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Chapter 2
The Rise of the Atlantic World
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West Africa
• Mali- leading power in West African savannah– Muslim traders- brass, copper, cloth, spices,
manufactured good, Arabian horses– Timbuktu- best-known city
• Songhai– 1400’s split from Mali
• Morocco- defeated Songhai in 1591 and became the dominant power in the region.
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West Africa con’t
• Kongo- established civilization along the Congo River, Chiefdom with hereditary rulers
• Gold Coast- Mercantilism• Tradition of extended families, some Matrilineal,
some Patrilineal. Number of children was a sign of wealth, multiple wives,
• Farming- Crop/field rotation, yams, sugar cane, bananas, okra, eggplant, cotton, grain, rice, cattle, fishing, rice.
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West Africa con’t
• Religion– priests, dreams, charms, shrines,
ancestor worship, witchcraft, sculptures of deities, storytelling/oral tradition
– Islam among merchants
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European Culture and Society
• Renaissance– Philosophy, science, medicine, geography– Art- Florence, Venice, Rome
• National Monarchies– France, Spain, England– Ferdinand and Isabella-1479– Population Explosion- London (55,000-200,000)– Industrial Revolution– Joint-Stock Company– Market Economy– Nuclear Families
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European Culture and Society con’t
• Christianity, Judaism and Islam– Ottoman vs Med. Christians– Reconquista– Anti-Semitism and Inquisition– Protestant Reformation- Martin Luther, Sale
of Indulgences, John Calvin- Predestination– Jesuits and Council of Trent- Catholic or
Counter Reformation, Teresa Avila
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European Culture and Society con’t
• England 1533-1625– Church of England- Henry VIII, Catherine,
Anne Boleyn– Edward- Calvinist– Mary I- Catholic– Elizabeth I– Puritans– Separatists vs. non-Separatists– James I
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Europe and the Atlantic World
• Portugal- 1400-1500– Circumvent Med. Merchants by going around
Africa to Asia– Technology- Lateen sail, compass, astrolabe,
cartography, caravel– Prince Henry the Navigator– 1488 Bartolomeu Diaz- Cape of Good Hope– 1498 Vasco Da Gama
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Europe and the Atlantic World cont
• New Slavery– African debt slavery– African captured slavery– Slaves for Gold– Spread of Islam and Christianity– Large Scale plantations– Racism fueled slavery
• Religion• Customs
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Europe and the Atlantic World con’t
• To America and Beyond– Christopher Columbus– Isabella and Ferdinand competition with the
Portuguese– Treaty of Tordesillas– John Cabot from England– Vasco de Balboa and Ferdinand Magellan
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Europe and the Atlantic World
con’t
• Spanish Conquistadors– Gold Rush– New Colonies- Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica– Diseases– Slavery– Missionaries– Hernan Cortex- Aztecs, Moctezuma
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Europe and the Atlantic World con’t
• Columbian Exchange– Small Pox– horses, chickens, cattle, sheep, pigs, grain,
coffee, sugar, vegetables, weeds, insects, rodents
– Corn, sweet potatoes, beans, tomatoes, squash, peanuts, pumpkins, vanilla, chocolate, tobacco, turkeys
– Mixing of people- mestizos
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Footholds in North America
• Spain’s Northern Border– Hernando Desoto, Ponce De Leon- Florida
and New Mexico, Coronado– Alienated Natives– St. Augustine- Main purpose was to keep
France and England out– Encomiendas– Franciscan Monks
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Footholds in North America cont’
• France Colonizing Canada– 1524– Verrazano- Northwest passage– Jacques Cartier unsuccessful in founding a
settlement, Montreal– French Huguenots- 1564 settlement destroyed by
Spanish– Newfoundland- fishing, beaver pelts/fur trade,
reciprocity with natives– Samuel de Champlain- New France 1608-
established allies and defeated the Mohawks/Iroquois Confederation
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Footholds in North America
• England and the Atlantic World– English privateers- John Hawkins, Francis
Drake– Northwest Passage, Gold and Singe the
Spanish Kings Beard– Sir Walter Raleigh- Roanoke/Croatan/Lost
Colony- 1590– 1588 Spanish Armada
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Footholds in North America
• Failure and Success in Virginia– Joint-Stock ventures- Virginia Company of Plymouth
(failed) and the Virginia Company of London– Virginia Company of London founded Jamestown on
the James River 1607• John Smith captured by natives• Pocahontas (10) • Powhatan• Reciprocity• First Anglo-Powhatan War- 1610-1614
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Footholds in North America
– Pocahontas married John Rolfe– Tobacco– Headright system– Indentured Servants– 1619 Elected Assembly– Second Anglo-Powhatan War 1622-1632-
Francis Wyatt– Virginia becomes a Royal Colony because it
was bankrupt
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New England Begins 1614-1625• John Smith- Explored New England and gave it it’s name
• London merchants headed by Thomas Weston sent the Mayflower with 102 people
• Half were Separatists Puritans
• Landed in Plymouth November 1620
• Signed the Mayflower Compact , first Constitution of the New World. Established the Plymouth colony for King James
• Over ½ died first winter, helped by Squanto the colony survived. They were taught to grow corn by the Natives and the harvest started the tradition of Thanksgiving
• Miles Standish chosen military leader of the colony, provided a safe haven for Puritans leaving Europe
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New Netherland on the Hudson 1609-1625
• Dutch Calvinists
• Henry Hudson traded with the Native Americans, Mohawks
• Dutch traders founded New Netherland in 1614
• New Amsterdam founded 1626
• Fur Trade and Wampum trade- Sacred Shells
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