Chapter 2

The Rise of the Atlantic World

West Africa

• Mali- leading power in West African savannah– Muslim traders- brass, copper, cloth, spices,

manufactured good, Arabian horses– Timbuktu- best-known city

• Songhai– 1400’s split from Mali

• Morocco- defeated Songhai in 1591 and became the dominant power in the region.

West Africa con’t

• Kongo- established civilization along the Congo River, Chiefdom with hereditary rulers

• Gold Coast- Mercantilism• Tradition of extended families, some Matrilineal,

some Patrilineal. Number of children was a sign of wealth, multiple wives,

• Farming- Crop/field rotation, yams, sugar cane, bananas, okra, eggplant, cotton, grain, rice, cattle, fishing, rice.

West Africa con’t

• Religion– priests, dreams, charms, shrines,

ancestor worship, witchcraft, sculptures of deities, storytelling/oral tradition

– Islam among merchants

European Culture and Society

• Renaissance– Philosophy, science, medicine, geography– Art- Florence, Venice, Rome

• National Monarchies– France, Spain, England– Ferdinand and Isabella-1479– Population Explosion- London (55,000-200,000)– Industrial Revolution– Joint-Stock Company– Market Economy– Nuclear Families

European Culture and Society con’t

• Christianity, Judaism and Islam– Ottoman vs Med. Christians– Reconquista– Anti-Semitism and Inquisition– Protestant Reformation- Martin Luther, Sale

of Indulgences, John Calvin- Predestination– Jesuits and Council of Trent- Catholic or

Counter Reformation, Teresa Avila

European Culture and Society con’t

• England 1533-1625– Church of England- Henry VIII, Catherine,

Anne Boleyn– Edward- Calvinist– Mary I- Catholic– Elizabeth I– Puritans– Separatists vs. non-Separatists– James I

Europe and the Atlantic World

• Portugal- 1400-1500– Circumvent Med. Merchants by going around

Africa to Asia– Technology- Lateen sail, compass, astrolabe,

cartography, caravel– Prince Henry the Navigator– 1488 Bartolomeu Diaz- Cape of Good Hope– 1498 Vasco Da Gama

Europe and the Atlantic World cont

• New Slavery– African debt slavery– African captured slavery– Slaves for Gold– Spread of Islam and Christianity– Large Scale plantations– Racism fueled slavery

• Religion• Customs

Europe and the Atlantic World con’t

• To America and Beyond– Christopher Columbus– Isabella and Ferdinand competition with the

Portuguese– Treaty of Tordesillas– John Cabot from England– Vasco de Balboa and Ferdinand Magellan

Europe and the Atlantic World

con’t

• Spanish Conquistadors– Gold Rush– New Colonies- Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica– Diseases– Slavery– Missionaries– Hernan Cortex- Aztecs, Moctezuma

Europe and the Atlantic World con’t

• Columbian Exchange– Small Pox– horses, chickens, cattle, sheep, pigs, grain,

coffee, sugar, vegetables, weeds, insects, rodents

– Corn, sweet potatoes, beans, tomatoes, squash, peanuts, pumpkins, vanilla, chocolate, tobacco, turkeys

– Mixing of people- mestizos

Footholds in North America

• Spain’s Northern Border– Hernando Desoto, Ponce De Leon- Florida

and New Mexico, Coronado– Alienated Natives– St. Augustine- Main purpose was to keep

France and England out– Encomiendas– Franciscan Monks

Footholds in North America cont’

• France Colonizing Canada– 1524– Verrazano- Northwest passage– Jacques Cartier unsuccessful in founding a

settlement, Montreal– French Huguenots- 1564 settlement destroyed by

Spanish– Newfoundland- fishing, beaver pelts/fur trade,

reciprocity with natives– Samuel de Champlain- New France 1608-

established allies and defeated the Mohawks/Iroquois Confederation

Footholds in North America

• England and the Atlantic World– English privateers- John Hawkins, Francis

Drake– Northwest Passage, Gold and Singe the

Spanish Kings Beard– Sir Walter Raleigh- Roanoke/Croatan/Lost

Colony- 1590– 1588 Spanish Armada

Footholds in North America

• Failure and Success in Virginia– Joint-Stock ventures- Virginia Company of Plymouth

(failed) and the Virginia Company of London– Virginia Company of London founded Jamestown on

the James River 1607• John Smith captured by natives• Pocahontas (10) • Powhatan• Reciprocity• First Anglo-Powhatan War- 1610-1614

Footholds in North America

– Pocahontas married John Rolfe– Tobacco– Headright system– Indentured Servants– 1619 Elected Assembly– Second Anglo-Powhatan War 1622-1632-

Francis Wyatt– Virginia becomes a Royal Colony because it

was bankrupt

New England Begins 1614-1625• John Smith- Explored New England and gave it it’s name

• London merchants headed by Thomas Weston sent the Mayflower with 102 people

• Half were Separatists Puritans

• Landed in Plymouth November 1620

• Signed the Mayflower Compact , first Constitution of the New World. Established the Plymouth colony for King James

• Over ½ died first winter, helped by Squanto the colony survived. They were taught to grow corn by the Natives and the harvest started the tradition of Thanksgiving

• Miles Standish chosen military leader of the colony, provided a safe haven for Puritans leaving Europe

New Netherland on the Hudson 1609-1625

• Dutch Calvinists

• Henry Hudson traded with the Native Americans, Mohawks

• Dutch traders founded New Netherland in 1614

• New Amsterdam founded 1626

• Fur Trade and Wampum trade- Sacred Shells