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Chapter 18: TaxonomyChapter 18: Taxonomy
Taxonomy: the discipline where scientists classify organisms and assign universally accepted names to each organism.
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I. Aristotle- 384-322 B.C.A. Devised “classical” system that lasted 2,000 years. “Scala naturae”= “great chain of being” plants man
A. Aristotle’s system had 2 Kingdoms.
1. Plant Kingdom
(trees, shrubs, herbs)
2. Animal Kingdom
(land, sea, air)
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II. Carolus Linnaeus- botanist who lived in 18th Century. Developed binomial nomenclature system of naming; 7 category system of classification.
A. Problems with common names1. Misnomers
Ex. Jellyfish, silverfish, starfish, goldfish, crayfish
2. Variation in names among languages and regions (localities)
Ex. Cougar, puma, mountain lion
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Jellyfish
Starfish
Silverfish
Crayfish
Only true fish…
Goldfish!
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B. Developed scientific names1. Chose Latin: 18th Century scientists understood Latin.
2. Binomial nomenclature: Two-word naming system. 1st part: genus, 2nd part: species
A. Names based on1. Physical characteristics
Ex. Melanoleuca
2. BehaviorEx. Noctivagens
3. Honorary (for people- discoverer, someone of past significance )
4. Location and HabitatEx. Californica
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C. Categories of classification1. Kingdom
Phylum (Division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
AnimalChordate
MammalPrimate
HominidHomo
sapiensYou must know the full classification for a human!
Animal-Chordate-Mammal-Primate-Hominid-Homo-sapiens
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2. Genus species name is written in italics or underlined. Genus is capitalized, species is not.
Ex: Homo sapiens or Trifolium agarium
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III.Modern TaxonomyA. Classification is based on similarities
1. Structures (morphology)
2. Biochemical and genetics
3. Evolutionary relationships (phylogeny)
4. Embryology
5. Reproductive potential
a. species= organisms that are “reproductively isolated and produce fertile offspring.”
*not man-made
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IV.Six Kingdom SystemA. Plants: multicellular, eukaryotic (true nucleus), stationary autotrophsB. Animals: multicellular, mobile, eukaryotic heterotrophsC. Fungi: stationary heterotrophs, eukaryotesD. Protists: unicellular eukaryotes Monera: unicellular prokaryotesE. Archaebacteria– used to be called MoneraF. Eubacteria– used to be called Monera