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Photovoltaic Systems
Laboratory description
Department of Energy TechnologyAalborg University, Denmarkwww.pv‐systems.et.aau.dk
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐25a)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 2
Grid connected converter setupsThe laboratory disposes of five identical systems controlled using dSPACE DS1103 PPC featuring four‐quadrant operation capability.• Control of converter or grid side current using PWM• Control of active rectifiers• Grid support using intelligent inverters
PV inverter test setup• Regatron TC.P.32 with linear post‐processing unit• Yokogawa WT3000 High Precision Power Analyzer• California Instruments MX‐30
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐25a)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 3
PV array monitoring and diagnostic setup• 1KW single phase PV inverter• Grid inverter controller implemented in dSPACE 1103 system• DC/DC boost controller implemented in TMS320F28335• Fully programmable in Matlab/Simulink Code Composer StudioFlash Sun simulator (SPI‐Sun 5600 SLP)• Class A+ A+ A+ , module size up to 2000mm X 1370mm• Light and dark I‐V curve measurement• Module efficiency measurement according to international standards• Suitable for thin‐film modules (light pulse length up to 140ms)Optical PV module characterisation setup• InGaAs short‐wave infrared (SWIR) camera for electroluminescence (EL) tests,
with resolution 640x512 pixels, spectral range of 0.9 to 1.7 microns wavelengths, 25fps
• IR camera for thermal imaging, resolution 320x240, spectral range of 7.5 to 13 micron, sensitivity 0.05°C @ 30°C.
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐25a)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 4
Teaching MSc projects MSc and PhD courses
Research PhD projects Industrial projects
State‐of‐the‐art laboratory for teaching and research
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐25a)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 5
Grid connected converter setups: system layout
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐25a)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 6
Grid connected converter setupsThe laboratory disposes of five identical drive systems controlled by
mixed RISC/DSP digital controllers (DSPACE DS1103 PPC plugged in hostPC) featuring four‐quadrant operation capability.
The dSPACE DS1103 PPC is a mixed RISC/DSP digital controllerproviding a powerful processor for floating point calculations aswell as comprehensive I/O capabilities.
Each of the five systems has two parallel connected DanfossFC302 DC‐AC inverters connected to the grid through an LC‐filterand a 50Hz transformer.
Each inverter can be supplied individually from separate DCsources
Each inverter is controlled separately.The powerful and flexible structure of the system allows the
implementation of both classic current control techniques as well asadvanced strategies, like anti‐islanding or active damping methods.
Typical applications of this system include: Control of converter or grid side current using PWM Control of active rectifiers Grid support using intelligent inverters
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐25a)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 7
Grid connected converter setups: setup scheme
1.8mH
1.8mH
1.8mH
4.7uF
1.8mH
1.8mH
1.8mH
4.7uF
Applications:
• Single‐ and three‐phase PLL
• Current control
• Anti‐islanding
• Voltage support strategies
• …
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐25a)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 8
System design and modelling
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐25a)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 9
Application using the graphical user interface
• One‐click code generation
from Simulink to real‐time
code
• Online parameter tuning
• Data capturing
• High flexibility
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Photovoltaic Systems
Laboratory description
Department of Energy TechnologyAalborg University, Denmarkwww.pv‐systems.et.aau.dk
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 11
Teaching MSc projects
Research PhD projects Industrial projects
PV inverter tests
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 12
Residential Microgrid setupMain layout
5kW – 4h, 28V Flow‐Battery
+Island‐Grid Inverter
3kWElectronic AC load
1.5 kW Wind Turbine
+WindyBoy Inverter
1.9 kWp Solar Array + PV Inverter
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 13
Residential Microgrid setupSingle‐line diagram
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 14
Residential Microgrid setup
no maintenance 10,000+ deep cycles high efficiency
Storage ‐ Flow battery
nominal charging current x2 overloading ca. 300 USD/kWh
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 15
Standard tests for PV inverters:
Static MPPT efficiency (EN 50530)
Dynamic MPPT efficiency (EN 50530)
DC‐AC conversion efficiency(EN 50530)
Harmonic measurements(EN 61000)
Low voltage ride through capabilities
PV inverter test setup
4500W3350W2250W
1350W
1125W900W
450W
82.00
84.00
86.00
88.00
90.00
92.00
94.00
96.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Output power [W]
Effic
ienc
y [%
]
300V350V120V
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 16
Regatron TC.P.32 with linear post‐processing unit
PV inverter test setup: Technical description
Yokogawa WT3000 High Precision Power Analyzer
California Instruments MX‐30
Voltage accuracy: 0.01%
Power accuracy: 0.02%
Voltage range: 15V ‐ 1000 V
Current range: 500mA – 30A
4 Meas. Elements
Input line voltage: 3 x 360 – 440 V
Output power range: 0 – 32 kW
Output voltage range: 0 – 1000 V
Output current range: 0 – 40 A
Input line voltage: 400±10% V
Input line freq.: 47 – 63 Hz
Output power: 0 – 30 kVA
Output voltage: 150 ‐ 300 V
Output frequency: 16 ‐ 500 Hz
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 17
PV inverter test setup : PV SimulatorLive ViewerReal time measurements
Data CollectorCurve characteristics:
Applied standard
I‐V characteristic
User defined parameters
I‐V curve options
PV panel technology
Programming interface:Fully programmable interface (EN 50530)
Regatron software: SAS control
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 18
PV inverter test setup: Test types
AC/DC efficiency(EN50530)
Static MPPT (EN50530)
Dynamic MPPT (EN50530)
Power quality (EN 61000)
Protection (China Requirement)
Low Voltage Ride Through(EN 50160)-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
X: 0Y: 0.03333
Time [s]
Power [kW]
X: 14.5Y: 17
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 19
Standard tests
• Module efficiency in STC• Efficiency map of PV modules
at various irradiance levels• Series resistance
measurement (EN 60891)• Shunt resistance measurement• Fill‐factor, MPP power
High performance Sun simulator: Spi‐Sun 5600SLP
• A+A+A+ class sun simulator• Very long light pulse duration (up to 120 ms)
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 20
Example specs: • 320 x 240 resolution• Spectral range 7.5 to 13 micron• Sensitivity 0.05°C @ +30°
BPMSX120 Array
Hotspots due to:• Partial shadows
(Web camera)• Mounting problems• Dirt on modules
Thermal Imaging using IR camera
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
SWIR InGaAs Sensor Quantum Efficiency
High sensitivity InGaAs Short‐Wave InfraRed (SWIR) camera
Specs: • 640x512 resolution• Spectral range 0.9 to 1.7 micron• 25 fps at full resolution
Standard tests
• Microcracks• Module uniformity• Faulty cells• Shunts
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 21
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
Multi crystalline Si panel in dark with 3A bias (Isc = 4A @STC)
Corner of cell chipped
Lower current close to the edge of cell
Weaker cell
Uneven current in cells (mismatch)
EL image pixel intensitydistribution
EL Imaging using SWIR (example)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 22
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 23
Flash solar simulator ‐ Indoor module characterization
25, 50, 100 V voltage range 2, 4, 8, 16 A current range 1300 W/m2 irradiance (10 step adjustable) Matlab compatible export files Calculation of IV curve parameters
Measurement software
Matlab measurement processing
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 24
IV curve tracer– Outdoor array characterisation
1000V, 20A range RS232 PC connection CSV, Text Matlab compatible export files Extracted parameters
UPmax, IPmax, Pmax, UOC, ISC, FF, Tmod, Eeff PPk, Rs, Rp
Measurement software
Matlab measurement processing
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐23)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 25
PV array monitoring and diagnostic setup Solar irradiance Module and ambient temperature
Wind speed Fast sampling rate (5Hz) Real time monitoring and data visualization
Custom PV inverter laboratory system for design and implementation of control strategies, MPPT, diagnostic functions
Grid current control, DC link voltage control IV curve tracing capabilities CANOpen capable
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PV Systems Laboratory (PON109‐25a)
7/7/2014 PV Systems Laboratories 26
PV array monitoring and diagnostic setupSystem diagram
1KW single phase PV inverter Grid inverter controller implemented in dSPACE 1103 system DC/DC boost controller implemented in TMS320F28335 Fully programmable in Matlab/Simulink + Code Composer Studio