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Digestive system
diseases
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appendicitis
• Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by a obstruction and infection
• Symptoms: abdominal pain, N & V, mild fever, elevated WBC
• If ruptures infectious material spills out into peritoneal cavity and causes peritonitis
• Tx: appendectomy
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cholecystitis
• Inflammation of the gallbladder• Cholelithiasis: gallstones form from
crystallized cholesterol, bile salts and bile pigments
• Symptoms: (after fatty foods) indigestion, n & v, pain under the rib and radiates to right shoulder
• Tx: low fat diet, lithotripsy, cholecystectomy
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cirrhosis
• Chronic destruction of liver cells accompanied by the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue
• Cause: malnutrition associated with alcoholism, hepatitis, bile duct disease and chemical toxins
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Cirrhosis cont.
• Symptoms: vary and become more sever as the disease progresses
• Enlargement of the liver, anemia, nosebleeds, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, ascites (accumulation of fluid in abdominal peritoneal cavity)
• Liver function fails: disorientation, hallucinations, hepatic coma, and death
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constipation
• Occurs when fecal matter remains in the colon too long, causing excessive reabsorption of water; feces becomes hard, dry and difficult to eliminate
• Causes: poor bowel habits, chronic use of laxatives, diet low in fiber, & digestive disease
• Tx: high fiber diet, adequate fluids & exercise
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diarrhea
• Frequent watery stools
• Cause: infections, stress, diet, and irritated colon and toxic substances
• Dangerous for infants and small children due to excessive fluid loss.
• Tx: eliminate cause, provide adequate fluid intake, modify diet
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diverticulitis
• Inflammation of diverticula, pouches or sacs that form in the intestine as the mucosal lining pushes through the surrounding muscle– Fecal mater and bacteria become trapped in
diverticula, inflammation occurs– Can cause an abscess or rupture leading to
peritonitis
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Diverticulitis cont.
• Symptoms: abdominal pain, irregular bowel movements and flatus (gas), constipation or diarrhea, abdominal distention, low grade fever, n & v
• Tx: antibiotics, stool softening and pain meds., surgery to remove the affected section of colon
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Gastroenteritits
• Inflammation of mucus membrane lining the stomach and intestinal tract
• Cause: food poisoning, infections and toxins
• Symptoms: abdominal cramping, n & v, fever, and diarrhea
• Tx: rest and increased fluid intake, sever cases: antibiotics, IV, and meds to slow peristalsis
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Hemorrhoids
• Painful, dilated or varicose veins of rectum and or anus
• Causes: straining to defecate or constipation, pressure during pregnancy, insufficient fluid intake, abuse of laxatives, prolonged sitting or standing
• Symptoms: pain, itching, and bleeding• Tx: high fiber diet, increased fluids, stool
softeners, sitz baths/warm moist compress, sever case: hemorrhoidectomy