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Classification The study of Classification of organisms into groups is
called TAXONOMY.
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Why classify?
• It enables scientists to understand the relationships between organisms
• It is also a useful way of cataloguing organisms
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• Similarities exist between different species of organisms because of common genes.
• Closely related organisms have more genes in common and so share more features.
• Read p28 in handbook, under keywords.
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The basics of a Hierarchical Classification system:
Check that you have this copied onto the bottom of p28 of your HB:
• Organisms are divided into groups which are further subdivided into more groups.
• Organisms are classified on the basis of their similar or shared features.
• There is no overlap between the groups (ie an organism must either be a bird or a reptile, it cannot fall half way inbetween the 2).
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The first idea of classification
• Animals
• Plants
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Animals - ( invertebrates and…..
Invertebrates do NOT have a backbone nor an internal skeleton.
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vertebrates…or…….Chordates) Vertebrates DO have a backbone and an internal skeleton.
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Plants
Horse tail
Fern
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First classification
Th e firs t c lass ifica tion sys tem
P lan ts A n im a ls
K in g d om
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Fungi (Mushrooms, toadstools, moulds, yeasts)
Honey fungus
Mucor
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Up to three kingdoms
F u n g i P lan ts A n im a ls
K in g d om
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Protoctists (single celled organisms with a true nucleus & seaweeds.
Seaweed
Euglena
Volvox
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This made four kingdoms:
P ro toc tis ta F u n g i P lan ts A n im a ls
K in g d om
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ProkaryotesAll the species of bacteria eg Cholera vibrio, Bovine tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi.
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The Five Kingdoms
Th e F ive K in g d om S ys tem o f c lass ifiac tion
F eatu res
P rokaryo tae
F eatu res
P ro toc tis ta
F ea tu res
F u n g i
F ea tu res
A n im a lia
F ea tu res
P lan tae
K in g d om
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Where do these fit in?
Viruses Sponges
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• For AS Biology, you need to learn the latin names of the 5 kingdoms and some examples of organisms belonging to each.
• For A2 Biology, you need to learn the names and characteristic features of the 5 kingdoms.
Summarise this information on a poster using pages 63 – 69 of the Heinemann book.
Answer Q2 page 72 of the Heinemann book.
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The Kingdom Hierarchical groupings:
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
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WITH LATIN NAMES OF ORGANISMS, THE FIRST WORD ISTHE GENUS AND HAS A CAPITAL LETTER, AND THE 2ND WORD IS THE SPECIES NAME AND HAS A LOWER CASE LETTER..
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Classification is Phylogenetic
This means that Classification is based on the evolutionary history of an organism.
(Draw sketch of evolutionary tree with sketched time-line)
The study of Classification of organisms into groups is called TAXONOMY.
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• Evidence for classifying organisms in different genera groups can come from….
(a) their fossil records,
(b) differences in their DNA and
(c) differences in their evolutionary history (phylogeny).