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Chapter 12Archaic Homo sapiens and
Neandertals
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Hominin Evolution in the Mid- to Late Pleistocene
• Defining Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens– Large and gracile skull– Rounded cranium– Large, pyramidal mastoid process– Smaller face– Canine fossa– Chin– Long lower limbs
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Archaic Homo sapiens• European Archaic Homo sapiens
500,000 - 600,000 years ago– Boxgrove– Sierra de Atapuerca
• African Archaic Homo sapiens– 600,000 years ago– Bodo– Ndutu
• Asian Archaic Homo sapiens– 130,000-200,000 years ago– Jinniushan– Narmada
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Behavior of Archaic Homo sapiens
• Stone Tools–Middle Paleolithic (Middle Stone Age)• Levallois Technique
• Biodegradable Tools– Stone-wood composite tools
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Behavior of Archaic Homo sapiens (cont’d)
• Big Game Hunting– Schöningen– Boxgrove
• Fire, Campsites, and Home Sites– No proper hearths– Terra Amata
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The Neandertals
• Geographic and Temporal Distribution– 27,000-150,000 years ago– Europe, Near and Middle East, Western Asia– Subspecies of Homo sapiens?
• History of Neandertal Discovery– First discovered in 1830 at Engis cave, Belgium– 1856: limestone quarry in the Neander Valley
(Neanderthal)
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The Neandertals (cont’d)
• Neandertal Anatomy and DNA: Built for the Cold– Cranial• Double-arched brow ridges• No canine fossa• No chin• Long and low vault• Midfacial projection• Large juxtamastoid eminence• 1600cc cranial capacity (male) • 1300cc cranial capacity (female)
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The Neandertals (cont’d)
Neandertal Anatomy and DNA: Built for the Cold (cont’d)
– Teeth• worn anterior teeth
• upper incisors have thick enamel on lingual surface
• taurodontism
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The Neandertals (cont’d)
Neandertal Anatomy and DNA: Built for the Cold (cont’d)
– Postcranial• massive build• short stature• barrel chest• short limbs• heavy muscle markings on bones• gracile superior pubic ramus
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The Neandertals (cont’d)
Neandertal Anatomy and DNA: Built for the Cold (cont’d)
– DNA• 1997: DNA from original Neandertal remains have been
extracted, amplified, and sequenced• Mezmaiskaya: the DNA of this subadult specimen and a
number of other individuals have been successfully analyzed• 2010: nuclear DNA was analyzed and a draft of the
Neandertal genome published
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The Neandertals (cont’d)
Children may have developed
faster than human children
In general, Neandertal may
have developed at a similar
pace to modern humans
Growing Up Neandertal
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The Neandertals (cont’d)
• Health and Disease– Evidence of traumatic injury: Neandertals lived
hard lives; most skeletal remains show injury–Why so many skeletal injuries?• too close to prey while hunting?• fractures may vary by geographic region according to
the ruggedness of terrain
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Neandertal Behavior
• Material Culture– Anterior dentition as tool– Mousterian tradition– Association with Chatelperronian tradition– Wooden spears?
Coping with Cold– Migration– Fire– Hides– Structures
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Neandertal Behavior (cont’d)
• Hunting and Subsistence– Heavy meat reliance– Kebara site
– Cannibalism• as subsistence
• Burials– Spy Cave– La Ferrassie– No grave goods
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Neandertal Behavior (cont’d)
• Ritual and Symbolic Behavior– Very little in the Neandertal archaeological
record to indicate symbolic behavior–Mousterian sites: some incised bones
recovered– Pierced animal teeth may have been items of
personal adornment (Arcy-sur-Cure, France)– An incised plate of a mammoth tooth, from the
site of Tata
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Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Issues: An Overview
Lumpers
Splitters