curs 3 engleza
DESCRIPTION
Curs 3 EnglezaTRANSCRIPT
Aromatic hydrocarbons
- substances made from carbon and hydrogen, in their structure being one ore more benzene nucleus.
Kekule structure Structure based
on quantum mechanic theory
Confirm that:- ration between number of C and H
atoms is 1:1, benzene having ring with 6 atoms
- in the ring exist 3 double bonds - those 6 hydrogen atoms are equivalent
between them- adition has place with energetic
reactions Can’t explain that: - benzene gives easy substitution
reactions - is very stable at oxidation - is not polymerizing - exist only 3 compounds substitute: orto,
meta, para- all bonds are equal.
Explain:- equivalence of the 6 carbon
atoms - delocalization of electrons by
forming an molecular orbital- existence of the aromatic
character that has preference for substitutions reactions instead of addition and oxidation reactions.
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH CH3H3C
benzen toluen orto-xilen izopropilbenzen
difenil naftalina antracen
Mononucleare
Polinucleare
Chemical properties
Reactions at nucleus Substitutions reactions Additions reactions Oxidation reactions
Reactions at side chain Substitutions reactions Additions reactions Oxidation reactions
I order substituents which orientates substitution in ortho and para, for example: -Cl, -Br, -OH, -NH2
II order substituents which orientates subsequent substitution in meta, for example: - NO2, -COOH, -CHO, -SO3H
Compounds with simple functions
Compusi cu grupare functionala monovalenta
compusi halogenati R-X
compusi hidroxilici
alcooli R -OH
fenoli Ar - OH
amine R - NH 2
Compusi organici cu functiuni simple
Compusi cu grupare functionala divalenta compusi carbonilici
aldehide
cetone
R CO
H
R C R
O
Compusi cu grupare functionala trivalenta
acizi carboxilici R CO
OH
Halogenated compounds Contain in their molecule a halogen atom combined through covalence by a organic radical, and the general formula is R-X where X represent halogen atom (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine).
CH3 C CH3
Cl
Cl
CH3 CH CH2
Cl Cl
2,2 - diclorpropan 1,2-diclorpropancompus dihalogenat compus dihalogenat geminal vicinal
Chemical properties Halogenated compounds are extremely reactive
due to polarization of the carbon-halogen bond
a. Hydrolyzing reactions
b. Reaction with alkaline cyanides
c. Reaction with ammonia
d. Reaction with hydro acids elimination
e. Reaction with magnesium
Hydroxyl compound organic substances that contain in
their molecule the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an alkyl group (alcohol, with general formula R-OH) or to an aromatic one (fenols, with general formula Ar-OH).
CH3 OH CH3 CH2 OH CH3 CH2 CH2 OHmetanol etanol propanol
Alcohols
Classification
after radical nature
after number of functional groups
after carbon atom nature
Chemical properties
Reaction with alkaline metals
Esterification reaction
Elimination of intra and intermolecular water
oxidation reactions
Are determine by the presence of hydroxyl group in the alcohols structure
monohidroxilici
polihidroxilici
Phenols
OH
OH
CH3
OH
CH3
fenol orto-crezol meta-crezol para-crezol
CH3
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
hidrochinona rezorcina
Chemical properties
Reactions determine by hydroxyl group acidity esterification reaction
Reactions determine by aromatic nucleus
Hydrogenation
Amines
contain in their structure amino functional groups, -NH2, that confer an basic character.
CH3 NH2 C2H5 NH CH3 C6H5 NCH3
CH3
metilamina etil-metilamina fenil-dimetilamina
Clasificare
dupa naturaradicalului
alifatice
aromatice
mixte
dupa gradul de substituire
primare
secundare
tertiare
saruri cuaternarede amoniu
R NH
H
R NR`
H
R NR`
R``
R N
R`
R```
R``
+
dupa numarul gruparilorfunctionale
monoamine
diamine
poliamine
C6H5 NH2 fenilamina
CH2 CH2
NH2 NH2
etilendiamina
R NH2
Ar NH2
R NH Ar
Chemical properties
Amines basicity
Alkylation reaction
Acylation reaction
Carbonyl compounds
contain in their structure an carbonyl functional group, where a carbon atom in sp2 hybridization type is double bond with a oxygen atom:
carbonyl group
C O
C O
H
R
C O
R
R
aldehida cetona
C O
H
CH3
C O
H
CH2CH3
C O
H
Hmetanal etanal propanal
(aldehidă formică) (aldehidă acetică) (aldehidă propionică)
C OCH2CH3
CH3
C OCH3
CH3
propanonă butanonă (dimetilcetonă) (etil-metil cetonă)
Chemical properties Aldehyds and cetones
common reactions
Adition reactions (H2, HCl, HCN)
Condensation reactions (amines, phenols, carbonyl compounds between them)
Aldehyds common reactions
Oxidation reactions
(O2, [O],
Ag(NH3)2OH)
Carboxyl compoundsHave in their structure a carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon radical, and the general formula is:
R C O
OHH C O
OH
C O
OH
CH3 C O
OH
CH2CH3
acid metan oic acid etanoic acid propanoicacid formic acid acetic acid propionic
Clasificareaacizilor
dupa naturaradicalului
saturati
nesaturati
aromatici
dupa numarulde grupari-COOH
monocarboxilici
policarboxilici
Chemical properties
Ionization in watery solution
esterification reaction
reaction with ammonia
Functional compounds of organic acids
R CO
O R`
R CO
O
OCR
R CO
Cl
R CO
NH2
R C N
ester anhidrida clorura acida
amida nitril