Download - Curs 3 Engleza
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Aromatic hydrocarbons
- substances made from carbon and hydrogen, in their structure being one ore more benzene nucleus.
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Kekule structure Structure based
on quantum mechanic theory
Confirm that:- ration between number of C and H
atoms is 1:1, benzene having ring with 6 atoms
- in the ring exist 3 double bonds - those 6 hydrogen atoms are equivalent
between them- adition has place with energetic
reactions Can’t explain that: - benzene gives easy substitution
reactions - is very stable at oxidation - is not polymerizing - exist only 3 compounds substitute: orto,
meta, para- all bonds are equal.
Explain:- equivalence of the 6 carbon
atoms - delocalization of electrons by
forming an molecular orbital- existence of the aromatic
character that has preference for substitutions reactions instead of addition and oxidation reactions.
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CH3 CH3
CH3
CH CH3H3C
benzen toluen orto-xilen izopropilbenzen
difenil naftalina antracen
Mononucleare
Polinucleare
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Chemical properties
Reactions at nucleus Substitutions reactions Additions reactions Oxidation reactions
Reactions at side chain Substitutions reactions Additions reactions Oxidation reactions
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I order substituents which orientates substitution in ortho and para, for example: -Cl, -Br, -OH, -NH2
II order substituents which orientates subsequent substitution in meta, for example: - NO2, -COOH, -CHO, -SO3H
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Compounds with simple functions
Compusi cu grupare functionala monovalenta
compusi halogenati R-X
compusi hidroxilici
alcooli R -OH
fenoli Ar - OH
amine R - NH 2
Compusi organici cu functiuni simple
Compusi cu grupare functionala divalenta compusi carbonilici
aldehide
cetone
R CO
H
R C R
O
Compusi cu grupare functionala trivalenta
acizi carboxilici R CO
OH
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Halogenated compounds Contain in their molecule a halogen atom combined through covalence by a organic radical, and the general formula is R-X where X represent halogen atom (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine).
CH3 C CH3
Cl
Cl
CH3 CH CH2
Cl Cl
2,2 - diclorpropan 1,2-diclorpropancompus dihalogenat compus dihalogenat geminal vicinal
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Chemical properties Halogenated compounds are extremely reactive
due to polarization of the carbon-halogen bond
a. Hydrolyzing reactions
b. Reaction with alkaline cyanides
c. Reaction with ammonia
d. Reaction with hydro acids elimination
e. Reaction with magnesium
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Hydroxyl compound organic substances that contain in
their molecule the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an alkyl group (alcohol, with general formula R-OH) or to an aromatic one (fenols, with general formula Ar-OH).
CH3 OH CH3 CH2 OH CH3 CH2 CH2 OHmetanol etanol propanol
Alcohols
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Classification
after radical nature
after number of functional groups
after carbon atom nature
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Chemical properties
Reaction with alkaline metals
Esterification reaction
Elimination of intra and intermolecular water
oxidation reactions
Are determine by the presence of hydroxyl group in the alcohols structure
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monohidroxilici
polihidroxilici
Phenols
OH
OH
CH3
OH
CH3
fenol orto-crezol meta-crezol para-crezol
CH3
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
hidrochinona rezorcina
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Chemical properties
Reactions determine by hydroxyl group acidity esterification reaction
Reactions determine by aromatic nucleus
Hydrogenation
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Amines
contain in their structure amino functional groups, -NH2, that confer an basic character.
CH3 NH2 C2H5 NH CH3 C6H5 NCH3
CH3
metilamina etil-metilamina fenil-dimetilamina
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Clasificare
dupa naturaradicalului
alifatice
aromatice
mixte
dupa gradul de substituire
primare
secundare
tertiare
saruri cuaternarede amoniu
R NH
H
R NR`
H
R NR`
R``
R N
R`
R```
R``
+
dupa numarul gruparilorfunctionale
monoamine
diamine
poliamine
C6H5 NH2 fenilamina
CH2 CH2
NH2 NH2
etilendiamina
R NH2
Ar NH2
R NH Ar
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Chemical properties
Amines basicity
Alkylation reaction
Acylation reaction
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Carbonyl compounds
contain in their structure an carbonyl functional group, where a carbon atom in sp2 hybridization type is double bond with a oxygen atom:
carbonyl group
C O
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C O
H
R
C O
R
R
aldehida cetona
C O
H
CH3
C O
H
CH2CH3
C O
H
Hmetanal etanal propanal
(aldehidă formică) (aldehidă acetică) (aldehidă propionică)
C OCH2CH3
CH3
C OCH3
CH3
propanonă butanonă (dimetilcetonă) (etil-metil cetonă)
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Chemical properties Aldehyds and cetones
common reactions
Adition reactions (H2, HCl, HCN)
Condensation reactions (amines, phenols, carbonyl compounds between them)
Aldehyds common reactions
Oxidation reactions
(O2, [O],
Ag(NH3)2OH)
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Carboxyl compoundsHave in their structure a carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon radical, and the general formula is:
R C O
OHH C O
OH
C O
OH
CH3 C O
OH
CH2CH3
acid metan oic acid etanoic acid propanoicacid formic acid acetic acid propionic
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Clasificareaacizilor
dupa naturaradicalului
saturati
nesaturati
aromatici
dupa numarulde grupari-COOH
monocarboxilici
policarboxilici
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Chemical properties
Ionization in watery solution
esterification reaction
reaction with ammonia
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Functional compounds of organic acids
R CO
O R`
R CO
O
OCR
R CO
Cl
R CO
NH2
R C N
ester anhidrida clorura acida
amida nitril