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Division, War and Reconciliation 1855-1865
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The Slavery Issue
Jefferson described slave trade as, “a cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty.” (1st draft of D of I)
1850s North and South on collision course…
New western states, slave or free??
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North and South
North
Commerce was king
Industry busy cities
Education, banking, science, reform movements
South
Farming: cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco
Plantations and small farms
Slavery as the lifeblood of their economy
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Southern States Secede
South Carolina was the first state to secede.
April 1861 – 7 states met to establish the Confederate States of America.
Lincoln would not accept secession.
April 12, 1861 Confederates fired on Union troops in Fort Sumter.
3 days later Lincoln called upon 75,000 Union volunteers to put down rebellion.
Civil War was on…
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Confederate States of America 1861
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Union vs. Confederacy
South – superior leadership under General Robert E. Lee
North – larger force under command of General Ulysses S. Grant
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Minorities were a presence…
180,000 Black soldiers fought for the Union.
A few Native American regiments served on the frontier.
Women also made a contribution to war effort – one famous woman, Clara Barton, founded the American Red Cross and work as a nurse in army camps and hospitals.
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It’s over…1865 Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, VA.
President Lincoln was assassinated days after Lee’s surrender.
The healing of the US had to take place without Lincoln.
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Wartime Voices
Sept. 1862 - Lincoln signed Emancipation Proclamation
Many patriotic songs were written:
The Battle Hymn of the RepublicThe Yellow Rose of TexasDixie
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Civil War Literature • Speeches• Letters• Diaries• Patriotic Songs• Poetry
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Spirituals – sung by African American slaves• Served as a means of communication• Expressed their desire for freedom and
religious salvation• Many had double meaning/secret messages• Most had at least one refrain, emphasizing
most important ideas
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“The Good Gray Poet” -Walt Whitman• One of most
influential poets in Amer. history
• Celebrated democracy and the common man
• Best known collection of poetry - Leaves of Grass
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Whitman’s Poetry
Free verse – irregular meter and line length.
Catalogs – the listing of images or concrete details.
Parallelism – repeated use of phrases, clauses, or sentences that are similar in structure.
Speaks of democracy, equality, spiritual unity of all forms of life.
Human spirit is reflected in nature.