Conflict & War
The Crusades
Holy Wars for Jerusalem
1st Crusade: Pope Urban—“God wills it!”
2nd Crusade: Falls to Muslims
3rd Crusade: Richard the Lionheart & Saladin, City opens to Pilgrims
4th Crusade: Christians fighting Christians in Constantinople, Muslims attack
Crusaders Capture Jerusalem
Effects of the Crusades
• Expanded economy & culture• More power to Kings & Popes• Exploration• Reconquista:
– Christians v. Muslims in Spain– Ferdinand and Isabella – Inquisition — “crusade” against Muslims and
Jews, religious unity
Revival of Learning & Culture of the Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages
Universities
• Need better educated priests
• 5am-5pm
• Women didn’t attend
• Degree takes 12 yearsChristine de Pisan: The City of Ladies
Scholasticism
• Christianity could be proved with logical argument
• Influenced by Aristotle
• Thomas Aquinas: Summa Theologica
• Combined Greek and Christian thought
• Debated issues
Literature
Hero Epic-El Cid
Romances:
• Song of Roland (Charlemagne)
• King Arthur
The Canterbury Tales
Shows Medieval life
Vernacular: everyday language
Architecture Gothic Style:
• Tall spires & Tall Windows
• Flying Buttress
Reaching towards Heaven , City of
God
Romanesque
Art
Illumination—decoration of books or manuscripts
Book of Kells
Dublin, Ireland
Tapestries
Functional art
Medieval documents
Bayeux Tapestry—William the Conqueror
Crisis!
The Late Middle Ages
The Black Death• Fatal disease that spreads thru Europe• 1/3 of population killed• Terror among people• Economic downturn
Church
• Western Schism– Two popes – Rome v. Avignon
Church
• Wycliffe & Hus call for reform– Frustrated over corruption– Bible > Church– Bible in English
100 Years’ War• France v. England• Economic and land • Early Eng. Victories
– Battle of Agincourt & Henry V– Better Weapons: Longbow
• Joan of Arc• Increase in military, trade, kings’ power