CLIMATE CHANGE AND WILDERNESSCLIMATE CHANGE AND WILDERNESS
A SCOTTISH PERSPECTIVEA SCOTTISH PERSPECTIVE
“ “The climatic impacts of releasing fossil fuel CO2 to the atmosphere The climatic impacts of releasing fossil fuel CO2 to the atmosphere will last longer than Stonehenge, longer than time capsules, longer will last longer than Stonehenge, longer than time capsules, longer than nuclear waste, far longer than the age of civilization so far…[it] than nuclear waste, far longer than the age of civilization so far…[it] will persist for hundreds of thousands of years into the future.”will persist for hundreds of thousands of years into the future.”
D. Archer, 2009, The Long Thaw: How Humans Are Changing the Next 100,000 D. Archer, 2009, The Long Thaw: How Humans Are Changing the Next 100,000 Years of Earth’s Climate, P.U.P.Years of Earth’s Climate, P.U.P.
““Comparison of modern global sea surface temperatures with Comparison of modern global sea surface temperatures with palaeoclimate data suggests the planet is at its warmest in the past palaeoclimate data suggests the planet is at its warmest in the past one million years…and this constitutes dangerous climate change. ”one million years…and this constitutes dangerous climate change. ”
Hansen J.E. et. al., 2006 P.N.A.SHansen J.E. et. al., 2006 P.N.A.S. .
Politicians use science the way a drunk uses a lamp-post: for Politicians use science the way a drunk uses a lamp-post: for support, not illumination.support, not illumination.
Jack Talmadge: retired Head of NSFJack Talmadge: retired Head of NSF
THE GLOBAL CLIMATE SYSTEMTHE GLOBAL CLIMATE SYSTEM
atmosphereatmosphere
biospherebiosphere anthrosphereanthrosphere
lithospherelithosphere cryospherecryospherePlate Plate
tectonicstectonics
Earth’s Earth’s orbitorbit
Solar Solar Radiation and Radiation and
Magnetic FieldsMagnetic Fields
Changes in Changes in atmosphereatmosphere
Changes in Changes in cryospherecryosphere
Changes in Changes in biospherebiosphere
Changes in Changes in hydrospherehydrosphere
Changes in Changes in lithospherelithosphere
External External forcingforcing
Internal Internal interactionsinteractions
Internal Internal responsesresponses
hydrospherehydrosphere
Changes in Changes in anthrosphereanthrosphere
Professor John TyndallProfessor John Tyndall1820-18931820-1893
Tyndall proved in 1859 that Tyndall proved in 1859 that the Earth’s atmosphere has a the Earth’s atmosphere has a
greenhouse effectgreenhouse effect
150 YEARS OF RESEARCH INTO GREENHOUSE GASES150 YEARS OF RESEARCH INTO GREENHOUSE GASES
Prof.William RuddimanProf.William RuddimanUniversity of VirginiaUniversity of Virginia
(author of (author of Earth’s Climate: Earth’s Climate: Past and Future)Past and Future)
Evidence that anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse Evidence that anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases first altered the natural balance of the gases first altered the natural balance of the atmosphere with the introduction of systematic atmosphere with the introduction of systematic farming involving deforestation (~8000 years ago) farming involving deforestation (~8000 years ago) and rice planting (~5000 years ago)and rice planting (~5000 years ago)
See T. F. Stocker et al: 2009 Nature 461 507-511 for See T. F. Stocker et al: 2009 Nature 461 507-511 for constraints on Holocene carbon constraints on Holocene carbon cyclecycleSee J Pongratz et al: 2009 Global Biogeochem. Cycles, See J Pongratz et al: 2009 Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 1029, for evidence of pre-industrial anthropodenic 10, 1029, for evidence of pre-industrial anthropodenic COCO22 emissionsemissions
PAST CLIMATES RECONSTRUCTION FROM OXYGEN-ISOTOPE PAST CLIMATES RECONSTRUCTION FROM OXYGEN-ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF DEEP SEA AND POLAR ICE CORES.ANALYSIS OF DEEP SEA AND POLAR ICE CORES.
PALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTIONPALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION
PALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTIONPALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION
PALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTIONPALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION
PALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTIONPALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION
PALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTIONPALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION
PALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTIONPALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION
PALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTIONPALAEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION
• Temperatures are risingTemperatures are rising
• Sea levels are risingSea levels are rising
• Snowfall is decreasingSnowfall is decreasing
Known Global ImpactsKnown Global Impacts
Global ImpactsGlobal Impacts
Oceanic Acidification and Loss Oceanic Acidification and Loss of Coral Reefsof Coral Reefs
Global ImpactsGlobal Impacts
Crop Yield ReductionsCrop Yield Reductions
Increased Risk of WildfiresIncreased Risk of Wildfires
ScotlandScotland
Data courtesy Scottish Natural HeritageData courtesy Scottish Natural Heritage
All Scotland
10
100
1000
1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004
Ind
ex
(1
97
9 =
10
0)
Lo
g S
ca
le
All species (21)
Specialists (7)
Generalists (14)
Generalists increasing - due to climate changeGeneralists increasing - due to climate change Specialists decreasing – due to habitat lossSpecialists decreasing – due to habitat loss
ScotlandScotland
Data courtesy Scottish Natural HeritageData courtesy Scottish Natural Heritage
1989
Ben MacduiBen Macdui
2008
ScotlandScotland
DO SUNSPOTS CAUSE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE?DO SUNSPOTS CAUSE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE?
““By projecting surface temperature data (1959–2004)By projecting surface temperature data (1959–2004)onto the spatial structure obtained objectively from theonto the spatial structure obtained objectively from thecomposite mean difference between solar max andcomposite mean difference between solar max andsolar min years, we obtain a global warming signal ofsolar min years, we obtain a global warming signal ofalmost 0.2almost 0.2ooC attributable to the 11-year solar cycle.”C attributable to the 11-year solar cycle.”
““Sunspot cycles Sunspot cycles correspond with surface correspond with surface temperature cycles, but temperature cycles, but can explain only about 20% can explain only about 20% of the variation.”of the variation.”
Prof. Ka-Kit TungProf. Ka-Kit TungWashington U.Washington U.
Charles D. Camp and Ka Kit Tung, “Surface warming by the solar cycle Charles D. Camp and Ka Kit Tung, “Surface warming by the solar cycle as revealed by the composite mean difference projection,” as revealed by the composite mean difference projection,”
Geophysical Research LettersGeophysical Research Letters, 2007, 2007
GREENHOUSE GASES DO GREENHOUSE GASES DO AFFECT GLOBAL CLIMATEAFFECT GLOBAL CLIMATE
““Cloud condensation nuclei Cloud condensation nuclei concentrations aren’t very concentrations aren’t very sensitive to changes in galactic sensitive to changes in galactic cosmic ray abundance.”cosmic ray abundance.”
Pierce, J.R. , Adams P.J. , 2009Pierce, J.R. , Adams P.J. , 2009J.Geophy. Res. Lett. 10 1029J.Geophy. Res. Lett. 10 1029
ARE GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS IMPORTANT?ARE GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS IMPORTANT?
Prof. James E. HansenProf. James E. HansenHead of NASA Head of NASA
Goddard Institute Goddard Institute for for
Space Studies Space Studies
Hansen has issued strong warnings Hansen has issued strong warnings about how low-lying coastal areas about how low-lying coastal areas such as Florida (seen here), East such as Florida (seen here), East Anglia, the Netherlands, low oceanic Anglia, the Netherlands, low oceanic islands and Bangladesh are islands and Bangladesh are vulnerable to rising sea levels .vulnerable to rising sea levels .
VenusVenus
MODELLING CLIMATE CHANGEMODELLING CLIMATE CHANGE
““A large part of the warming must to be attributed to human A large part of the warming must to be attributed to human activities.”activities.”
UKCIP02-2006UKCIP02-2006
““There is no credible evidence that cosmic rays play a significant There is no credible evidence that cosmic rays play a significant role in global climate change.” role in global climate change.”
Alan Thorpe: Chief Executive UK Natural Environment Research CouncilAlan Thorpe: Chief Executive UK Natural Environment Research Council
““Climate Models are probably the most complex in all of Climate Models are probably the most complex in all of science and have already proved their worth with startling science and have already proved their worth with startling success in simulating the past climate of the Earth.”success in simulating the past climate of the Earth.”
J. Scaife et. al., Physics World Feb 2007J. Scaife et. al., Physics World Feb 2007
"In many ways we know more about what will happen in the "In many ways we know more about what will happen in the 2050s than next year." 2050s than next year."
Vicky Pope, UK Met Office,Vicky Pope, UK Met Office, WMO Conference, 2009WMO Conference, 2009
THE BASIC GLOBAL THE BASIC GLOBAL CLIMATE COMPUTER MODELCLIMATE COMPUTER MODEL
Global CO2 levels from 1960-2100 for different emission Global CO2 levels from 1960-2100 for different emission scenariosscenarios
2.0
US CHINA EU
1.0
3.0
2.5
1.5
0.5
FSU INDIA AFRICA
+39%
+118%
+19%+42%
+70%+80%
PROJECTED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY 2025PROJECTED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY 20252000 Emissions2000 Emissions
2025 Projected 2025 Projected EmissionsEmissions
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
World Developednations
Developingnations
+57%
+35%
+84%
Bill
ion
s o
f to
nn
es o
f ca
rbo
n e
qu
ival
ent
Bill
ion
s o
f to
nn
es o
f ca
rbo
n e
qu
ival
ent
J.Tollefson, 2009, Nature 460, 158-159J.Tollefson, 2009, Nature 460, 158-159
NOT CURRENTLY INCLUDED IN IPCC CLIMATE FORECAST MODELSNOT CURRENTLY INCLUDED IN IPCC CLIMATE FORECAST MODELS
Substantial slowing or collapse ofSubstantial slowing or collapse ofocean circulation that transportsocean circulation that transports
heat to North Atlanticheat to North Atlantic
Crucial positive feedback mechanisms such Crucial positive feedback mechanisms such as tundra or ocean-bed methane releaseas tundra or ocean-bed methane release
Effect of ice loss from polar regionsEffect of ice loss from polar regions
THE GLOBAL CLIMATE SYSTEM : TIPPING POINTSTHE GLOBAL CLIMATE SYSTEM : TIPPING POINTS
Average Temperature Average Temperature Change Change ooCC
Action NeededAction Needed CO2 TargetCO2 Target
0.5 - 1.00.5 - 1.0 Already reached and unavoidableAlready reached and unavoidable 350 ppm350 ppm
Tipping point for ice-albedo feedbackTipping point for ice-albedo feedbackApproaching tipping points for oceanic CO2 saturation and dangerous acidificationApproaching tipping points for oceanic CO2 saturation and dangerous acidification
1.1 - 2.01.1 - 2.0 Peak global emissions of CO2 by 2015: Peak global emissions of CO2 by 2015: unavoidableunavoidable
400 ppm400 ppm
Tipping point for carbon cycle feedback (release of carbon currently sequestered in soils and oceans)Tipping point for carbon cycle feedback (release of carbon currently sequestered in soils and oceans)
2.1 - 3.02.1 - 3.0 Peak global emissions of CO2 by 2030Peak global emissions of CO2 by 2030 450 ppm450 ppm
Tipping point for Siberian methane feedback/oceanic methane clathrate releaseTipping point for Siberian methane feedback/oceanic methane clathrate release
3.1 - 4.03.1 - 4.0 Peak global emissions of CO2 by 2050Peak global emissions of CO2 by 2050 550 ppm550 ppm
Severe stressing of global economic and agricultural systemsSevere stressing of global economic and agricultural systems
4.1 - 5.04.1 - 5.0 Allow constantly rising emissionsAllow constantly rising emissions > 650 ppm> 650 ppm
Potential for mass extinctions/collapse of global economic and agricultural systemsPotential for mass extinctions/collapse of global economic and agricultural systems
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Risks to unique and threatened systems
Risks of extreme weather events
Distribution of impacts
Aggregate economic impacts
Risks of
large scale discontinuities
Risks to some
Risks to many
Increase
Large increase
Negative for most regions
Negative for some regions, positive for others
Positive or
negative market
impacts: majority of people adversely affected Low
HighNegative in all
markets
pas
tfu
ture
B1B1(x2)(x2)
A1F1A1F1(x3)(x3)
Incr
ease
in
glo
bal
mea
n t
em
pe
ratu
res
abo
ve p
re-
ind
us
tria
l le
vels
(oC
)
NOWNOW
Smith J.B et al, 2009, P.N.A.S. 106, 4133-4137 (Nature 2009 458 1104-1105)Smith J.B et al, 2009, P.N.A.S. 106, 4133-4137 (Nature 2009 458 1104-1105)
THE 3 THE 3 ooC WORLDC WORLD Last experienced ~ 3million years agoLast experienced ~ 3million years ago
AN ICE FREE ARCTIC?AN ICE FREE ARCTIC?
19921992 20022002 20062006
There is a marked 30 year decline in Arctic summertime ice extentThere is a marked 30 year decline in Arctic summertime ice extent
Satellite Imagery from Cryosphere Today WebsiteSatellite Imagery from Cryosphere Today Website
Pine Island Glacier: West AntarcticaPine Island Glacier: West Antarctica
“…“….the rate of thinning of the Pine Island .the rate of thinning of the Pine Island Glacier quadrupled from 1995 to 2006.”Glacier quadrupled from 1995 to 2006.”
D. Wingham et.al., 2009, Geophys.Res.Lett. 36, D. Wingham et.al., 2009, Geophys.Res.Lett. 36, L17501L17501
If the current rate of acceleration continues, the If the current rate of acceleration continues, the main trunk of the glacier will be afloat within 100 main trunk of the glacier will be afloat within 100 years.years.
INCREASING RELEASE OF POLAR ICEINCREASING RELEASE OF POLAR ICE
Journal of Glaciology, 2009 Vol55, 573Journal of Glaciology, 2009 Vol55, 573
““While the growth of great ice sheets While the growth of great ice sheets takes millenia, the disintegration of ice takes millenia, the disintegration of ice sheets is a wet process that can proceed sheets is a wet process that can proceed rapidly.”rapidly.”
J. E. Hansen, (2009), NASA J. E. Hansen, (2009), NASA Goddard Institute of Space StudiesGoddard Institute of Space Studies
Ancient reefs in Mexico suggest that sea levels rose Ancient reefs in Mexico suggest that sea levels rose 3 metres in less than 100 years during last interglacial3 metres in less than 100 years during last interglacial
2009
2060?
CHANGES TO NORTHERN CHANGES TO NORTHERN EUROPEAN COASTLINEEUROPEAN COASTLINE
DEATH OF CORAL DEATH OF CORAL REEFSREEFS
OCEAN ACIDIFICATIONOCEAN ACIDIFICATION
PELAGIC ECOSYSTEMPELAGIC ECOSYSTEMCOLLAPSECOLLAPSE
Karakoram/ Himalayan /Tibetan Karakoram/ Himalayan /Tibetan drainage provides fresh water drainage provides fresh water for 1/4 of the world’s population: for 1/4 of the world’s population: already at risk because of already at risk because of reduced winter snow reduced winter snow accumulation and net loss of accumulation and net loss of glacial ice.glacial ice.
Some South American Some South American countries are totally reliant on countries are totally reliant on seasonal melt from Andes for seasonal melt from Andes for their water: already at serious their water: already at serious risk because of reduced snow risk because of reduced snow accumulation in winter and accumulation in winter and loss of glacial ice. loss of glacial ice.
High Emission Scenario High Emission Scenario by 2080by 2080
Mean Temperature Mean Temperature Change: AnnualChange: Annual
High Emission Scenario High Emission Scenario by 2080by 2080
Mean Precipitation Mean Precipitation Change: SummerChange: Summer
Source: UKCIP09Source: UKCIP09 Source: UKCIP09Source: UKCIP09
Source: UKCIP09Source: UKCIP09
High Emission Scenario High Emission Scenario by 2080by 2080
Mean Precipitation Mean Precipitation Change: WinterChange: Winter
PLAN 0PLAN 0 do nothingdo nothing
problem too big: unsolvableproblem too big: unsolvable
problem too small: nothing to solveproblem too small: nothing to solve
PLAN APLAN A 2 2 ooC limit ?C limit ?
trillion tonne aggregate limit ?trillion tonne aggregate limit ?
550…450…350 ppm limit ?550…450…350 ppm limit ?
PLAN BPLAN B
COCO22 emissions emissions reductionreduction
Mitigation Mitigation strategies strategies
Carbon capture and storageCarbon capture and storage
Geo-engineeringGeo-engineeringeg: Solar radiation reductioneg: Solar radiation reduction
PLAN CPLAN C voluntary reduction in personal carbon footprintvoluntary reduction in personal carbon footprint
To
p-d
ow
nT
op
-do
wn
Bo
tto
m-u
pB
ott
om
-up
WHAT’S TO BE DONE?WHAT’S TO BE DONE?
1997 KYOTO EMISSIONS PLEDGES ARE FALLING SHORT 1997 KYOTO EMISSIONS PLEDGES ARE FALLING SHORT
PLEDGES: 10% -- 24% below 1990 by 2020PLEDGES: 10% -- 24% below 1990 by 2020 REQUIRED BY IPCC: 25% -- 40%REQUIRED BY IPCC: 25% -- 40%
G8 target: 80% -- 90% of 1990 levels by 2050. No G8 target for 2020.G8 target: 80% -- 90% of 1990 levels by 2050. No G8 target for 2020.
CUMULATIVE COCUMULATIVE CO22 EMISSIONS 1750-2006 EMISSIONS 1750-2006Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre, Oak Ridge National LaboratorySource: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
PLAN APLAN A
8%6%
28%
2%
3%7%
3%
4%
8%
18%
13%
RussiaRussiaUKUK
USAUSA
ShippingShipping
Canada &Canada &AustraliaAustralia
GermanyGermanyJapanJapan
IndiaIndia
ChinaChina
Rest of Rest of EuropeEurope
Rest Rest of Worldof World
b)b) failed policy of “Cap and Trade” (eg European Union Emissions Trading failed policy of “Cap and Trade” (eg European Union Emissions Trading System). Replace with “DUCT” (Direct Universal Carbon Tax)?System). Replace with “DUCT” (Direct Universal Carbon Tax)?
New Scientist 2009 September 12, pg 35New Scientist 2009 September 12, pg 35
c)c) Adopt an “OAR” Strategy (Overshoot, Adapt and Recover)?Adopt an “OAR” Strategy (Overshoot, Adapt and Recover)?Parry M. et. al. , 2009 Nature, Vol 458, 1102-1103Parry M. et. al. , 2009 Nature, Vol 458, 1102-1103
a)a) Which Line in the sand? 2Which Line in the sand? 2ooC ? 450 ppm ? “Trillion-tonne limit”?C ? 450 ppm ? “Trillion-tonne limit”?Nature 2009 1158-1166Nature 2009 1158-1166
The Principle of Common Differentiated ResponsibilityThe Principle of Common Differentiated Responsibility
20032003 20082008
USAUSA 9,1499,149 25,23725,237
GermanyGermany 18,41518,415 23,93323,933
SpainSpain 10,02810,028 16,54316,543
ChinaChina 1,2601,260 12,12112,121
IndiaIndia 4,4304,430 9,6559,655
ItalyItaly 1,7181,718 3,7363,736
FranceFrance 757757 3,4043,404
UKUK 1,3321,332 3,2883,288
DenmarkDenmark 3,1363,136 3,1603,160
World TotalWorld Total 59,09159,091 121,188121,188
WIND POWER CAPACITY 2008WIND POWER CAPACITY 2008/MW/MW
PROJECTED GROWTH: PROJECTED GROWTH: 160GW BY 2010160GW BY 2010
Electricity generated Electricity generated worldwide in 2006:worldwide in 2006:
19,015 Terawatt-hours19,015 Terawatt-hours
Non-renewableNon-renewable 81.51 %81.51 %
HydroHydro 16.41 %16.41 %
WindWind 0.68 % 0.68 %
SolarSolar 0.02 % 0.02 %
Other RenewableOther Renewable 1.37 % 1.37 %
Electricity that could be Electricity that could be generated worldwide from generated worldwide from
renewable sources : 975,010 renewable sources : 975,010 TWhrTWhr
Source: Source: World Energy Statistics World Energy Statistics
and Balances and Balances OECD/IEAOECD/IEA
PLAN APLAN A
PLAN B: PLAN B: GEOENGINEERING GEOENGINEERING
COSTCOST
CL
IMA
TE
BE
NE
FIT
CL
IMA
TE
BE
NE
FIT
low
low
mediummedium highhighlowlow
med
ium
med
ium
hig
hh
igh
stratospheric aerosols
spacesunshades
surface albedo
oceanfertilization
cloudalbedo
conventionalmitigation
CO2
capture
mediumrisk
low risk high risk
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF GEOENGINEERING PROPOSALS COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF GEOENGINEERING PROPOSALS RELATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONRELATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
SAFEST: COSAFEST: CO22 capture capture
HIGHEST COST-HIGHEST COST-BENEFIT RATIO: BENEFIT RATIO: Stratospheric aerosol Stratospheric aerosol injectioninjection
P Cox and H Jeffrey, 2009,P Cox and H Jeffrey, 2009, Physics World, Vol 22 No 5, Physics World, Vol 22 No 5,
Royal Society, 2009,Royal Society, 2009,Geoengineering ClimateGeoengineering Climate
PLAN B: PLAN B: GEOENGINEERING GEOENGINEERING
PLAN C: <9.8 TONNES PER PERSON PER ANNUMPLAN C: <9.8 TONNES PER PERSON PER ANNUM
SUMMARY TABLE OF SAVINGS SUMMARY TABLE OF SAVINGS FOR A UK CITIZENFOR A UK CITIZEN
COCO22 emissions saving per emissions saving per
person per annum / tonnesperson per annum / tonnes
Home InsulationHome Insulation 0.800.80
Purchase green electricity*Purchase green electricity* 0.800.80
Unplug appliances on standbyUnplug appliances on standby 0.040.04
Buy a wood-burning stove with Buy a wood-burning stove with back boilerback boiler
0.900.90
Swap PC for laptopSwap PC for laptop 0.200.20
Buy organic productsBuy organic products 0.800.80
Control use of washing machine Control use of washing machine and scrap tumble drierand scrap tumble drier
0.250.25
Buy local non-processed non-Buy local non-processed non-packaged foodpackaged food
0.700.70
Use energy efficient light bulbsUse energy efficient light bulbs 0.250.25
Lower household thermostat by Lower household thermostat by 22ooC in winterC in winter
0.400.40
Stop flyingStop flying 1.601.60
Change car to hybrid / electricChange car to hybrid / electric 1.001.00
TOTALTOTAL 7.747.74
““The wild places are where we began. When they end, so do we.”The wild places are where we began. When they end, so do we.”
David BrowerDavid Brower(Founder: Friends of the Earth)(Founder: Friends of the Earth)
“…“…how we might reconnect public policy with rigorous science, bring how we might reconnect public policy with rigorous science, bring our economy into alignment with ecological realities, and begin to our economy into alignment with ecological realities, and begin to regard ourselves as planetary trustees for future generations…”regard ourselves as planetary trustees for future generations…”
D.W. Orr, 2009, Confronting Climate Collapse, OUPD.W. Orr, 2009, Confronting Climate Collapse, OUP
“…“…significant problems we face cannot be solved at the same level significant problems we face cannot be solved at the same level of thinking we were at when we created them.”of thinking we were at when we created them.”
attributed to A. Einstein by A. Calaprice, 2005, attributed to A. Einstein by A. Calaprice, 2005, The New Quotable Einstein, P.U.P.The New Quotable Einstein, P.U.P.