class 18: conformity and compliance
TRANSCRIPT
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Class 18:
Conformity and Compliance
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sno1TpCLj6A&feature=player_detailpage
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Course Evaluation: SIRS Survey
https://sakai.rutgers.edu/portal/site/sirs
https://sakai.rutgers.edu/portal/site/sirs
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Solomon Asch
Group A: intelligent-skillful-industrious-warm-determined-practical-cautiousGroup B: intelligent-skillful-industrious-cold-determined-practical-cautious
Swarthmore (1947-1966): Trained in Gestalt Psych under W. Kohler
Rutgers (1966-1972): Inst. Cog. Studies
U. Penn (1972-1979)
Impression formation: Order effects and critical attributes
Group A. intelligent-industrious-impulsive-critical-stubborn-enviousGroup B. envious-stubborn-critical-impulsive-industrious-intelligent
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Purpose: To demonstrate the force of social pressure on public judgment.
Method: Ss are in study supposedly about spatial judgment
One of 6-8 other subjects (in fact confeds) On certain trials, all other Ss give clearly wrong answersCritical outcome: Will S answer in same way as others.
Result: 76% comply at least once vs. 5% wrong answer in control group.
Asch Compliance Study
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Results of Standard Conformity Study
Erroneous Responses
Num
ber o
f Su
bjec
ts
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Character of Non-Conformers
1. Confident in own perception: Most vigorous dissenters. Emotionally-driven.
2. Withdrawn: Non-emotional, non-spontaneous; principled and deliberate.
3. Conflicted: Torn and anxious, but stuck to demands of task not demands of group.
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Character of Conformers
1. Distorted perception: Actually see lines in distorted manner
2. Distorted judgment: Do not trust own perceptions
3. Distorted action: Don't want to defy the group
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The Power of Numbers--To Harm and to Help
Effect of one ally among bizarre majority?
Drops from 74% to 10%
How large a majority to produce conformity?
Just three unanimous others
What happens when ally joins majority?
Conformity totally restored
Late arrival of ally? Reduced conformity, but not totally reduced. Why?
Compromised partner--wrong, but not as wrong as majority
Reduced degree, but not number, of errors
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Asch Study and Invisible Rope
Invis ble R pe
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMLd4ohAffQ&feature=fvwp&NR=1
Asch Studyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=sno1TpCLj6A&feature=player_detailpage
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Situational Factors
Group unanimityGroup cohesivenessOpportunity to answer privately vs. publicly
Dispositional (Person) Factors
Desire to be liked (Normative Social Influence)Desire to behave adaptively
Reasons for Compliance
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Reasons for non-complianceNeed for individuationDesire to maintain personal controlDesire to maintain personal integrity
Power of MinoritiesRequires that minority: be consistent
be non-rigid, non-dogmatic hold views consistent with circumstances
People comply with minority because:Minority motivated to think systematicallyMinority gets others to think systematically
Non-Compliance and the Power of Minorities
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Bystander Intervention
John Darley Bibb LataneDaniel Batson
Kitty Genovese
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Intervention Study Design
Ss told study involves personal disclosures. Anonymity important. All Ss in separate rooms. Only 1 naive S, rest are confeds.
One confed fakes an epileptic seizure
IV: How many other "subjects" witness distressed subject: 0, 1, or 4
DV: Does naive subject help? How long until subject helps?
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Bystander Study Results
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Reasons for Not Helping
Non-helpers in state of conflict: Avoidance/Avoidance
Why we dispositionalize:
a. Provides reason, meaning for bad eventsb. Provide ego-buffer from thoughts of own possible
failure to help.
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From Jerusalem to JerichoDarley & Batson, 1973
Why doesn’t she help?
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Design and PredictionsSubjects: 40 seminary students
Religiosity Measure: Extrinsic: Religion as means to endsIntrinsic: Religion as end in itselfReligion as a quest
Cover story: Study concerns vocational careers of seminarians
Task: Ss give talk on either: Parable of Good Samaritan (help relevant) Vocational opportunities (help irrelevant)
Time Pressure: Ample/Moderate/little time to get to audience
Helping: Response to moaning man huddled in doorway
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Main effect for Time PressureNo Effect for MessageInteraction is not significantNOTE: Small n may have obscured possible interaction
Religiosity: Small but real effects; doctrinal types most ardent
Helping Measure
“Victim” rates S’s response:0 = Failed to notice1 = Noticed only2 = Indirect help 3 = Offered help4 = Insisted on helping
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Moderators of Bystander Apathy
Situational ambiguity: In small groups, how often 1 person helps? 100% in non-ambig, 30% in ambig.
Competence of other potential helpers
Prior “social contract” with victimRadio at beach; Suitcase at “automat”“Contracted” more likely to NOTICE theft, and STOP theft
Countering bystander apathy
____ Will one of you please help?____ You, in the green shirt! Yes, you! Get help!X
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Requesting Help: Pup Psychology
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Implicit Bystander EffectsGarcia, Weaver, Moskowitz, & Darley, JPSP, 2002
Simply thinking about being in a group should induce bystander effects. Why?
Primes: Being “deindividuated” Lowered sense of accountability
Method Studies 1 and 3
1. Think about dinner with 1, 10, 30 friends2. Filler task
Study 1 DV: How much of your salary plan to donate to charity?Study 3 DV: How much time will you now give us on an experiment?
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Studies 1 and 3 Results