Conflict & War

The Crusades

Holy Wars for Jerusalem

1st Crusade: Pope Urban—“God wills it!”

2nd Crusade: Falls to Muslims

3rd Crusade: Richard the Lionheart & Saladin, City opens to Pilgrims

4th Crusade: Christians fighting Christians in Constantinople, Muslims attack

Crusaders Capture Jerusalem

Effects of the Crusades

• Expanded economy & culture• More power to Kings & Popes• Exploration• Reconquista:

– Christians v. Muslims in Spain– Ferdinand and Isabella – Inquisition — “crusade” against Muslims and

Jews, religious unity

Revival of Learning & Culture of the Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages

Universities

• Need better educated priests

• 5am-5pm

• Women didn’t attend

• Degree takes 12 yearsChristine de Pisan: The City of Ladies

Scholasticism

• Christianity could be proved with logical argument

• Influenced by Aristotle

• Thomas Aquinas: Summa Theologica

• Combined Greek and Christian thought

• Debated issues

Literature

Hero Epic-El Cid

Romances:

• Song of Roland (Charlemagne)

• King Arthur

The Canterbury Tales

Shows Medieval life

Vernacular: everyday language

Architecture Gothic Style:

• Tall spires & Tall Windows

• Flying Buttress

Reaching towards Heaven , City of

God

Romanesque

Art

Illumination—decoration of books or manuscripts

Book of Kells

Dublin, Ireland

Tapestries

Functional art

Medieval documents

Bayeux Tapestry—William the Conqueror

Crisis!

The Late Middle Ages

The Black Death• Fatal disease that spreads thru Europe• 1/3 of population killed• Terror among people• Economic downturn

Church

• Western Schism– Two popes – Rome v. Avignon

Church

• Wycliffe & Hus call for reform– Frustrated over corruption– Bible > Church– Bible in English

100 Years’ War• France v. England• Economic and land • Early Eng. Victories

– Battle of Agincourt & Henry V– Better Weapons: Longbow

• Joan of Arc• Increase in military, trade, kings’ power