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LEARNING OUTCOMES
To state the necessity for cellspecialisation in multicellular organisms
as compared to unicellular organisms
To describe cell specialisation in multicellular
organisms
To describe cell organisation in the
formation of tissues, organs & systems
in multicellular organisms.
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Organisms are divided into:
a) unicellular organisms
b) multicellular organisms
Unicellular organisms :- consist of a single-cell organisms
such as Amoeba sp. & Paramecium sp.
Each cell is able to carry out all the functions of life
independently. Multicellular organisms :- larger organisms with more than
one cell
Need many different types of cells to carry out all thedifferent functions of life
Each cell has to change in shape & form during cellspecialisation to become specific cells in order to performdifferent functions
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S
imple organisms consisting of only onecell each
Able to carry out all living processes in
order to survive
Examples : Amoeba and Paramecium sp
(protozoa)
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AMOEBA SP HABITAT: Live in freshwater lakes, ponds and in
damp soil. Do not have fixed shape. Shape
change as they move
MOVEMENT : form a pseudopodium(false-foot) extension of cytoplasm.
REPRODUCTION: Binary fission when
it has grown to certain size, its nucleus
divides to form two daughter nuclei
then the cytoplasm divides and two
daughter. Amoeba are formed. Under
adverse conditions such as during adrought, its divides by spore formation.
FEEDING: phagocytosis pseudopodium moves
round a food particle and takes it into its
cytoplasm where it forms a food vacuole.
Enzymes are added to digest the food.
Any waste is left behind as it moves away.
RESPIRATION: Exchange ofO2 and CO2 occurs
through plasma membrane by simple diffusion
EXCRETION: CO2 & ammonia excreted by
diffusion. Contractile vacoule involve in
osmoregulation
RESPONSE TO STIMULI:
a) favourable stimuli (food) moving towards
them
b) adverse stimuli (bright light, acidic condition)moving away form them
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Plasma membrane : respiration
gaseous exchange by simple
diffusion. CO2 & any dissolved
diffuses out into the water
Cytoplasm : clear on the
outside (ectoplasm) &
grainy on the inside
(endoplasm)
Contractile vacuole :
water continually
enters by osmosis. (The
movement of liquids in
and out cells isdependant on the
concentration of the
solution surrounding it)
Contractile vacuole
swells up full expels the
water from
the cell = osmoregulation
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
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Binary fission means the formation of two daughter cells by cytoplasm when2
nuclei divide
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Phagocytosis process
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Osmoregulation process the means by which cells keep the concentration of cell
cytoplasm or blood at a suitable concentration.
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PARAMECIUM SP HABITAT: Lives in stagnant water
containing decaying plant material.Have fixed shape, like a slipper.
MOVEMENT : rhythmicbeating ofthe water by the cilia (rows of tinyhair) propels the Paramecium along.If it encounters to an obstacle, itstops, backs up, turn 30o then movesoff. (Avoiding reaction)
REPRODUCTION:
i) asexual production - binary fissionii) sexual production - conjugation
FEEDING :
- the cilia around the oral groovebrush the food down to thegullet.
- A food vacuole formed.- Enzymes are added to digest it andthe nutrient diffuse into the foodcytoplasm.
- Waste is released througha weak spot in the membrane calledthe anal pore.
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Membrane : respiration
gaseous exchange by simple
diffusion. CO2 & any dissolved
diffuses out into the water.Has 2 nuclei: macronucleus and
micronucleus
Has 2 Contractile vacuole :
water continually
enters by osmosis.
Contractile vacuole
swells up fullmoves to the side of
the membrane
expels the water from
the cell =
osmoregulation.
Alternate.
Cilia : tiny hairs
that cover the
whole surface
Oral groove :leads
food to gullet
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Asexual production : Binary fission in Paramecium (12
) in favourable condition
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Sexual production : Conjugation in Paramecium (12
4 8 ) in ex
treme situation
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KEPENTINGANORGANISASI SEL
-Setiap sel mempunyai saiz, bentuk dan struktur yg
berbeza-Setiap sel tidak mampu utk menjalankan semua proses
hidup spt respirasi, perkhumuhan dan pencernaan
makanan
- Pengkhususan sel amat penting bagi organisma multisel
kerana saiznya yang besar memerlukan pelbagai jenis
tisu dan organ bagi memastikan fungsi tubuhnya dapatberjalan dengan sempurna
- pengkhususan dan organisasi sel membolehkan fungsi
yang spesifik dapat dijalankan oleh satu kumpulan sel
sahaja dan bukan keseluruhan sel
- ianya juga dapat memastikan proses yang berlaku di
dalam organisma multisel berjalan secara sistematik
- organisma multisel dapat menjalankan pelbagai aktiviti
dengan teratur
- kadar pertumbuhan organisma akan meningkat
Pengkhususan sel
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SEL
Sel adalah unit asas benda hidup dalam semua benda hidup Bentuk sel berkait rapat kpd fungsinya
Sel mengalami proses pembezaan utk membentuk bentuk ygkhusus and menjadi cell yg khusus dgn fungsi yg khusus
Pelbagai jenis sel yg terdapat dalam sel haiwan dgn fungsi yg
khusus adalah spt berikut:
i) Sel darah merah menghantar gas oksigen drpd paru-paru kpd semua sel dlm badan
ii) Sel saraf menghantar isyarat impuls (called neurone
cell)iii) sel sperma mensenyewakan sel telur
iv) Sel otot utk pergerakan pd bdn
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animal CELL
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plant CELL-Epidermal cells-protect the leaf
-Palisade mesophyll cells-carry out photosynthesis
-Xylem cell-transport water and mineral salts
-Phloem cells-tranport dissolved food(products of photosynthesis)
Guard cells-control the size of the stroma for gaseous exchange
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This is a surface view of the lower
epidermis of a leaf.
Name structure A. stoma
What is B? pore (gap between guard
cells)Name cell C? guard cell
What is the function of structure
A? control water loss
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Name tissue A. xylem
What is the function of
tissue A? transport
water & minerals
Name tissue B. phloem
What is the function of
tissue B? transport
organic food
Name tissues C and D.
upper (C) and lower (D)
epidermis
What is the function of
tissues C and D?
protection
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Lily Parenchyma Cell (cross-section) (TEM x7,210). Note
the large nucleus and nucleolus in the center of thecell, mitochondria and plastids in the cytoplasm.
A and B together make up what type of leaf tissue?
ground tissue (also called mesophyll or
parenchyma)
A is called the palisade layer.
B is called the spongy layer.
What is the function of A and B in theleaf? photosynthesis
Numerous small organelles are visible in each cell
of tissues A and B. What are they? chloroplasts
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TISSUE
A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function
Four main types of animal tissues : Mnemonic(EN.MyC)
a) epithelial tissues
b) nervous tissues
c) muscle tissues
d) connective tissues
The four main types of plant tissues : MNEMONIC EM..VideoGAMES
a) epidermis tissue
b) meristem tissuec) vascular tissue
d) ground tissue
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TYPES OF TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTIONS
EPITHELIAL TISSUEEx:
i. Epithelium lining of skin,
mouth, esophagus (simple
cuboidal)
ii. Epithelium lining of blood
capillary , lungs, heart and
body cavities (simple squamos)
iii. Epithelial T lining in small
intestine (simple columnar)
Consist of epithelial
cells arranged in a
continuous layer
Iv- the epithelial T at the lining of
gland ducts and kidney tubules
(modified to form glands in d skin, ex:
sweat sebacous gland, circular shape
on simple cuboidal)
V- The epithelial T lining of the trachea
(have cilia and goblet cells for secretion
of mucucs)
Cover the body
surface or line the
cavities within the body
Protect the underlyingcells from mechanical
injuries
Absorb food and water
by diffusion
Form secretory gland
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TYPES OF TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTIONS
NEURON TISSUE
Ex: afferent neuron, efferent
neuron, interneuron
Afferent neurone/neurons
aka sensory nuron
Consist of nerve cells
called neuron
Found in brain and
Spinal cord
Efferent neurone/neurons
aka motor neuron
Send and receive impulses to
coordinate the activities of
the body
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TYPES OF TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTIONS
MUSCLE TISSUE
3 types of muscle tissue:
a) Smooth muscle
b) Skeletal muscle
c) Cardiac muscle
Consist of muscle cells
which contract to perform
work
Cause body movement by means
of contraction
Smooth muscle in the walls of
ileum stomach
Skeletal muscle attached to the
bones
Cardiac muscle in the walls of the heart
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TYPES OF TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTIONS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
a) Fat cells
b) Blood Tissue (RBC,
WBC,platelets etc)c) Cartilage tissue
d) Bone T
Consist of elastic and non elastic
fibres
Join together body structures, as
well as protect, hold and support
the cells in the body
Can store and transport materials
Adipose tissue(store energy and
insulates the body)
Blood tissue (regulating,
transporting, protective (blood
cloting)
Cartilage tissue
-provides support for the nose, ears &
covers d ends of bones at joint
- Form a disc between vertebrae that
acts as cushion to absorb pressure
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TYPES OF TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTIONS
Bone Tissue
cons
Consist of cells located
deep in matrix
of collagenhardened by mineral
deposits such as calcium.
Bones harder than
cartilage
Provide protection to
organs in the body andsupport the
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Regular Dense
Connective Tissue
Bone Tissue.
Irregular Dense Connective Tissue
(at the bottom of the image). Loose
Connective Tissue (the light pink
tissue in the middle of the image).
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Planttissue Tissue Function
Vascular Tissue
(parmanent T)
Xylem Conducts H2O & minerals fm d roots to d leaves
Phloem Transports organic substances fm d leaves to other
parts of plant
Epidermal T
(PT)
Protects plants fm mechanical injury
Meristematic T Meristematic T at d shoot tips & d root tips divide toincrease the number of cells
Ground T (PT) Parenchyma Stores products of photosynthesis
Collenchyma Provides support in the herbacous plants
Sclerenchyma Supports and strengthens plants
Meristematic Tissue Parmanent Tissue
Consist of small cells which have thin walls,
large nuclei, dense cytiplasm & no vacoules
Hv not undergone differentiation
Consists of more mature cells
i- undergoing differentation
Ii- hv undergone differentiation
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TYPES OF PLANT
TISSUE
CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTIONS
EPIDERMIS TISSUE Consist of 1 outermost layer cells
that covers stems, leaves, root ofyoung plants, flowers, fruits and
seeds.
Covered by wax, called cuticle for
part exposed to air
Protects underlying tissues
from physical and infectionReduces water loss
(evaporation)
Epidermal cells of leaf
differentiate become guard
cells which surround the
stomata while root becomeroot hair cells
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VASCULAR TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS
GROUND TISSUE
(a) Parenchyma tissue
Thin walled cells, loosely arranged
with spaces between the
Round & hv large vacoules
D least specialized cells & found in
all organs of plant
Store products of
photosynthesis :sugar+starch
Gives support & shape to
plant
Palisade mesophyll cells &
spongy mesophyll calls in
leaves are specialised
parenchyma cells contain
chloroplasts and carry out
photosynthesis
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b) Collenchyma T -Elongated, polygonal cells
- Thickened by cellulose &
pectin
Support in herbacous plants,
young stems, leaf stalks &
petioles
c) Sclerencyma T -More rigid than CT bcoz hv
cell walls thickened by lignin
-Dead upon reaching maturity
Suppport & strenghtens the
plant bodyand provides
protection to the plant
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Vascular tissue
a) Xylem T
b) Phloem T
Transportof subs. btw the roots and shoots
a) Xylem T Consist of :
TracheidsXylem vessels
Long tubes join together end to end fm d roots right up to d
shoots. Xylem T dies upon reaching maturity
Cell walls thickened by lignin = prevent food sub entering d cells
When cytoplasm disintegrated a hollow tube is left = allow H2O
& minerals to flow easily through xylem vessels
a) Conducts H2O &
minerals fm rootsto leave
b) Provide support
&mechanical
strenght to plant
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Consist ofi. parenchyma cells
ii. Sclereids
iii. Sieve tubes
iv. Companion cells
Sieve tubes hv pores at both
ends called sieve platesST obtain nutrients & energy
fm the companion cells
Fx: Phloems transport organis subs. carb, a. acids fm leaves to storage
organs and growing partsof palnts
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ORGANS
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a specificfunction
Examples of organs in animal:i. heart
ii. kidneys
iii. lungsiv. skin ( epithelial T, smooth muscle T, nerve T, CT( elastic fibres and collagen
fibres , specialised epithelial cell that form glands-sweat glands secretesweat n oil glands)
v. stomach
Examples of organs in plant :i. leaves
ii. stems
iii. roots
iv. flowers.
Certain organ perform more than one function
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Major organ/tissue Systems (11) Function
Nervous system
Skeletal system
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Excretory system
Reproductive system
(male &female)
Muscular system
Integumentary system
Endocrine system
Lymphatic system
System Several organs that work together to carry out a living proces ex:
food digestion
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ORGAN PICTURES
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PLANT PICTURES
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SYSTEMS
Several organs which work together to
carry out a specific function
The human body has twelve different
systems
All the system work together to form an
organism
Flowering plant has two main systems :
root system, shoot system
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THE INTERNALENVIRONMENT
OF MULTICELLULARORGANISM
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THE INTERNALENVIRONMENT
OF MULTICELLULARORGANISM
the maintenance of the internal
environment of a living organism at a
constant normal level or between
narrow limits
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THE INTERNALENVIRONMENT
OF MULTICELLULARORGANISM
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
MECHANISMS
Body temperature
MNEMONICS Cu, Mau Ikut Nenek Enggak?
Blood glucose level MNEMONICDahi Engkau Cantik!
Blood pH
MNEMONIC Roti Canai Enak
Concentration of oxygen & carbon dioxide in the
blood MNEMONIC RaCuN
Osmotic pressure of blood
MNEMONIC ENCEk
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BODY TEMPERATURE