNA is made from the DNA template
Enzymes bring in mRNA nucleotides and matches them with their DNA complement
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
TRANSCRIPTION
Base Pairing Rule
mRNA nucleotides match by the base pairing rule.
A - T (RNA has U)C - G
T
G
G
C
A
A
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
C
G
A
U
A
T
A
G
G
C
T
A
T
C
C
G
A
G
A
TT
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
C
G
A
U
mRNADNA
A
T
A
G
G
C
G
A
G
A
U
3. mRNA separates from DNA and leaves the nucleus
A
T
T
C
C
G
C
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
G
A
C
G
A
U
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
4. The two DNA strands move back together
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
A
G
G
C
A
T
T
C
C
G
A
T
T
C
C
G
4. An enzyme helps the DNA strands rezip.
REVIEWING TRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTION: mRNA is made copying DNA’s code
1. DNA unzips2. mRNA is made from the DNA template3. mRNA separates from DNA and leaves the nucleus4. The DNA molecule rezips (closes back up.)
click to play animation
TRY THIS!
Transcribe this segment of DNA:
CATAACCGATGA
DNA: CATAACCGATGAmRNA: GUAUUGGCUACU
ANSWER
TRANSLATIONProcess when the protein is actually made
• Uses an anticodon to the tRNA to bring an amino acid to the ribosome
• Occurs at the ribosome in the cytoplasm
click to play animation
5. mRna leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm
And Auld Lang Syne!REMEMBER:DNA’s code is copied to mRNA in codon groups. A CODON is a grouping of three nitrogen bases in mRNA that carry the code for an amino acid.
G A
C
G A
U
codon codon
Transfer RNA (tRNA)tRNA Has a clover-leaf shapetRNA carries an amino acid at one end andan anticodon at the other end.
anticodon
U A C
amino acid
ANTICODONThe anticodon is located on tRNA
The anticodon is the “deciphered” mRNA code.EX:mRNA codon: AUGtRNA anticodon: UACThe tRNA also picks up the amino acid that corresponds to the mRNA codon
A AC
GAU
U AC
CodonAnticodon
AMINO ACID CHARTThis chart is used to find the appropriate amino acid using mRNA codons.
What would be the amino acid for the mRNA codon UGG?
U C A G
U PhenylalaninePhenylalanineLeucineLeucine
SerineSerineSerineSerine
TyrosineTyrosineStopStop
CysteineCysteineStopTryptophan
UCAG
C LeucineLeucineLeucineLeucine
ProlineProlineProlineProline
HistidineHistidineGlutamineGlutamine
ArginineArginineArginineArginine
UCAG
A IsoleucineIsoleucineIsoleucineMethionine
ThreonineThreonineThreonineThreonine
AsparagineAsparagineLysineLysine
SerineSerineArginineArginine
UCAG
G ValineValineValineValine
AlanineAlanineAlanineAlanine
Aspartic AcidAspartic AcidGlutamic AcidGlutamic Acid
GlycineGlycineGlycineGlycine
UCAG
Firs
t Bas
e
Second Base
Third
Bas
e
mRNA codon UGG is the amino acid Tryptophan
TRANSLATIONmRNA at the ribosome in the cytoplasmHow many amino acids would be present in the protein coded for by this mRNA strand?
mRNA
G A AC
AU
AU
A AGU
ribosome
TRANSLATION6. tRNA assists by bringing an amino acid to the ribosome
7. tRNA matches its anticodon with the codon of mRNA to place the amino acid in the correct sequence
G A AC
AU
AU
A AGU
U A C
Methionine
G A AC
AU
AU
A AGU
TRANSLATION
Isoleucine
A U U
Methionine
U A C
Peptide Bond
Methionine
U A C U U G
LeucineLeucine
U U G
Isoleucine
A U U
Peptide Bond
STOP
A U U
G A AC
AU
AU
A AGU
Methionine Leucine
TRANSLATION
Isoleucine STOP
Stop CodonA special codon called a STOP CODON marks the end of the gene and protein synthesis.
Polypeptide Chain - A Protein8. The amino acids bond with peptide bonds and form a polypeptide chain or protein.
polypeptide = protein
peptide
bonds
amino acid
REVIEWING TRANSLATIONProtein is made5. mRNA leaves nucleus, goes to ribosome in cytoplasm 6. tRNA assists by bringing an amino acid to the ribosome7. tRNA matches its anticodon with the mRNA codon putting amino acids in the correct sequence8. amino acids bond, forming a protein
click to play animation
TRY THIS!
Transcribe and translate this segment of DNA:
TACACCTGCGCATAG
DNA: TACACCTGCGCATAGmRNA: AUGUGGACGCGUAUCtRNA: UACACCUGCGCAUAG
Amino Acids: Met-Try-Thr-Arg-Iso
ANSWER
ChromosomeSmall section of this chromosome may contain MANY genes
GENE – A gene is a section of DNA that has hundreds or
thousands of base pairs
Sections within a gene
CODON
Start Condon
TAC
Codes for protein
Codon base triplets
Examples ATC CCG
Stop Codon
ATT, ATC, or ACT
REVIEW
SUMMARYTranscription Translation
G
A
C
G
A
U
A
A
T
T
T
C
C
A
G
G
CG
DNA mRNA
A U U
Amino Acid
tRNA Protein
Occurs in the
Occurs in the
DNA
DNA has the master code
mRNA is made, copying DNA’s code
A protein is made
Works Cited
“3D Protein Structure” Online Image, June 5, 2006 U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif