Download - Class 18: Conformity and Compliance
Class 18:
Conformity and Compliance
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sno1TpCLj6A&feature=player_detailpage
Course Evaluation: SIRS Survey
https://sakai.rutgers.edu/portal/site/sirs
https://sakai.rutgers.edu/portal/site/sirs
Solomon Asch
Group A: intelligent-skillful-industrious-warm-determined-practical-cautiousGroup B: intelligent-skillful-industrious-cold-determined-practical-cautious
Swarthmore (1947-1966): Trained in Gestalt Psych under W. Kohler
Rutgers (1966-1972): Inst. Cog. Studies
U. Penn (1972-1979)
Impression formation: Order effects and critical attributes
Group A. intelligent-industrious-impulsive-critical-stubborn-enviousGroup B. envious-stubborn-critical-impulsive-industrious-intelligent
Purpose: To demonstrate the force of social pressure on public judgment.
Method: Ss are in study supposedly about spatial judgment
One of 6-8 other subjects (in fact confeds) On certain trials, all other Ss give clearly wrong answersCritical outcome: Will S answer in same way as others.
Result: 76% comply at least once vs. 5% wrong answer in control group.
Asch Compliance Study
Results of Standard Conformity Study
Erroneous Responses
Num
ber o
f Su
bjec
ts
Character of Non-Conformers
1. Confident in own perception: Most vigorous dissenters. Emotionally-driven.
2. Withdrawn: Non-emotional, non-spontaneous; principled and deliberate.
3. Conflicted: Torn and anxious, but stuck to demands of task not demands of group.
Character of Conformers
1. Distorted perception: Actually see lines in distorted manner
2. Distorted judgment: Do not trust own perceptions
3. Distorted action: Don't want to defy the group
The Power of Numbers--To Harm and to Help
Effect of one ally among bizarre majority?
Drops from 74% to 10%
How large a majority to produce conformity?
Just three unanimous others
What happens when ally joins majority?
Conformity totally restored
Late arrival of ally? Reduced conformity, but not totally reduced. Why?
Compromised partner--wrong, but not as wrong as majority
Reduced degree, but not number, of errors
Asch Study and Invisible Rope
Invis ble R pe
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMLd4ohAffQ&feature=fvwp&NR=1
Asch Studyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=sno1TpCLj6A&feature=player_detailpage
Situational Factors
Group unanimityGroup cohesivenessOpportunity to answer privately vs. publicly
Dispositional (Person) Factors
Desire to be liked (Normative Social Influence)Desire to behave adaptively
Reasons for Compliance
Reasons for non-complianceNeed for individuationDesire to maintain personal controlDesire to maintain personal integrity
Power of MinoritiesRequires that minority: be consistent
be non-rigid, non-dogmatic hold views consistent with circumstances
People comply with minority because:Minority motivated to think systematicallyMinority gets others to think systematically
Non-Compliance and the Power of Minorities
Bystander Intervention
John Darley Bibb LataneDaniel Batson
Kitty Genovese
Intervention Study Design
Ss told study involves personal disclosures. Anonymity important. All Ss in separate rooms. Only 1 naive S, rest are confeds.
One confed fakes an epileptic seizure
IV: How many other "subjects" witness distressed subject: 0, 1, or 4
DV: Does naive subject help? How long until subject helps?
Bystander Study Results
Reasons for Not Helping
Non-helpers in state of conflict: Avoidance/Avoidance
Why we dispositionalize:
a. Provides reason, meaning for bad eventsb. Provide ego-buffer from thoughts of own possible
failure to help.
From Jerusalem to JerichoDarley & Batson, 1973
Why doesn’t she help?
Design and PredictionsSubjects: 40 seminary students
Religiosity Measure: Extrinsic: Religion as means to endsIntrinsic: Religion as end in itselfReligion as a quest
Cover story: Study concerns vocational careers of seminarians
Task: Ss give talk on either: Parable of Good Samaritan (help relevant) Vocational opportunities (help irrelevant)
Time Pressure: Ample/Moderate/little time to get to audience
Helping: Response to moaning man huddled in doorway
Main effect for Time PressureNo Effect for MessageInteraction is not significantNOTE: Small n may have obscured possible interaction
Religiosity: Small but real effects; doctrinal types most ardent
Helping Measure
“Victim” rates S’s response:0 = Failed to notice1 = Noticed only2 = Indirect help 3 = Offered help4 = Insisted on helping
Moderators of Bystander Apathy
Situational ambiguity: In small groups, how often 1 person helps? 100% in non-ambig, 30% in ambig.
Competence of other potential helpers
Prior “social contract” with victimRadio at beach; Suitcase at “automat”“Contracted” more likely to NOTICE theft, and STOP theft
Countering bystander apathy
____ Will one of you please help?____ You, in the green shirt! Yes, you! Get help!X
Requesting Help: Pup Psychology
Implicit Bystander EffectsGarcia, Weaver, Moskowitz, & Darley, JPSP, 2002
Simply thinking about being in a group should induce bystander effects. Why?
Primes: Being “deindividuated” Lowered sense of accountability
Method Studies 1 and 3
1. Think about dinner with 1, 10, 30 friends2. Filler task
Study 1 DV: How much of your salary plan to donate to charity?Study 3 DV: How much time will you now give us on an experiment?
Studies 1 and 3 Results