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Chapter 9—Basic Components of Memory
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Basic Terms
• Memory = ability to recall information that has previously been learned
• Storage = putting new information in memory (storage)
• Retrieval = finding information that was previously learned (digging through file cabinets)
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Memory
3 types of memory—sensory, short, & long
Sensory register
Short-term or working memory
Long-term memory
Input
Input
Input
Lost Lost Lost?
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Sensory Memory• Holds incoming information long enough
for brain to start preliminary processing
• All information stays with us for very brief time
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Afterimages
• Afterimages are one way that we can examine the sensory memory
• Look very carefully at the next slide—stare at the dot in the center for about 30 seconds
• After 30 seconds, the picture will disappear and be replaced by a blank slide
• Notice what you see on the blank slide
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Pay close attention to the dot in the center of the slide
After I click off this slide, the dot will remain on screen for 4 seconds.
Then, the dot will disappear and an array of 12 letters—4 letters each in 3 rows—will appear at the center of the slide for a fraction of a second
After the array disappears, write down as many letters as you can recall
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T M B G
L F W S
B Z N H
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T M B G
L F W S
B Z N H
How many did you remember?Here is the array in its original place on the slide
Most people remember only about 1/3 of the letters when asked to report them all
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Characteristics of sensory memory
• Capacity– Unlimited—consider the flag picture
• Duration– Very brief
• Visual (vision) = approximately ½ second• Auditory (hearing) = approximately 2-3 seconds
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Moving information from sensory memory to working memory
• Attention processes are very important
• Memory is highly dependent on attention
• Often times, one reason that you can’t remember is due to the fact that you haven’t paid attention to them
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Capacity of short term memory
• Very limited
• Magical number 7, plus or minus two
• People can usually hold 5 to 9 things in memory at one time
• Grouping together objects increases amount of information
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Overloading the capacity of Short Term Memory
• Often overloaded because of its limited capacity
• Too much information presented at once—over seven items in a few seconds duration
• Information too difficult—complexity of information takes up processing
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Chunking:Extending WM Capacity
• Which list of letters is easier to remember?
C F K I B G A I B
C I A F B I K G B
DoneReady
DoneReady
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Chunking:Extending WM Capacity
• By combining items into meaningful “chunks,” we use fewer slots of WM
C F K I B G A I B 9 slots of WM
CIA FBI KGB 3 slots of WM
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Control Processes in Short Term Memory
• Organization– Chunking is one way– memory?
• Retrieval– How much info is stored?
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Long-term memory : Storage
Compare Long-Term Memory to Storing files in a cabinet
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Construction in LTM storage
• LTM is not like a computer memory or video• Builds multiple lines to retrieve information• Perceptions (predicting, thinking before it
actually occurs) add to our memory
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Illusions
• When perception does not accurately represent the world
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Illusions
• When perception does not accurately represent the world
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How long-term memory processes interfere with perception
On the next slide, name the colors of the ink as quickly as possible
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How long-term memory processes interfere with perception
On the next slide, name the colors of the ink as quickly as possible
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REDBLACKPINKGREENREDPINKBLUEBLUE
BLUEPINKREDREDBLACKBLUEREDGREEN
GREENBLUEBLACKPINKREDBLUEGREENPINK
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On the next slide, name the colors of the ink as quickly as possible
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GREENBLUEREDBLUEBLACKREDGREENBLACK
REDGREENBLACKBLUEREDPINKGREENRED
BLUEREDBLUEGREENBLACKPINKREDBLUE
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Factors that affect LTM storage
• Short Term Memory
• Prior knowledge
• Expectations
• Repeating
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Sponge
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