chapter 2 - cell ion

8/7/2019 Chapter 2 - Cell ion

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

To state the necessity for cellspecialisation in multicellular organisms

as compared to unicellular organisms

To describe cell specialisation in multicellular

organisms

To describe cell organisation in the

formation of tissues, organs & systems

in multicellular organisms.


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Organisms are divided into:

a) unicellular organisms

b) multicellular organisms

Unicellular organisms :- consist of a single-cell organisms

such as Amoeba sp. & Paramecium sp.

Each cell is able to carry out all the functions of life

independently. Multicellular organisms :- larger organisms with more than

one cell

Need many different types of cells to carry out all thedifferent functions of life

Each cell has to change in shape & form during cellspecialisation to become specific cells in order to performdifferent functions


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S

imple organisms consisting of only onecell each

Able to carry out all living processes in

order to survive

Examples : Amoeba and Paramecium sp

(protozoa)


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AMOEBA SP HABITAT: Live in freshwater lakes, ponds and in

damp soil. Do not have fixed shape. Shape

change as they move

MOVEMENT : form a pseudopodium(false-foot) extension of cytoplasm.

REPRODUCTION: Binary fission when

it has grown to certain size, its nucleus

divides to form two daughter nuclei

then the cytoplasm divides and two

daughter. Amoeba are formed. Under

adverse conditions such as during adrought, its divides by spore formation.

FEEDING: phagocytosis pseudopodium moves

round a food particle and takes it into its

cytoplasm where it forms a food vacuole.

Enzymes are added to digest the food.

Any waste is left behind as it moves away.

RESPIRATION: Exchange ofO2 and CO2 occurs

through plasma membrane by simple diffusion

EXCRETION: CO2 & ammonia excreted by

diffusion. Contractile vacoule involve in

osmoregulation

RESPONSE TO STIMULI:

a) favourable stimuli (food) moving towards

them

b) adverse stimuli (bright light, acidic condition)moving away form them


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Plasma membrane : respiration

gaseous exchange by simple

diffusion. CO2 & any dissolved

diffuses out into the water

Cytoplasm : clear on the

outside (ectoplasm) &

grainy on the inside

(endoplasm)

Contractile vacuole :

water continually

enters by osmosis. (The

movement of liquids in

and out cells isdependant on the

concentration of the

solution surrounding it)

Contractile vacuole

swells up full expels the

water from

the cell = osmoregulation

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS


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Binary fission means the formation of two daughter cells by cytoplasm when2

nuclei divide


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Phagocytosis process


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Osmoregulation process the means by which cells keep the concentration of cell

cytoplasm or blood at a suitable concentration.


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PARAMECIUM SP HABITAT: Lives in stagnant water

containing decaying plant material.Have fixed shape, like a slipper.

MOVEMENT : rhythmicbeating ofthe water by the cilia (rows of tinyhair) propels the Paramecium along.If it encounters to an obstacle, itstops, backs up, turn 30o then movesoff. (Avoiding reaction)

REPRODUCTION:

i) asexual production - binary fissionii) sexual production - conjugation

FEEDING :

- the cilia around the oral groovebrush the food down to thegullet.

- A food vacuole formed.- Enzymes are added to digest it andthe nutrient diffuse into the foodcytoplasm.

- Waste is released througha weak spot in the membrane calledthe anal pore.


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Membrane : respiration

gaseous exchange by simple

diffusion. CO2 & any dissolved

diffuses out into the water.Has 2 nuclei: macronucleus and

micronucleus

Has 2 Contractile vacuole :

water continually

enters by osmosis.

Contractile vacuole

swells up fullmoves to the side of

the membrane

expels the water from

the cell =

osmoregulation.

Alternate.

Cilia : tiny hairs

that cover the

whole surface

Oral groove :leads

food to gullet


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Asexual production : Binary fission in Paramecium (12

) in favourable condition


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Sexual production : Conjugation in Paramecium (12

4 8 ) in ex

treme situation


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KEPENTINGANORGANISASI SEL

-Setiap sel mempunyai saiz, bentuk dan struktur yg

berbeza-Setiap sel tidak mampu utk menjalankan semua proses

hidup spt respirasi, perkhumuhan dan pencernaan

makanan

- Pengkhususan sel amat penting bagi organisma multisel

kerana saiznya yang besar memerlukan pelbagai jenis

tisu dan organ bagi memastikan fungsi tubuhnya dapatberjalan dengan sempurna

- pengkhususan dan organisasi sel membolehkan fungsi

yang spesifik dapat dijalankan oleh satu kumpulan sel

sahaja dan bukan keseluruhan sel

- ianya juga dapat memastikan proses yang berlaku di

dalam organisma multisel berjalan secara sistematik

- organisma multisel dapat menjalankan pelbagai aktiviti

dengan teratur

- kadar pertumbuhan organisma akan meningkat

Pengkhususan sel


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SEL

Sel adalah unit asas benda hidup dalam semua benda hidup Bentuk sel berkait rapat kpd fungsinya

Sel mengalami proses pembezaan utk membentuk bentuk ygkhusus and menjadi cell yg khusus dgn fungsi yg khusus

Pelbagai jenis sel yg terdapat dalam sel haiwan dgn fungsi yg

khusus adalah spt berikut:

i) Sel darah merah menghantar gas oksigen drpd paru-paru kpd semua sel dlm badan

ii) Sel saraf menghantar isyarat impuls (called neurone

cell)iii) sel sperma mensenyewakan sel telur

iv) Sel otot utk pergerakan pd bdn


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animal CELL


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plant CELL-Epidermal cells-protect the leaf

-Palisade mesophyll cells-carry out photosynthesis

-Xylem cell-transport water and mineral salts

-Phloem cells-tranport dissolved food(products of photosynthesis)

Guard cells-control the size of the stroma for gaseous exchange


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This is a surface view of the lower

epidermis of a leaf.

Name structure A. stoma

What is B? pore (gap between guard

cells)Name cell C? guard cell

What is the function of structure

A? control water loss


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Name tissue A. xylem

What is the function of

tissue A? transport

water & minerals

Name tissue B. phloem


tissue B? transport

organic food

Name tissues C and D.

upper (C) and lower (D)

epidermis


tissues C and D?

protection


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Lily Parenchyma Cell (cross-section) (TEM x7,210). Note

the large nucleus and nucleolus in the center of thecell, mitochondria and plastids in the cytoplasm.

A and B together make up what type of leaf tissue?

ground tissue (also called mesophyll or

parenchyma)

A is called the palisade layer.

B is called the spongy layer.

What is the function of A and B in theleaf? photosynthesis

Numerous small organelles are visible in each cell

of tissues A and B. What are they? chloroplasts


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TISSUE

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

Four main types of animal tissues : Mnemonic(EN.MyC)

a) epithelial tissues

b) nervous tissues

c) muscle tissues

d) connective tissues

The four main types of plant tissues : MNEMONIC EM..VideoGAMES

a) epidermis tissue

b) meristem tissuec) vascular tissue

d) ground tissue


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TYPES OF TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTIONS

EPITHELIAL TISSUEEx:

i. Epithelium lining of skin,

mouth, esophagus (simple

cuboidal)

ii. Epithelium lining of blood

capillary , lungs, heart and

body cavities (simple squamos)

iii. Epithelial T lining in small

intestine (simple columnar)

Consist of epithelial

cells arranged in a

continuous layer

Iv- the epithelial T at the lining of

gland ducts and kidney tubules

(modified to form glands in d skin, ex:

sweat sebacous gland, circular shape

on simple cuboidal)

V- The epithelial T lining of the trachea

(have cilia and goblet cells for secretion

of mucucs)

Cover the body

surface or line the

cavities within the body

Protect the underlyingcells from mechanical

injuries

Absorb food and water

by diffusion

Form secretory gland


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NEURON TISSUE

Ex: afferent neuron, efferent

neuron, interneuron

Afferent neurone/neurons

aka sensory nuron

Consist of nerve cells

called neuron

Found in brain and

Spinal cord

Efferent neurone/neurons

aka motor neuron

Send and receive impulses to

coordinate the activities of

the body


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MUSCLE TISSUE

3 types of muscle tissue:

a) Smooth muscle

b) Skeletal muscle

c) Cardiac muscle

Consist of muscle cells

which contract to perform

work

Cause body movement by means

of contraction

Smooth muscle in the walls of

ileum stomach

Skeletal muscle attached to the

bones

Cardiac muscle in the walls of the heart


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CONNECTIVE TISSUE

a) Fat cells

b) Blood Tissue (RBC,

WBC,platelets etc)c) Cartilage tissue

d) Bone T

Consist of elastic and non elastic

fibres

Join together body structures, as

well as protect, hold and support

the cells in the body

Can store and transport materials

Adipose tissue(store energy and

insulates the body)

Blood tissue (regulating,

transporting, protective (blood

cloting)

Cartilage tissue

-provides support for the nose, ears &

covers d ends of bones at joint

- Form a disc between vertebrae that

acts as cushion to absorb pressure


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Bone Tissue

cons

Consist of cells located

deep in matrix

of collagenhardened by mineral

deposits such as calcium.

Bones harder than

cartilage

Provide protection to

organs in the body andsupport the


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Regular Dense

Connective Tissue

Bone Tissue.

Irregular Dense Connective Tissue

(at the bottom of the image). Loose

Connective Tissue (the light pink

tissue in the middle of the image).


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Planttissue Tissue Function

Vascular Tissue

(parmanent T)

Xylem Conducts H2O & minerals fm d roots to d leaves

Phloem Transports organic substances fm d leaves to other

parts of plant

Epidermal T

(PT)

Protects plants fm mechanical injury

Meristematic T Meristematic T at d shoot tips & d root tips divide toincrease the number of cells

Ground T (PT) Parenchyma Stores products of photosynthesis

Collenchyma Provides support in the herbacous plants

Sclerenchyma Supports and strengthens plants

Meristematic Tissue Parmanent Tissue

Consist of small cells which have thin walls,

large nuclei, dense cytiplasm & no vacoules

Hv not undergone differentiation

Consists of more mature cells

i- undergoing differentation

Ii- hv undergone differentiation


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TYPES OF PLANT

TISSUE

CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTIONS

EPIDERMIS TISSUE Consist of 1 outermost layer cells

that covers stems, leaves, root ofyoung plants, flowers, fruits and

seeds.

Covered by wax, called cuticle for

part exposed to air

Protects underlying tissues

from physical and infectionReduces water loss

(evaporation)

Epidermal cells of leaf

differentiate become guard

cells which surround the

stomata while root becomeroot hair cells


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VASCULAR TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS

GROUND TISSUE

(a) Parenchyma tissue

Thin walled cells, loosely arranged

with spaces between the

Round & hv large vacoules

D least specialized cells & found in

all organs of plant

Store products of

photosynthesis :sugar+starch

Gives support & shape to

plant

Palisade mesophyll cells &

spongy mesophyll calls in

leaves are specialised

parenchyma cells contain

chloroplasts and carry out

photosynthesis


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b) Collenchyma T -Elongated, polygonal cells

- Thickened by cellulose &

pectin

Support in herbacous plants,

young stems, leaf stalks &

petioles

c) Sclerencyma T -More rigid than CT bcoz hv

cell walls thickened by lignin

-Dead upon reaching maturity

Suppport & strenghtens the

plant bodyand provides

protection to the plant


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Vascular tissue

a) Xylem T

b) Phloem T

Transportof subs. btw the roots and shoots

a) Xylem T Consist of :

TracheidsXylem vessels

Long tubes join together end to end fm d roots right up to d

shoots. Xylem T dies upon reaching maturity

Cell walls thickened by lignin = prevent food sub entering d cells

When cytoplasm disintegrated a hollow tube is left = allow H2O

& minerals to flow easily through xylem vessels

a) Conducts H2O &

minerals fm rootsto leave

b) Provide support

&mechanical

strenght to plant


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Consist ofi. parenchyma cells

ii. Sclereids

iii. Sieve tubes

iv. Companion cells

Sieve tubes hv pores at both

ends called sieve platesST obtain nutrients & energy

fm the companion cells

Fx: Phloems transport organis subs. carb, a. acids fm leaves to storage

organs and growing partsof palnts


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ORGANS

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a specificfunction

Examples of organs in animal:i. heart

ii. kidneys

iii. lungsiv. skin ( epithelial T, smooth muscle T, nerve T, CT( elastic fibres and collagen

fibres , specialised epithelial cell that form glands-sweat glands secretesweat n oil glands)

v. stomach

Examples of organs in plant :i. leaves

ii. stems

iii. roots

iv. flowers.

Certain organ perform more than one function


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Major organ/tissue Systems (11) Function

Nervous system

Skeletal system

Circulatory system

Digestive system

Respiratory system

Excretory system

Reproductive system

(male &female)

Muscular system

Integumentary system

Endocrine system

Lymphatic system

System Several organs that work together to carry out a living proces ex:

food digestion


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ORGAN PICTURES


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PLANT PICTURES


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SYSTEMS

Several organs which work together to

carry out a specific function

The human body has twelve different

systems

All the system work together to form an

organism

Flowering plant has two main systems :

root system, shoot system


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THE INTERNALENVIRONMENT

OF MULTICELLULARORGANISM


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the maintenance of the internal

environment of a living organism at a

constant normal level or between

narrow limits


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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

MECHANISMS

Body temperature

MNEMONICS Cu, Mau Ikut Nenek Enggak?

Blood glucose level MNEMONICDahi Engkau Cantik!

Blood pH

MNEMONIC Roti Canai Enak

Concentration of oxygen & carbon dioxide in the

blood MNEMONIC RaCuN

Osmotic pressure of blood

MNEMONIC ENCEk


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BODY TEMPERATURE

chapter 2 - cell ion

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